Unraveling the role of p38alfa on the control of energy homeostasis and its implications in metabolic disorders.
Authorship
A.A.G.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
A.A.G.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
Defense date
07.18.2025 11:55
07.18.2025 11:55
Summary
The kinase p38alfa is involved in multiple cellular processes, including the regulation of energy metabolism. Previous studies by the group analyzed its function in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, a key region for the control of energy homeostasis, food intake, and glucose metabolism. To this end, p38alfa was deleted in the two main neuronal populations present in the ARC nucleus, AgRP neurons and POMC neurons. It was found that deletion in POMC neurons causes a loss of body weight, whereas deletion of p38alfa in AgRP neurons causes an increase in body weight in mice. This suggests a differential regulation of body metabolism depending on the neuronal type where p38alfa is deleted, highlighting the relevance of studying in depth the physiological implications of this kinase. The present work focused on analyzing the peripheral consequences and the relationship between the deletion of p38alfa in AgRP neurons in mice fed a standard diet, and its influence on metabolically relevant tissues such as the liver, white adipose tissue (WAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT). To this end, the three tissues were studied from a histological point of view, but the expression of proteins related to thermogenesis, such as UCP1 (Uncoupling Protein 1), and proteins related to hepatic lipolysis, such as LPL (lipoprotein lipase), were also analyzed using Western blot and q-PCR techniques. Morphologically, an increase in adipocyte size was observed in WAT, BAT, and liver in those mice in which p38alfa was deleted in AgRP neurons. Regarding the evaluation of a possible decrease in thermogenesis as a possible explanation for the weight gain in these animals, no significant differences were found in BAT, and a trend toward reduced expression of UCP1 in WAT was observed. At the hepatic level, an increase in lipid accumulation was detected, confirmed by specific staining and accompanied by an alteration in the expression of FGF21 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 21), suggesting a possible metabolic compensation pathway mediated by it. In short, this work delved into the mechanisms of intertissue communication mediated by p38alfa in the hypothalamus, and its role in the regulation of metabolism, to contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity
The kinase p38alfa is involved in multiple cellular processes, including the regulation of energy metabolism. Previous studies by the group analyzed its function in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, a key region for the control of energy homeostasis, food intake, and glucose metabolism. To this end, p38alfa was deleted in the two main neuronal populations present in the ARC nucleus, AgRP neurons and POMC neurons. It was found that deletion in POMC neurons causes a loss of body weight, whereas deletion of p38alfa in AgRP neurons causes an increase in body weight in mice. This suggests a differential regulation of body metabolism depending on the neuronal type where p38alfa is deleted, highlighting the relevance of studying in depth the physiological implications of this kinase. The present work focused on analyzing the peripheral consequences and the relationship between the deletion of p38alfa in AgRP neurons in mice fed a standard diet, and its influence on metabolically relevant tissues such as the liver, white adipose tissue (WAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT). To this end, the three tissues were studied from a histological point of view, but the expression of proteins related to thermogenesis, such as UCP1 (Uncoupling Protein 1), and proteins related to hepatic lipolysis, such as LPL (lipoprotein lipase), were also analyzed using Western blot and q-PCR techniques. Morphologically, an increase in adipocyte size was observed in WAT, BAT, and liver in those mice in which p38alfa was deleted in AgRP neurons. Regarding the evaluation of a possible decrease in thermogenesis as a possible explanation for the weight gain in these animals, no significant differences were found in BAT, and a trend toward reduced expression of UCP1 in WAT was observed. At the hepatic level, an increase in lipid accumulation was detected, confirmed by specific staining and accompanied by an alteration in the expression of FGF21 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 21), suggesting a possible metabolic compensation pathway mediated by it. In short, this work delved into the mechanisms of intertissue communication mediated by p38alfa in the hypothalamus, and its role in the regulation of metabolism, to contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity
Direction
MUÑOZ PATIÑO, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
FOLGUEIRA COBOS, CINTIA (Co-tutorships)
MUÑOZ PATIÑO, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
FOLGUEIRA COBOS, CINTIA (Co-tutorships)
Court
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Rivadulla Fernández, Juan Casto (Chairman)
ADRIO FONDEVILA, MARIA FATIMA (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PALLARES, JANNETTE (Member)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Rivadulla Fernández, Juan Casto (Chairman)
ADRIO FONDEVILA, MARIA FATIMA (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PALLARES, JANNETTE (Member)
Molecular characterization of induced pluripotent stem cells derived from CADASIL patients
Authorship
D.A.T.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
D.A.T.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
Defense date
07.18.2025 11:55
07.18.2025 11:55
Summary
CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy) is an inheritable cerebro-vascular disorder caused by pathogenic variants (VP) in the NOTCH3 gene. In this study, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSCs) lines derived from patients carrying different VP, along with a control subject, were employed to assess their usefulness for in vitro disease modelling. The main objectives were, firstly, to characterise the generated hiPSCs, including pluripotency marker expression and their capacity for directed differentiation into the three embryonic lineages (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm), and, secondly, to investigate the aberrant accumulation of the Notch3 protein associated with the pathology in hiPSCs using immunofluorescence assays in order to analyse possible differences between the patients and the control subject. These preliminary studies validated the quality and stability of the generated hiPSC lines, a critical step for their use in future cellular models and for exploring the molecular mechanisms involved in CADASIL.
CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy) is an inheritable cerebro-vascular disorder caused by pathogenic variants (VP) in the NOTCH3 gene. In this study, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSCs) lines derived from patients carrying different VP, along with a control subject, were employed to assess their usefulness for in vitro disease modelling. The main objectives were, firstly, to characterise the generated hiPSCs, including pluripotency marker expression and their capacity for directed differentiation into the three embryonic lineages (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm), and, secondly, to investigate the aberrant accumulation of the Notch3 protein associated with the pathology in hiPSCs using immunofluorescence assays in order to analyse possible differences between the patients and the control subject. These preliminary studies validated the quality and stability of the generated hiPSC lines, a critical step for their use in future cellular models and for exploring the molecular mechanisms involved in CADASIL.
Direction
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Tutorships)
CAMPOS PEREZ, FRANCISCO (Co-tutorships)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Tutorships)
CAMPOS PEREZ, FRANCISCO (Co-tutorships)
Court
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Ferreira Faro, LilianRosana (Chairman)
Spuch Calvar, Carlos (Secretary)
CANDAL SUAREZ, EVA MARIA (Member)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Ferreira Faro, LilianRosana (Chairman)
Spuch Calvar, Carlos (Secretary)
CANDAL SUAREZ, EVA MARIA (Member)
Modulation of resting-state EEG activity via theta-gamma tACS in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment. Implications for memory networks in aging
Authorship
F.C.P.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
F.C.P.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
Defense date
07.18.2025 16:05
07.18.2025 16:05
Summary
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive technique that allows modulation of cerebral oscillatory activity. In this study, theta-gamma coupled tACS (6 Hz-80 Hz), a pattern associated with both episodic and working memory processes, which are disrupted in the early stages of cognitive decline, was applied. Twenty-two adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participated in a randomized, counterbalanced, within-subject design, receiving two intervention conditions (real vs. sham), each consisting of eight consecutive sessions of tACS (20 minutes over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) combined with cognitive training, separated by a washout period of 6 to 12 weeks. Resting-state eyes-closed EEG was recorded at three time points: (1) a baseline measure before interventions began, and (2-3) two post-intervention recordings, after completion of each condition (real and sham tACS). EEG data were preprocessed and analyzed to extract power in the theta and gamma bands. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were then conducted with factors session, intervention, and electrode. The analysis revealed significant differences in theta power in parietal regions (F(1,21) = 8.48, p = .008) and temporal regions (F(1,21) = 6.57, p = .018), with a significant increase in mean theta power (defined range: 5.5-6.5 Hz) at P3 (p = .047) and focal theta power (defined range: 5.9-6.1 Hz) at T7 (p = .043) following real tACS. No comparable effects were observed at the homologous electrodes in the right hemisphere or under the sham condition. No significant effects were found in the gamma band. These results provide preliminary evidence that theta-gamma coupled tACS can modulate resting-state theta activity in regions associated with frontoparietal and frontotemporal networks involved in memory functions. This finding may have implications for future non-invasive intervention strategies in the early stages of cognitive decline.
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive technique that allows modulation of cerebral oscillatory activity. In this study, theta-gamma coupled tACS (6 Hz-80 Hz), a pattern associated with both episodic and working memory processes, which are disrupted in the early stages of cognitive decline, was applied. Twenty-two adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participated in a randomized, counterbalanced, within-subject design, receiving two intervention conditions (real vs. sham), each consisting of eight consecutive sessions of tACS (20 minutes over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) combined with cognitive training, separated by a washout period of 6 to 12 weeks. Resting-state eyes-closed EEG was recorded at three time points: (1) a baseline measure before interventions began, and (2-3) two post-intervention recordings, after completion of each condition (real and sham tACS). EEG data were preprocessed and analyzed to extract power in the theta and gamma bands. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were then conducted with factors session, intervention, and electrode. The analysis revealed significant differences in theta power in parietal regions (F(1,21) = 8.48, p = .008) and temporal regions (F(1,21) = 6.57, p = .018), with a significant increase in mean theta power (defined range: 5.5-6.5 Hz) at P3 (p = .047) and focal theta power (defined range: 5.9-6.1 Hz) at T7 (p = .043) following real tACS. No comparable effects were observed at the homologous electrodes in the right hemisphere or under the sham condition. No significant effects were found in the gamma band. These results provide preliminary evidence that theta-gamma coupled tACS can modulate resting-state theta activity in regions associated with frontoparietal and frontotemporal networks involved in memory functions. This finding may have implications for future non-invasive intervention strategies in the early stages of cognitive decline.
Direction
GALDO ALVAREZ, SANTIAGO (Tutorships)
CORREA JARABA, KENIA SHAILY (Co-tutorships)
GALDO ALVAREZ, SANTIAGO (Tutorships)
CORREA JARABA, KENIA SHAILY (Co-tutorships)
Court
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Chairman)
CESPON GONZALEZ, JESUS (Secretary)
VICENTE ALBA, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Member)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Chairman)
CESPON GONZALEZ, JESUS (Secretary)
VICENTE ALBA, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Member)
Search for drugs regulating the myelination program in Schwann cells.
Authorship
J.C.B.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
J.C.B.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
Defense date
07.18.2025 11:55
07.18.2025 11:55
Summary
Schwann cells are specialized glial cells of the peripheral nervous system that elaborate the myelin sheath along large axons. This enables saltatory conduction of the nerve impulse and provides trophic and metabolic support for these axons. Any defect in the myelin sheath either due to Schwann cells alterations or to the nervous environment, because of genetic or acquired diseases, can lead to debilitating and even fatal neurological disorders, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). At present, there is no cure or adequate pharmacological treatment for these diseases. In a preliminary pharmacological screening, we identified several small-molecule drugs that can modulate the induction of myelination in Schwann cells in vitro, which we have validated with secondary confirmatory hit assays. In addition, we have studied how some of these drugs modulate the expression of mRNA and essential proteins for the myelin sheath formation, with promising results. The studied drugs belong to the Prestwick library, most of them are approved for use by different drug regulating agencies, which would facilitate their introduction into the clinic. This work paves the way towards the search for new effective therapeutic options to treat peripheral neuropathies, currently with no effective pharmacological treatments.
Schwann cells are specialized glial cells of the peripheral nervous system that elaborate the myelin sheath along large axons. This enables saltatory conduction of the nerve impulse and provides trophic and metabolic support for these axons. Any defect in the myelin sheath either due to Schwann cells alterations or to the nervous environment, because of genetic or acquired diseases, can lead to debilitating and even fatal neurological disorders, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). At present, there is no cure or adequate pharmacological treatment for these diseases. In a preliminary pharmacological screening, we identified several small-molecule drugs that can modulate the induction of myelination in Schwann cells in vitro, which we have validated with secondary confirmatory hit assays. In addition, we have studied how some of these drugs modulate the expression of mRNA and essential proteins for the myelin sheath formation, with promising results. The studied drugs belong to the Prestwick library, most of them are approved for use by different drug regulating agencies, which would facilitate their introduction into the clinic. This work paves the way towards the search for new effective therapeutic options to treat peripheral neuropathies, currently with no effective pharmacological treatments.
Direction
Woodhoo , Ashwin (Tutorships)
Woodhoo , Ashwin (Tutorships)
Court
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Rivadulla Fernández, Juan Casto (Chairman)
ADRIO FONDEVILA, MARIA FATIMA (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PALLARES, JANNETTE (Member)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Rivadulla Fernández, Juan Casto (Chairman)
ADRIO FONDEVILA, MARIA FATIMA (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PALLARES, JANNETTE (Member)
Functional analysis of the proteomic profile of extracellular vesicles derived from human neuronal cultures
Authorship
M.C.C.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
M.C.C.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
Defense date
07.18.2025 11:55
07.18.2025 11:55
Summary
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous microparticles secreted into the extracellular space by all cell types. Although EVs were originally considered as vehicles for the elimination of waste molecules, their involvement in multiple physiological and pathological processes is now recognised. In the field of Neuroscience, EVs has gained interest as a potential source of biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic monitoring of diverse neurological diseases. Moreover, EVs present optimal characteristics as potential vectors for drug delivery to the brain. Therefore, it would be interesting to characterise EVs not only in physiological but also pathological conditions. The use of in vitro models such as cell cultures could be interesting due to their mechanistic advantages and their ability to produce proteins similar to those synthesised in vivo. The aim of the present study was to perform a functional characterisation of EVs produced by different human neuronal lines derived from neuroblastomas: IMR-32, SK-N-BE(2) and SH-SY5Y by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For this purpose, a bioinformatics analysis of the identified proteins was performed to evaluate the associated GO terms (i.e., biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions). The results obtained suggested that neuronal culture-derived EVs reflect essential features of EVs such as their heterogeneity, their dependence on the origin and physiological state of the parental cell or their vital role in intercellular communication. In addition, enrichment of different specific processes was observed in each of the neuronal lines. In general, neuronal cultures could be an useful in vitro model to study the protein content of neuron-derived EVs, especially in those situations where the simplicity of the environment could be considered an advantageous aspect.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous microparticles secreted into the extracellular space by all cell types. Although EVs were originally considered as vehicles for the elimination of waste molecules, their involvement in multiple physiological and pathological processes is now recognised. In the field of Neuroscience, EVs has gained interest as a potential source of biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic monitoring of diverse neurological diseases. Moreover, EVs present optimal characteristics as potential vectors for drug delivery to the brain. Therefore, it would be interesting to characterise EVs not only in physiological but also pathological conditions. The use of in vitro models such as cell cultures could be interesting due to their mechanistic advantages and their ability to produce proteins similar to those synthesised in vivo. The aim of the present study was to perform a functional characterisation of EVs produced by different human neuronal lines derived from neuroblastomas: IMR-32, SK-N-BE(2) and SH-SY5Y by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For this purpose, a bioinformatics analysis of the identified proteins was performed to evaluate the associated GO terms (i.e., biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions). The results obtained suggested that neuronal culture-derived EVs reflect essential features of EVs such as their heterogeneity, their dependence on the origin and physiological state of the parental cell or their vital role in intercellular communication. In addition, enrichment of different specific processes was observed in each of the neuronal lines. In general, neuronal cultures could be an useful in vitro model to study the protein content of neuron-derived EVs, especially in those situations where the simplicity of the environment could be considered an advantageous aspect.
Direction
LABANDEIRA GARCIA, JOSE LUIS (Tutorships)
Cantero Lorente, José Luis (Co-tutorships)
LABANDEIRA GARCIA, JOSE LUIS (Tutorships)
Cantero Lorente, José Luis (Co-tutorships)
Court
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Ferreira Faro, LilianRosana (Chairman)
Spuch Calvar, Carlos (Secretary)
CANDAL SUAREZ, EVA MARIA (Member)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Ferreira Faro, LilianRosana (Chairman)
Spuch Calvar, Carlos (Secretary)
CANDAL SUAREZ, EVA MARIA (Member)
Cold-induced thermogenic response in a peripheral demyelination model
Authorship
M.M.G.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
M.M.G.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
Defense date
07.18.2025 11:55
07.18.2025 11:55
Summary
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis in the organism. Its thermogenic capacity is due to its ability to dissipate the energy obtained through the electron transport chain in the form of heat, thanks to the uncoupling protein UCP1. The activity of BAT is modulated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), in addition to various hormonal pathways. There are multiple pathologies of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that alter the transmission of nerve impulses to peripheral organs and also affect the perception of afferent signals from these organs, which is necessary to maintain body homeostasis. Among them is Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), the most common hereditary neurodegenerative disease. Currently, there is no evidence of an effect on the modulation of BAT thermogenic activity in these patients. However, symptoms related to the inability to regulate body temperature in response to external stimuli have been reported in other diseases with a similar etiology, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome. In this study, we found differences in both the acute and chronic thermogenic response in mice with CMT1A compared to healthy WT mice. Finally, our functional, molecular, and morphological analyses demonstrate several significant alterations in the thermogenic response of BAT following cold exposure.
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis in the organism. Its thermogenic capacity is due to its ability to dissipate the energy obtained through the electron transport chain in the form of heat, thanks to the uncoupling protein UCP1. The activity of BAT is modulated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), in addition to various hormonal pathways. There are multiple pathologies of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that alter the transmission of nerve impulses to peripheral organs and also affect the perception of afferent signals from these organs, which is necessary to maintain body homeostasis. Among them is Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), the most common hereditary neurodegenerative disease. Currently, there is no evidence of an effect on the modulation of BAT thermogenic activity in these patients. However, symptoms related to the inability to regulate body temperature in response to external stimuli have been reported in other diseases with a similar etiology, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome. In this study, we found differences in both the acute and chronic thermogenic response in mice with CMT1A compared to healthy WT mice. Finally, our functional, molecular, and morphological analyses demonstrate several significant alterations in the thermogenic response of BAT following cold exposure.
Direction
Woodhoo , Ashwin (Tutorships)
VARELA REY, MARTA MARIA (Co-tutorships)
Woodhoo , Ashwin (Tutorships)
VARELA REY, MARTA MARIA (Co-tutorships)
Court
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Rivadulla Fernández, Juan Casto (Chairman)
ADRIO FONDEVILA, MARIA FATIMA (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PALLARES, JANNETTE (Member)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Rivadulla Fernández, Juan Casto (Chairman)
ADRIO FONDEVILA, MARIA FATIMA (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PALLARES, JANNETTE (Member)
Effect of a musical intervention in people with cognitive impairment
Authorship
N.N.D.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
N.N.D.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
Defense date
07.18.2025 16:05
07.18.2025 16:05
Summary
Introduction: Cognitive impairment is an increasing social and healthcare challenge, closely linked to population aging. In addition to cognitive alterations, anxiety and emotional changes can limit social participation and affect personal identity, also impacting close relationships. In this context, non pharmacological interventions, such as music, emerge as safe options to promote well-being and strengthen the connection with one's personal history. Objectives: To analyse the impact of a musical intervention on anxiety, quality of life, well-being, and participation in people with cognitive impairment, and to study their previous relationship with music. Materials and methods: This quasi-experimental study without a control group analysed the effect of a group musical intervention in people with cognitive impairment. The intervention was carried out in a local association through participatory sessions that included singing, musical creation, and synchronised movement. The entire intervention was designed with an approach inspired by popular culture and the connection to the sea. Validated tools were used to assess anxiety (Hamilton), quality of life (QoL AD), wellbeing (MiDAS), relationship with music (MRQ), and participation (MTED). Results: In the study population (n=17), a trend towards a reduction in total anxiety levels was observed after the intervention (baseline 5,4 + 2,93 final 4,5 + 2,65; p=0,10), with a greater change in psychic anxiety than in somatic anxiety. A possible positive impact on quality of life was found (QoL AD baseline 37,4 + 2,31 and final 37,7 + 2,13; p=0,374), with improvements in several items. An increase in well-being related to the musical intervention (MiDAS) was observed across the four sessions. The MRQ showed great variability in participants' previous relationship with music. Finally, there was an increase in participation levels from the first session (MTED 16,2 + 3,71) to the last session (MTED 16,6 + 3,64), especially regarding the degree of communication during the session. Conclusion: These findings suggest a possible beneficial effect of a musical intervention in this population group and highlight the need to implement such interventions.
Introduction: Cognitive impairment is an increasing social and healthcare challenge, closely linked to population aging. In addition to cognitive alterations, anxiety and emotional changes can limit social participation and affect personal identity, also impacting close relationships. In this context, non pharmacological interventions, such as music, emerge as safe options to promote well-being and strengthen the connection with one's personal history. Objectives: To analyse the impact of a musical intervention on anxiety, quality of life, well-being, and participation in people with cognitive impairment, and to study their previous relationship with music. Materials and methods: This quasi-experimental study without a control group analysed the effect of a group musical intervention in people with cognitive impairment. The intervention was carried out in a local association through participatory sessions that included singing, musical creation, and synchronised movement. The entire intervention was designed with an approach inspired by popular culture and the connection to the sea. Validated tools were used to assess anxiety (Hamilton), quality of life (QoL AD), wellbeing (MiDAS), relationship with music (MRQ), and participation (MTED). Results: In the study population (n=17), a trend towards a reduction in total anxiety levels was observed after the intervention (baseline 5,4 + 2,93 final 4,5 + 2,65; p=0,10), with a greater change in psychic anxiety than in somatic anxiety. A possible positive impact on quality of life was found (QoL AD baseline 37,4 + 2,31 and final 37,7 + 2,13; p=0,374), with improvements in several items. An increase in well-being related to the musical intervention (MiDAS) was observed across the four sessions. The MRQ showed great variability in participants' previous relationship with music. Finally, there was an increase in participation levels from the first session (MTED 16,2 + 3,71) to the last session (MTED 16,6 + 3,64), especially regarding the degree of communication during the session. Conclusion: These findings suggest a possible beneficial effect of a musical intervention in this population group and highlight the need to implement such interventions.
Direction
Ferreira Faro, LilianRosana (Tutorships)
Spuch Calvar, Carlos (Co-tutorships)
Ferreira Faro, LilianRosana (Tutorships)
Spuch Calvar, Carlos (Co-tutorships)
Court
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Chairman)
CESPON GONZALEZ, JESUS (Secretary)
VICENTE ALBA, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Member)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Chairman)
CESPON GONZALEZ, JESUS (Secretary)
VICENTE ALBA, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Member)
Interaction between the homeostatic system and the hedonic system in the control of eating behavior
Authorship
D.J.N.Y.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
D.J.N.Y.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
Defense date
07.18.2025 18:50
07.18.2025 18:50
Summary
The dynamic interaction between the homeostatic and hedonic systems regulates food intake in individuals. To understand how these two systems relate, a computational model was developed that explores different mechanisms of interaction between them. The homeostatic system was modeled using a set of differential equations that represent the temporal variation of substances such as ghrelin and leptin, which are key in regulating the sensation of hunger and satiety. The mathematical model realistically simulates the hunger signal based on physiological principles, reflecting how the body manages its energy balance. Complementarily, the hedonic system was represented through a reinforcement learning system, following the Q-Learning approach. The agent that integrates this system explores a grid environment and there learns to locate and consume food based on the reward, or hedonic cue, obtained for each action. For each state of the agent, the hedonic cue is calculated from the Q values associated with each possible action. The Q value reflects the expected reward after performing a certain action in that state. The study, through simulation, focuses on the integration of these two signals: the hunger signal calculated by the differential equations of the homeostatic system, and the hedonic signal generated by the agent's reinforcement learning system. Since the agent's behavior is influenced by both its physiological need and the desirability of food, identifying the integration mechanism of both systems is key to understanding and predicting decision-making regarding food intake. The main objective of this work is to simulate and test various hypotheses about how these two systems interact. For example, the aim is to explore scenarios where one system can dominate the other, where there are signals influencing both directions, analyze the dynamics of intake oscillations, and understand how variations in key parameters in each system affect overall eating behavior. This hybrid approach offers a tool to investigate the complex relationship between biological need and pleasure in the regulation of eating.
The dynamic interaction between the homeostatic and hedonic systems regulates food intake in individuals. To understand how these two systems relate, a computational model was developed that explores different mechanisms of interaction between them. The homeostatic system was modeled using a set of differential equations that represent the temporal variation of substances such as ghrelin and leptin, which are key in regulating the sensation of hunger and satiety. The mathematical model realistically simulates the hunger signal based on physiological principles, reflecting how the body manages its energy balance. Complementarily, the hedonic system was represented through a reinforcement learning system, following the Q-Learning approach. The agent that integrates this system explores a grid environment and there learns to locate and consume food based on the reward, or hedonic cue, obtained for each action. For each state of the agent, the hedonic cue is calculated from the Q values associated with each possible action. The Q value reflects the expected reward after performing a certain action in that state. The study, through simulation, focuses on the integration of these two signals: the hunger signal calculated by the differential equations of the homeostatic system, and the hedonic signal generated by the agent's reinforcement learning system. Since the agent's behavior is influenced by both its physiological need and the desirability of food, identifying the integration mechanism of both systems is key to understanding and predicting decision-making regarding food intake. The main objective of this work is to simulate and test various hypotheses about how these two systems interact. For example, the aim is to explore scenarios where one system can dominate the other, where there are signals influencing both directions, analyze the dynamics of intake oscillations, and understand how variations in key parameters in each system affect overall eating behavior. This hybrid approach offers a tool to investigate the complex relationship between biological need and pleasure in the regulation of eating.
Direction
Sánchez Vila, Eduardo Manuel (Tutorships)
Sánchez Vila, Eduardo Manuel (Tutorships)
Court
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
BARREIRO IGLESIAS, ANTON (Chairman)
Pérez Fernández, Juan (Secretary)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Member)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
BARREIRO IGLESIAS, ANTON (Chairman)
Pérez Fernández, Juan (Secretary)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Member)
Optimization and validation of the use of metabarcoding for the characterization of epiphytic beetle communities
Authorship
S.P.V.
Master in Terrestrial biodiversity: characterization, conservation and management
S.P.V.
Master in Terrestrial biodiversity: characterization, conservation and management
Defense date
07.18.2025 10:00
07.18.2025 10:00
Summary
The shortage of expert taxonomists with knowledge of several biological groups hinders species identification and community monitoring. Metabarcoding allows for mitigating this problem by identifying numerous individuals simultaneously through the sequencing of genetic markers. However, this method does not always enable the detection of all species or the accurate estimation of abundance. One of the causes is the variation in specimen biomass, which affects the relative amount of DNA contributed by each one. This can be minimised by sorting individuals by size, but it increases sequencing costs. A more economical alternative is the mixture (known as pooling) of the lysates from the different size groups. Another factor that affects the results is the affinity of the primers with the DNA sequences, so it is important to determine the specific primers for the target group. The aim of this study is to optimize and validate the metabarcoding technique to determine the composition of epiphytic beetle communities, testing the validity of more economical alternatives. For that, specimens were separated into three size categories and identified morphologically. Samples were processed through three different metabarcoding procedures: one that sequences samples by size and two that use pooling. The pooling methods differ in the criterion used to determine the volume of lysate from each size: one utilise abundance values, while the other uses a ratio (4:16:80) that introduces a greater volume of lysate from small specimens. After sequencing, the resulting taxonomic inventory was analysed and different facets of diversity were calculated from the results of the molecular procedures used and the morphological identification, comparing them with each other. Before sequencing, the most effective primer for this type of sample was selected and the possibility of using a single par was tested. Metabarcoding provided a community inventory similar to morphological identification, detecting less genera but with higher taxonomic resolution. Size-based sequencing proved to be the method that provides results most similar to morphological approach, detecting between 5% and 9% more genera than the pooling methods. However, none of the sequencing methods provided accurate abundance estimates, even affecting the abundance distribution and the values of diversity indices. This indicates that metabarcoding with size-based sequencing is the optimal method for presence and absence studies, but it is not recommended for abundance studies.
The shortage of expert taxonomists with knowledge of several biological groups hinders species identification and community monitoring. Metabarcoding allows for mitigating this problem by identifying numerous individuals simultaneously through the sequencing of genetic markers. However, this method does not always enable the detection of all species or the accurate estimation of abundance. One of the causes is the variation in specimen biomass, which affects the relative amount of DNA contributed by each one. This can be minimised by sorting individuals by size, but it increases sequencing costs. A more economical alternative is the mixture (known as pooling) of the lysates from the different size groups. Another factor that affects the results is the affinity of the primers with the DNA sequences, so it is important to determine the specific primers for the target group. The aim of this study is to optimize and validate the metabarcoding technique to determine the composition of epiphytic beetle communities, testing the validity of more economical alternatives. For that, specimens were separated into three size categories and identified morphologically. Samples were processed through three different metabarcoding procedures: one that sequences samples by size and two that use pooling. The pooling methods differ in the criterion used to determine the volume of lysate from each size: one utilise abundance values, while the other uses a ratio (4:16:80) that introduces a greater volume of lysate from small specimens. After sequencing, the resulting taxonomic inventory was analysed and different facets of diversity were calculated from the results of the molecular procedures used and the morphological identification, comparing them with each other. Before sequencing, the most effective primer for this type of sample was selected and the possibility of using a single par was tested. Metabarcoding provided a community inventory similar to morphological identification, detecting less genera but with higher taxonomic resolution. Size-based sequencing proved to be the method that provides results most similar to morphological approach, detecting between 5% and 9% more genera than the pooling methods. However, none of the sequencing methods provided accurate abundance estimates, even affecting the abundance distribution and the values of diversity indices. This indicates that metabarcoding with size-based sequencing is the optimal method for presence and absence studies, but it is not recommended for abundance studies.
Direction
GOMEZ RODRIGUEZ, CAROLA (Tutorships)
LORENZO CARBALLA, MARÍA OLALLA (Co-tutorships)
GOMEZ RODRIGUEZ, CAROLA (Tutorships)
LORENZO CARBALLA, MARÍA OLALLA (Co-tutorships)
Court
AMIGO VAZQUEZ, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Chairman)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
REYES FERREIRA, OTILIA (Member)
AMIGO VAZQUEZ, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Chairman)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
REYES FERREIRA, OTILIA (Member)
Effects of HD tACS on Working Memory in Adults with Mild and Subjective Cognitive Impairment.
Authorship
A.P.R.P.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
A.P.R.P.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
Defense date
07.18.2025 16:05
07.18.2025 16:05
Summary
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) allows for the modulation of brain oscillatory activity and has been associated with improvements in working memory (WM) in healthy individuals. However, its effectiveness in older adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains underexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether theta gamma tACS combined with cognitive training (CT) improves performance on a WM task and modulates electrophysiological activity related to selective attention (N2b) and WM updating processes (P3b), and whether these effects differ by sex. Twenty six adults with SCD/MCI (ages 57-83) participated in a counterbalanced crossover design, in which each participant received two interventions (real and sham), separated by 6 to 12 weeks. Each intervention consisted of eight consecutive sessions of tACS (20 minutes) combined with CT (30 minutes). Theta-gamma tACS was delivered at 6 Hz with 80 Hz bursts locked to the peaks of each theta cycle, targeting the AF3 electrode over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). WM performance was assessed before and after each intervention using a visual delayed match-to-sample task. Behavioral measures (accuracy, reaction times, and correct rejections) were recorded, and the amplitudes of N2b (F3, F4, C3, C4) and P3b (F3, F4, P3, P4) event-related potentials (ERPs) were analyzed. Repeated-measures ANOVAs (Condition x Session x Sex) showed significant improvements in women following real tACS, with faster reaction times (F(1,24) = 5.211, p = .032) compared to the sham condition. No significant effects were observed in men. Regarding ERPs, ANOVAs (Condition x Session x Sex) revealed a consistent post-intervention amplitude increase in N2b, particularly in low-load tasks, regardless of sex. For P3b, repeated-measures ANOVAs (Condition x Session x Electrode x Sex) also showed post-intervention amplitude increases and topographical effects across electrodes. No systematic effects of experimental condition or sex were found. These findings suggest that theta-gamma tACS may partially enhance response speed in women with SCD/MCI and could be a promising tool to modulate attentional and updating processes in this population.
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) allows for the modulation of brain oscillatory activity and has been associated with improvements in working memory (WM) in healthy individuals. However, its effectiveness in older adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains underexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether theta gamma tACS combined with cognitive training (CT) improves performance on a WM task and modulates electrophysiological activity related to selective attention (N2b) and WM updating processes (P3b), and whether these effects differ by sex. Twenty six adults with SCD/MCI (ages 57-83) participated in a counterbalanced crossover design, in which each participant received two interventions (real and sham), separated by 6 to 12 weeks. Each intervention consisted of eight consecutive sessions of tACS (20 minutes) combined with CT (30 minutes). Theta-gamma tACS was delivered at 6 Hz with 80 Hz bursts locked to the peaks of each theta cycle, targeting the AF3 electrode over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). WM performance was assessed before and after each intervention using a visual delayed match-to-sample task. Behavioral measures (accuracy, reaction times, and correct rejections) were recorded, and the amplitudes of N2b (F3, F4, C3, C4) and P3b (F3, F4, P3, P4) event-related potentials (ERPs) were analyzed. Repeated-measures ANOVAs (Condition x Session x Sex) showed significant improvements in women following real tACS, with faster reaction times (F(1,24) = 5.211, p = .032) compared to the sham condition. No significant effects were observed in men. Regarding ERPs, ANOVAs (Condition x Session x Sex) revealed a consistent post-intervention amplitude increase in N2b, particularly in low-load tasks, regardless of sex. For P3b, repeated-measures ANOVAs (Condition x Session x Electrode x Sex) also showed post-intervention amplitude increases and topographical effects across electrodes. No systematic effects of experimental condition or sex were found. These findings suggest that theta-gamma tACS may partially enhance response speed in women with SCD/MCI and could be a promising tool to modulate attentional and updating processes in this population.
Direction
GALDO ALVAREZ, SANTIAGO (Tutorships)
CORREA JARABA, KENIA SHAILY (Co-tutorships)
GALDO ALVAREZ, SANTIAGO (Tutorships)
CORREA JARABA, KENIA SHAILY (Co-tutorships)
Court
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Chairman)
CESPON GONZALEZ, JESUS (Secretary)
VICENTE ALBA, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Member)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Chairman)
CESPON GONZALEZ, JESUS (Secretary)
VICENTE ALBA, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Member)
Impact of mental fatigue and its relationship with fall-risk: a pilot study
Authorship
E.S.C.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
E.S.C.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
Defense date
07.18.2025 13:15
07.18.2025 13:15
Summary
Mental fatigue is a psychobiological state characterized by increased feelings of tiredness and/or a transient decline in cognitive performance, caused by prolonged periods of demanding cognitive activity. Recent research suggests that mental fatigue may lead to impairments in motor control, affecting postural stability. Classical theories consider postural balance to be primarily regulated by spinal and brainstem reflexes, requiring minimal executive involvement. However, it has recently been proposed that executive control plays a substantial role (top-down) over motor structures involved in balance. These findings suggest that different areas involved in executive control (various regions of the prefrontal cortex PFC, active during different cognitive tasks) may be differentially involved in postural balance control. If so, mental fatigue could impair postural control. Some preliminary studies, albeit limited, support this, but the mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, this study aims to determine the impact of fatigue generated by cognitive tasks linked to different executive functions (inhibitory control and working memory) on postural stability. To do so, three experimental sessions (n=8, young individuals) were conducted, inducing mental fatigue through three different cognitive tasks (including a control task). Tasks were repeated multiple times per session while assessing participants' static postural balance. Spinal motoneuron excitability was also evaluated via the H-reflex recruitment curve at the beginning and end of each session, which slope is negatively associated with postural stability. The level of fatigue induced by the three tasks increased with task repetition. When postural control was assessed during cognitive task performance, greater postural instability was observed as repetitions progressed, accompanied by a decrease in the maximal H-reflex amplitude. However, these effects were independent of the type of cognitive task inducing fatigue. Our results suggest significant prefrontal control over human postural regulation.
Mental fatigue is a psychobiological state characterized by increased feelings of tiredness and/or a transient decline in cognitive performance, caused by prolonged periods of demanding cognitive activity. Recent research suggests that mental fatigue may lead to impairments in motor control, affecting postural stability. Classical theories consider postural balance to be primarily regulated by spinal and brainstem reflexes, requiring minimal executive involvement. However, it has recently been proposed that executive control plays a substantial role (top-down) over motor structures involved in balance. These findings suggest that different areas involved in executive control (various regions of the prefrontal cortex PFC, active during different cognitive tasks) may be differentially involved in postural balance control. If so, mental fatigue could impair postural control. Some preliminary studies, albeit limited, support this, but the mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, this study aims to determine the impact of fatigue generated by cognitive tasks linked to different executive functions (inhibitory control and working memory) on postural stability. To do so, three experimental sessions (n=8, young individuals) were conducted, inducing mental fatigue through three different cognitive tasks (including a control task). Tasks were repeated multiple times per session while assessing participants' static postural balance. Spinal motoneuron excitability was also evaluated via the H-reflex recruitment curve at the beginning and end of each session, which slope is negatively associated with postural stability. The level of fatigue induced by the three tasks increased with task repetition. When postural control was assessed during cognitive task performance, greater postural instability was observed as repetitions progressed, accompanied by a decrease in the maximal H-reflex amplitude. However, these effects were independent of the type of cognitive task inducing fatigue. Our results suggest significant prefrontal control over human postural regulation.
Direction
Arias Rodríguez, Pablo (Tutorships)
Rivadulla Fernández, Juan Casto (Co-tutorships)
Arias Rodríguez, Pablo (Tutorships)
Rivadulla Fernández, Juan Casto (Co-tutorships)
Court
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Pombal Diego, Manuel Ángel (Chairman)
Covelo Fernández, Ana (Secretary)
Folgueira Otero, Mónica (Member)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Pombal Diego, Manuel Ángel (Chairman)
Covelo Fernández, Ana (Secretary)
Folgueira Otero, Mónica (Member)
Cognitive processes and pain modulation: indices of brain activity
Authorship
C.S.L.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
C.S.L.
Máster Universitario en Neurociencia (2ª ed)
Defense date
07.18.2025 16:05
07.18.2025 16:05
Summary
Previous research has demonstrated an interaction between cognitive activity and nociception, showing that performing cognitive tasks decreases pain perception. Furthermore, the presentation of painful stimuli interferes with the performance of such tasks, with both effects reflected in changes in brain electrical activity (EEG). In these studies, cognitive tasks are typically presented on a computer screen while painful stimuli are applied to the hand. This setup makes it impossible to dissociate whether the observed effects are due to attentional drift from the stimulated hand or to other factors such as the cognitive load of the tasks. To separate the effects of attentional drift and cognitive load, we designed wristbands with screens. These wristbands, worn on both wrists, allow participants to perform tasks either ipsilaterally or contralaterally to the hand receiving nociceptive stimulation. In the experimental session, we recorded EEG during the application of a temporal summation of second pain (TSSP) paradigm, which consisted of presenting series of 12 nociceptive thermal stimuli. Simultaneously, participants performed two n-back working memory tasks: 0-back (low cognitive load) and 2-back (high cognitive load). The sample consisted of 21 healthy university students (aged 18 to 29 years). We evaluated the magnitude of TSSP and the event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with the cognitive tasks for each condition. Additionally, we used self-reported scales related to anticipatory anxiety and pain catastrophizing. Analyses indicated that TSSP was not significantly affected by the level of cognitive load or attentional drift, nor by the interaction between these factors. However, the amplitude of the N2 and P3 components in response to the visual stimuli used in the cognitive task increased with cognitive load (2-back mayor 0-back) and with attentional drift (contralateral mayor ipsilateral). These results suggest that attention to nociceptive stimuli draws processing resources away from cognitive task performance, while also highlighting the complexity of the interaction between nociceptive and cognitive processes.
Previous research has demonstrated an interaction between cognitive activity and nociception, showing that performing cognitive tasks decreases pain perception. Furthermore, the presentation of painful stimuli interferes with the performance of such tasks, with both effects reflected in changes in brain electrical activity (EEG). In these studies, cognitive tasks are typically presented on a computer screen while painful stimuli are applied to the hand. This setup makes it impossible to dissociate whether the observed effects are due to attentional drift from the stimulated hand or to other factors such as the cognitive load of the tasks. To separate the effects of attentional drift and cognitive load, we designed wristbands with screens. These wristbands, worn on both wrists, allow participants to perform tasks either ipsilaterally or contralaterally to the hand receiving nociceptive stimulation. In the experimental session, we recorded EEG during the application of a temporal summation of second pain (TSSP) paradigm, which consisted of presenting series of 12 nociceptive thermal stimuli. Simultaneously, participants performed two n-back working memory tasks: 0-back (low cognitive load) and 2-back (high cognitive load). The sample consisted of 21 healthy university students (aged 18 to 29 years). We evaluated the magnitude of TSSP and the event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with the cognitive tasks for each condition. Additionally, we used self-reported scales related to anticipatory anxiety and pain catastrophizing. Analyses indicated that TSSP was not significantly affected by the level of cognitive load or attentional drift, nor by the interaction between these factors. However, the amplitude of the N2 and P3 components in response to the visual stimuli used in the cognitive task increased with cognitive load (2-back mayor 0-back) and with attentional drift (contralateral mayor ipsilateral). These results suggest that attention to nociceptive stimuli draws processing resources away from cognitive task performance, while also highlighting the complexity of the interaction between nociceptive and cognitive processes.
Direction
Carrillo De la Peña, María Teresa (Tutorships)
Gil Ugidos, Antonio (Co-tutorships)
Carrillo De la Peña, María Teresa (Tutorships)
Gil Ugidos, Antonio (Co-tutorships)
Court
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Chairman)
CESPON GONZALEZ, JESUS (Secretary)
VICENTE ALBA, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Member)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Coordinator)
Rodriguez Diaz, Miguel Angel (Chairman)
CESPON GONZALEZ, JESUS (Secretary)
VICENTE ALBA, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Member)