Bibliographic review on the uses of khat and synthetic cationes as drugs of abuse
Authorship
R.A.I.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
R.A.I.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl., native to East Africa, is widely recognized for its psycostimulant effects and its deep cultural roots in regions such as the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Its use dates back to ancient times, initially for ceremonial and medicinal purposes, with the first documentation appearing in the 11th century in Islamic medical texts. Over time, its consumption became more widespread in social settings, particularly through traditional gatherings. Currently, its cultivation is mainly concentrated in Ethiopia, the world leading producer, although it has also spread to other areas os East Africa due to its profitability and adaptability to arid climates. From a pharmacological perspective, the main active compound in khat is cathinone, an alkaloid with similar effects to those of amphetamines. This compound has served as the base for the synthesis of several analogs, classified as new psycoactive substances (NPS). In recent years, these substances have emerged as alternatives to controlled drugs, being used recreationally and sold in various forms on European markets, sometimes even as adulterants of substances such as MDMA. This phenomenon has raised concerns about the health and legal risks associated with their consumption. This study examines the origin, evolution and spread of khat, as well as the impact that synthetic cations have had in the current context of drug use.
Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl., native to East Africa, is widely recognized for its psycostimulant effects and its deep cultural roots in regions such as the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Its use dates back to ancient times, initially for ceremonial and medicinal purposes, with the first documentation appearing in the 11th century in Islamic medical texts. Over time, its consumption became more widespread in social settings, particularly through traditional gatherings. Currently, its cultivation is mainly concentrated in Ethiopia, the world leading producer, although it has also spread to other areas os East Africa due to its profitability and adaptability to arid climates. From a pharmacological perspective, the main active compound in khat is cathinone, an alkaloid with similar effects to those of amphetamines. This compound has served as the base for the synthesis of several analogs, classified as new psycoactive substances (NPS). In recent years, these substances have emerged as alternatives to controlled drugs, being used recreationally and sold in various forms on European markets, sometimes even as adulterants of substances such as MDMA. This phenomenon has raised concerns about the health and legal risks associated with their consumption. This study examines the origin, evolution and spread of khat, as well as the impact that synthetic cations have had in the current context of drug use.
Direction
GONZALEZ JARTIN, JESUS MARIA (Tutorships)
GONZALEZ JARTIN, JESUS MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
Inappropriate use of antibiotics in paediatric otitis: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authorship
G.A.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
G.A.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Background: Inappropriate prescribing in paediatrics referring to acute otitis media in developed countries in Europe, USA, Australia and Canada seems to still be quite present in outpatient settings despite multiple efforts to decrease it in recent years. This paper will attempt to measure the frequency of these prescriptions and in which aspects of prescribing were not appropriate in the last 11 years. Results: After analysing 13 articles assessing the inappropriateness of prescriptions in several developed Western countries, high percentages of consultations with prescriptions that were not indicated or unnecessary, with prescriptions that were not in accordance with the first lines of treatment according to the guidelines and with guidelines that were higher than those recommended by the latest studies were reported. A meta-analysis of the results showed an enormous heterogeneity between studies that is likely due to differences in design and objectives, variations between guidelines and distinctions in physicians' practices. Conclusion: Many antibiotics are still prescribed in patients who do not have the necessary characteristics to be indicated (otorrhoea, intense otalgia, fever, recurrent otitis, immunosuppression, be less than 2 years old), the choice of antibiotic is not always appropriate, using broad-spectrum antibiotics when their use is not recommended and the duration of the guidelines tend to be longer than recommended by the guidelines, especially in children over 24 months of age.
Background: Inappropriate prescribing in paediatrics referring to acute otitis media in developed countries in Europe, USA, Australia and Canada seems to still be quite present in outpatient settings despite multiple efforts to decrease it in recent years. This paper will attempt to measure the frequency of these prescriptions and in which aspects of prescribing were not appropriate in the last 11 years. Results: After analysing 13 articles assessing the inappropriateness of prescriptions in several developed Western countries, high percentages of consultations with prescriptions that were not indicated or unnecessary, with prescriptions that were not in accordance with the first lines of treatment according to the guidelines and with guidelines that were higher than those recommended by the latest studies were reported. A meta-analysis of the results showed an enormous heterogeneity between studies that is likely due to differences in design and objectives, variations between guidelines and distinctions in physicians' practices. Conclusion: Many antibiotics are still prescribed in patients who do not have the necessary characteristics to be indicated (otorrhoea, intense otalgia, fever, recurrent otitis, immunosuppression, be less than 2 years old), the choice of antibiotic is not always appropriate, using broad-spectrum antibiotics when their use is not recommended and the duration of the guidelines tend to be longer than recommended by the guidelines, especially in children over 24 months of age.
Direction
FIGUEIRAS GUZMAN, ADOLFO (Tutorships)
FIGUEIRAS GUZMAN, ADOLFO (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
New drug-delivering hydrogelating agents
Authorship
A.A.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.A.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
The advancement in the understanding of gels has opened a new field of research within chemistry. These materials stand out primarily for their great versatility, due to the diversity of their structures, their ability to encapsulate liquids within them, as well as their flexibility and softness. Furthermore, their reversibility, biodegradable nature, biocompatibility, and responsiveness to external stimuli make them ideal candidates for multiple applications. This work is focused on the study of new low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs). A synthetic route is proposed that leads to a molecule derived from cyclohexane beta-amino acids, whose gel-forming ability is evaluated in various solvents with different dielectric constants. Additionally, a study is carried out on the ability of its hydrogels to entrap and release drugs in aqueous media, as well as in vitro biological studies comparing the bactericidal efficacy of different antibiotics encapsuled in its hydrogels.
The advancement in the understanding of gels has opened a new field of research within chemistry. These materials stand out primarily for their great versatility, due to the diversity of their structures, their ability to encapsulate liquids within them, as well as their flexibility and softness. Furthermore, their reversibility, biodegradable nature, biocompatibility, and responsiveness to external stimuli make them ideal candidates for multiple applications. This work is focused on the study of new low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs). A synthetic route is proposed that leads to a molecule derived from cyclohexane beta-amino acids, whose gel-forming ability is evaluated in various solvents with different dielectric constants. Additionally, a study is carried out on the ability of its hydrogels to entrap and release drugs in aqueous media, as well as in vitro biological studies comparing the bactericidal efficacy of different antibiotics encapsuled in its hydrogels.
Direction
Estévez Cabanas, Juan Carlos (Tutorships)
Estévez Cabanas, Juan Carlos (Tutorships)
Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
Study of the iMAO activity of benzalphthalide derivatives
Authorship
G.A.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
G.A.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Monoamine oxidases (MAO) are isoenzymes that catalyse the oxidative deamination of dietary amines and monoamine neurotransmitters. Recent studies suggest a key role for MAOs as sources of tissue damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. In addition, MAO is the main pathway for the degradation of catecholamines, which regulate the immune response through cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis and cytokine production. All this suggests that MAO inhibition may be an important target in the therapeutic strategy of inflammation with two defined mechanisms of action: reducing levels of toxic by-products and increasing levels of catecholamines. Both converge in the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and the reduction of oxidative stress. MAO inhibitors (iMAO) are already used as antidepressants (iMAO-A), antiparkinsonian (iMAO-B) and in the treatment of various mental disorders or in Alzheimer's disease under the hypothesis of reducing oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potency and selectivity as iMAO of a series of compounds with a (Z)-3-benzylidenephthalide structure. Many of these compounds were found to be potent MAO-B inhibitors, showing higher potency and selectivity in vitro than some of the drugs used in the clinic
Monoamine oxidases (MAO) are isoenzymes that catalyse the oxidative deamination of dietary amines and monoamine neurotransmitters. Recent studies suggest a key role for MAOs as sources of tissue damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. In addition, MAO is the main pathway for the degradation of catecholamines, which regulate the immune response through cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis and cytokine production. All this suggests that MAO inhibition may be an important target in the therapeutic strategy of inflammation with two defined mechanisms of action: reducing levels of toxic by-products and increasing levels of catecholamines. Both converge in the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and the reduction of oxidative stress. MAO inhibitors (iMAO) are already used as antidepressants (iMAO-A), antiparkinsonian (iMAO-B) and in the treatment of various mental disorders or in Alzheimer's disease under the hypothesis of reducing oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potency and selectivity as iMAO of a series of compounds with a (Z)-3-benzylidenephthalide structure. Many of these compounds were found to be potent MAO-B inhibitors, showing higher potency and selectivity in vitro than some of the drugs used in the clinic
Direction
VIÑA CASTELAO, MARÍA DOLORES (Tutorships)
VIÑA CASTELAO, MARÍA DOLORES (Tutorships)
Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
Hepatitis C and direct acting antiviral therapy
Authorship
L.A.A.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
L.A.A.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Hepatitis C is considered a notifiable disease and continues to be a major public health world problem. Therefore, the WHO has set the goal of eliminating viral hepatitis in 2030 by proposing a series of strategic measures tailored to each disease. Although the arrival of new direct acting antivirals currently achieves high cure rates and better treatment responses than previous therapies, their high cost meansthat these treatments are not equally accessible in different regions. In Spain, thanks to the strategic plan for addressing hepatitis C in the healthcare system, we have positioned ourselves as a country with a low incidence rate and expects to meet the target set by the WHO in the coming years. Therefore, this review includes all general aspects of the hepatitis C virus as well as a current description of its treatment with direct-acting antivirals
Hepatitis C is considered a notifiable disease and continues to be a major public health world problem. Therefore, the WHO has set the goal of eliminating viral hepatitis in 2030 by proposing a series of strategic measures tailored to each disease. Although the arrival of new direct acting antivirals currently achieves high cure rates and better treatment responses than previous therapies, their high cost meansthat these treatments are not equally accessible in different regions. In Spain, thanks to the strategic plan for addressing hepatitis C in the healthcare system, we have positioned ourselves as a country with a low incidence rate and expects to meet the target set by the WHO in the coming years. Therefore, this review includes all general aspects of the hepatitis C virus as well as a current description of its treatment with direct-acting antivirals
Direction
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Tutorships)
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Tutorships)
Court
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
SOLANACEAE: Diversity and interest in human nutrition
Authorship
J.A.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
J.A.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
The Solanaceae constitute one of the most diverse and relevant botanical families in the agricultural, nutritional, and health fields. This work presents a review of nine selected species (Solanum lycopersicum, Capsicum annuum, Solanum melongena, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum betaceum, Solanum quitoense, Physalis alkekengi, Atropa belladonna, and Datura stramonium), analyzing their morphological diversity, origin, domestication, spread, and the characteristics that make them valuable from a nutritional, pharmacological, and functional perspective. Through a specialized literature review, data are compiled on their content of bioactive compounds, nutritional properties, and potential applications in disease prevention. The main toxicological risks associated with the consumption of certain species are also identified, emphasizing the importance of proper and regulated use. The study concludes by highlighting the potential of Solanaceae as a source of compounds of interest in human nutrition, and as a model for integrating biodiversity, food culture, and science.
The Solanaceae constitute one of the most diverse and relevant botanical families in the agricultural, nutritional, and health fields. This work presents a review of nine selected species (Solanum lycopersicum, Capsicum annuum, Solanum melongena, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum betaceum, Solanum quitoense, Physalis alkekengi, Atropa belladonna, and Datura stramonium), analyzing their morphological diversity, origin, domestication, spread, and the characteristics that make them valuable from a nutritional, pharmacological, and functional perspective. Through a specialized literature review, data are compiled on their content of bioactive compounds, nutritional properties, and potential applications in disease prevention. The main toxicological risks associated with the consumption of certain species are also identified, emphasizing the importance of proper and regulated use. The study concludes by highlighting the potential of Solanaceae as a source of compounds of interest in human nutrition, and as a model for integrating biodiversity, food culture, and science.
Direction
ROMERO BUJAN, MARIA INMACULADA (Tutorships)
ROMERO BUJAN, MARIA INMACULADA (Tutorships)
Court
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
Pharmaceutical nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of glioblastoma
Authorship
D.A.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
D.A.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive and common primary brain tumor in adults, with a median survival rate rarely exceeding 15 months. Its high heterogeneity, complex tumor microenvironment, and the almost impenetrable blood-brain barrier pose significant challenges in its treatment. In this context, pharmaceutical nanotechnology has emerged as a revolutionary tool that, through the design of specific nanosystems, enables overcoming biological barriers, facilitating selective drug targeting, controlled drug release, and improved diagnostic techniques. This review addresses the most recent advances in the use of nanosystems for the diagnosis and treatment of GB, highlighting their potential to improve patients' quality of life and survival. The findings emphasize the promising role of nanotechnology-based strategies but underscore the need for further preclinical and clinical studies to ensure their feasibility in clinical practice.
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive and common primary brain tumor in adults, with a median survival rate rarely exceeding 15 months. Its high heterogeneity, complex tumor microenvironment, and the almost impenetrable blood-brain barrier pose significant challenges in its treatment. In this context, pharmaceutical nanotechnology has emerged as a revolutionary tool that, through the design of specific nanosystems, enables overcoming biological barriers, facilitating selective drug targeting, controlled drug release, and improved diagnostic techniques. This review addresses the most recent advances in the use of nanosystems for the diagnosis and treatment of GB, highlighting their potential to improve patients' quality of life and survival. The findings emphasize the promising role of nanotechnology-based strategies but underscore the need for further preclinical and clinical studies to ensure their feasibility in clinical practice.
Direction
ALONSO FERNANDEZ, MARIA JOSEFA (Tutorships)
ALONSO FERNANDEZ, MARIA JOSEFA (Tutorships)
Court
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
Synthesis of heterocyclic structures with potential activity against neurodegenerative disorders
Authorship
L.A.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
L.A.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
The search for new drugs targeting the mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases is a priority in biomedical research worldwide. In this context, the structural modification of riluzole, one of the few drugs approved in Spain for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), represents a promising strategy. This project carried out the synthesis, purification and characterization of a series of compounds derived from benzothiazole (chemical skeleton of riluzole) functionalized in position 2 by means of an amide bond with different substituents. The synthesis was carried out by means of the Schotten-Baumann reaction between amines and acid chlorides, followed by liquid-liquid extraction and purification by chromatographic column. The purity of the compounds was determined by HPLC, and their structural characterization was carried out by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and melting point. In addition, their pharmacokinetic properties were predicted using the ADMET-AI software. Ten compounds were synthesized with moderate yields and high purity, around 98%. Characterization confirmed the expected structure of each derivative, and computational predictions indicated favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. Overall, the results suggest that this family of compounds may have potential as a basis for the development of new therapeutic agents capable of accessing the central nervous system.
The search for new drugs targeting the mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases is a priority in biomedical research worldwide. In this context, the structural modification of riluzole, one of the few drugs approved in Spain for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), represents a promising strategy. This project carried out the synthesis, purification and characterization of a series of compounds derived from benzothiazole (chemical skeleton of riluzole) functionalized in position 2 by means of an amide bond with different substituents. The synthesis was carried out by means of the Schotten-Baumann reaction between amines and acid chlorides, followed by liquid-liquid extraction and purification by chromatographic column. The purity of the compounds was determined by HPLC, and their structural characterization was carried out by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and melting point. In addition, their pharmacokinetic properties were predicted using the ADMET-AI software. Ten compounds were synthesized with moderate yields and high purity, around 98%. Characterization confirmed the expected structure of each derivative, and computational predictions indicated favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. Overall, the results suggest that this family of compounds may have potential as a basis for the development of new therapeutic agents capable of accessing the central nervous system.
Direction
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Tutorships)
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Tutorships)
Court
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Interventions to reduce antibiotic prescription in pediatric patients: a systematic review
Authorship
M.D.P.A.D.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
M.D.P.A.D.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance AMR is a growing public health threat, particularly in pediatrics, where antibiotics are frequently prescribed for viral infections. This systematic review provides evidence of the effectiveness of interventions and the implementation of clinical practice guidelines in reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in pediatric populations. METHOD A search was conducted in MEDLINE PubMed from 2014 to 2024, following PRISMA twenty twenty guidelines. Articles in English, Spanish, or Portuguese reviewing interventions aimed at optimizing antibiotic prescribing in pediatrics were included. Study quality was assessed using NHLBI tools. Total prescription TP was defined as the total number of antibiotics prescribed, and appropriateness AP as concordance with clinical guidelines. RESULTS Sixteen studies were included: thirteen in primary care and three in hospital settings. The interventions, mostly targeting general practitioners and pediatricians and in some studies also caregivers, consisted of clinical training, educational resources, decision algorithms, and diagnostic tools. Twelve studies evaluated total antibiotic prescription, two considered clinical outcomes, one prescription appropriateness, and one decision making. Eight studies showed positive results, three reported mixed results, and five found no benefit. CONCLUSION Multifaceted interventions may have an impact on reducing the inappropriate prescription of antibiotics in pediatrics and may contribute to antimicrobial resistance. KEYWORDS Pediatrics; Antibiotic prescribing; Multifaceted interventions; Primary care; Antimicrobial resistance. FUNDING Instituto de Salud Carlos the Third, project PI24 bar 00480, co funded by the European Union.
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance AMR is a growing public health threat, particularly in pediatrics, where antibiotics are frequently prescribed for viral infections. This systematic review provides evidence of the effectiveness of interventions and the implementation of clinical practice guidelines in reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in pediatric populations. METHOD A search was conducted in MEDLINE PubMed from 2014 to 2024, following PRISMA twenty twenty guidelines. Articles in English, Spanish, or Portuguese reviewing interventions aimed at optimizing antibiotic prescribing in pediatrics were included. Study quality was assessed using NHLBI tools. Total prescription TP was defined as the total number of antibiotics prescribed, and appropriateness AP as concordance with clinical guidelines. RESULTS Sixteen studies were included: thirteen in primary care and three in hospital settings. The interventions, mostly targeting general practitioners and pediatricians and in some studies also caregivers, consisted of clinical training, educational resources, decision algorithms, and diagnostic tools. Twelve studies evaluated total antibiotic prescription, two considered clinical outcomes, one prescription appropriateness, and one decision making. Eight studies showed positive results, three reported mixed results, and five found no benefit. CONCLUSION Multifaceted interventions may have an impact on reducing the inappropriate prescription of antibiotics in pediatrics and may contribute to antimicrobial resistance. KEYWORDS Pediatrics; Antibiotic prescribing; Multifaceted interventions; Primary care; Antimicrobial resistance. FUNDING Instituto de Salud Carlos the Third, project PI24 bar 00480, co funded by the European Union.
Direction
FIGUEIRAS GUZMAN, ADOLFO (Tutorships)
FIGUEIRAS GUZMAN, ADOLFO (Tutorships)
Court
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
Synthesis of 2-Aminopiridines for Cancer Immunotherapy Via Multicomponent Estrategies
Authorship
I.A.A.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
I.A.A.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
In this work, a novel four-component multicomponent reaction was developed to enable the efficient and rapid synthesis of 2-Aminopyridine libraries, privileged scaffolds with high bioactive potential in cancer immunotherapy. Inspired by ComBioMed's previous results in the synthesis of 2-Aminopyrimidine derivatives with affinity for adenosine receptors, and based on the pharmacological relevance of 4 Aminopyrimidines in oncological research, a pharmacomodulation strategy was applied to redirect these scaffolds toward a new 2-Aminopyridine pharmacophore. Furthermore, targeted derivatizations of the synthesized compounds were performed to enhance their affinity for adenosine receptors, particularly the less explored subtypes. The synthetic approach proved to be highly efficient and versatile, enabling rapid chemical space expansion and supporting the design of future selective antagonists with potential applications in cancer immunotherapy.
In this work, a novel four-component multicomponent reaction was developed to enable the efficient and rapid synthesis of 2-Aminopyridine libraries, privileged scaffolds with high bioactive potential in cancer immunotherapy. Inspired by ComBioMed's previous results in the synthesis of 2-Aminopyrimidine derivatives with affinity for adenosine receptors, and based on the pharmacological relevance of 4 Aminopyrimidines in oncological research, a pharmacomodulation strategy was applied to redirect these scaffolds toward a new 2-Aminopyridine pharmacophore. Furthermore, targeted derivatizations of the synthesized compounds were performed to enhance their affinity for adenosine receptors, particularly the less explored subtypes. The synthetic approach proved to be highly efficient and versatile, enabling rapid chemical space expansion and supporting the design of future selective antagonists with potential applications in cancer immunotherapy.
Direction
SOTELO PEREZ, EDDY (Tutorships)
SOTELO PEREZ, EDDY (Tutorships)
Court
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
Analysis of the impact of diet-induced obesity on the pluripotency states of induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)
Authorship
L.A.J.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
L.A.J.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Obesity is a metabolic disorder defined by an excessive accumulation of fat that can impair cellular functionality, representing a risk to health. This study examined how obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) influences the identity and functional state of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Through comparative transcriptomic analyses of iPSCs derived from primary somatic cell cultures obtained from mice fed either a standard diet (STD) or an HFD, it was observed that HFD-iPSCs retain a distinct transcriptomic signature, even after extended periods in culture. This molecular footprint is associated with alterations in pluripotency pathways and metabolic disorders related to obesity, suggesting the existence of a persistent obesogenic memory in culture. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that HFD-iPSCs display a more naïve pluripotency profile, characterized by greater functional immaturity linked to early stages of embryonic development. This finding was functionally confirmed through cell fusion assays, in which HFD-iPSCs exhibited a higher reprogramming capacity, evidenced by earlier activation of key pluripotency genes. Finally, several bioactive compounds such as flucytosine, fluoxetine, and topotecan were identified as having potential to partially reverse the gene expression changes associated with the persistent obesogenic memory in HFD-iPSCs. Taken together, these results highlight the influence of diet on the identity and functionality of iPSCs, with direct implications for their use in regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
Obesity is a metabolic disorder defined by an excessive accumulation of fat that can impair cellular functionality, representing a risk to health. This study examined how obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) influences the identity and functional state of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Through comparative transcriptomic analyses of iPSCs derived from primary somatic cell cultures obtained from mice fed either a standard diet (STD) or an HFD, it was observed that HFD-iPSCs retain a distinct transcriptomic signature, even after extended periods in culture. This molecular footprint is associated with alterations in pluripotency pathways and metabolic disorders related to obesity, suggesting the existence of a persistent obesogenic memory in culture. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that HFD-iPSCs display a more naïve pluripotency profile, characterized by greater functional immaturity linked to early stages of embryonic development. This finding was functionally confirmed through cell fusion assays, in which HFD-iPSCs exhibited a higher reprogramming capacity, evidenced by earlier activation of key pluripotency genes. Finally, several bioactive compounds such as flucytosine, fluoxetine, and topotecan were identified as having potential to partially reverse the gene expression changes associated with the persistent obesogenic memory in HFD-iPSCs. Taken together, these results highlight the influence of diet on the identity and functionality of iPSCs, with direct implications for their use in regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
Direction
FIDALGO PEREZ, MIGUEL ANGEL (Tutorships)
FIDALGO PEREZ, MIGUEL ANGEL (Tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
Bioactive ceramic implants for bone regeneration
Authorship
A.A.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.A.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
The regeneration of critical-size bone defects is one of the main challenges in regenerative medicine, particularly in the context of an aging population and the increasing prevalence of diseases such as osteoporosis, that cause a reduced bone mineral density and hinder tissue repair. To address this issue, tissue engineering proposes alternatives such as bioactive ceramic scaffolds manufactured by 3D printing, capable of replicating complex structures and promoting bone regeneration. This study aims to develop a ceramic ink based on alpha-tricalcium phosphate (alpha-TCP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) for the fabrication of three-dimensional scaffolds via 3D printing. Alpha-TCP was selected for its ability to be transformed, under physiological conditions, into calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA), the main mineral component of bone tissue. However, alpha-TCP alone presents limitations in printability and structural integrity of the printed constructs, requiring the incorporation of binders such as HPMC to provide suitable viscosity and mechanical stability. Therefore, an ink based on alpha-TCP and HPMC with appropriate rheological properties for extrusion was formulated, and different setting treatments were evaluated to induce the conversion of alpha-TCP into CDHA. The developed ink enabled the fabrication of scaffolds with high fidelity to the original design. The most effective setting treatment combined initial exposure to a water vapor-saturated atmosphere followed by immersion in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), promoting the formation of CDHA nanoplates, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.
The regeneration of critical-size bone defects is one of the main challenges in regenerative medicine, particularly in the context of an aging population and the increasing prevalence of diseases such as osteoporosis, that cause a reduced bone mineral density and hinder tissue repair. To address this issue, tissue engineering proposes alternatives such as bioactive ceramic scaffolds manufactured by 3D printing, capable of replicating complex structures and promoting bone regeneration. This study aims to develop a ceramic ink based on alpha-tricalcium phosphate (alpha-TCP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) for the fabrication of three-dimensional scaffolds via 3D printing. Alpha-TCP was selected for its ability to be transformed, under physiological conditions, into calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA), the main mineral component of bone tissue. However, alpha-TCP alone presents limitations in printability and structural integrity of the printed constructs, requiring the incorporation of binders such as HPMC to provide suitable viscosity and mechanical stability. Therefore, an ink based on alpha-TCP and HPMC with appropriate rheological properties for extrusion was formulated, and different setting treatments were evaluated to induce the conversion of alpha-TCP into CDHA. The developed ink enabled the fabrication of scaffolds with high fidelity to the original design. The most effective setting treatment combined initial exposure to a water vapor-saturated atmosphere followed by immersion in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), promoting the formation of CDHA nanoplates, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.
Direction
DIAZ RODRIGUEZ, PATRICIA (Tutorships)
DIAZ RODRIGUEZ, PATRICIA (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
Microbiota and its relationship with the development, diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer
Authorship
S.A.V.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
S.A.V.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Dysbiosis is a condition characterised by an increase in harmful bacteria that proliferate over the beneficial bacteria, leading to an impairment in molecular processes essential for the proper functioning of the human body. Several studies have established a correlation between these alterations and the development of many diseases, including colorectal cancer. The aim of this work is to carry out an updated literature review on the relationship between the microbiota and the pathophysiology of colorectal cancer and to analyse how the associated microbiomes can contribute to the development of new strategies for diagnosis, prevention and treatment. In order to achieve this objective, a comprehensive literature search was conducted mainly through the PubMed, SciELO and Medline databases using the indicated keywords. Mechanisms linking colorectal cancer to alterations in the intestinal microbiota have been identified. The bacteria with the strongest association are Fusobacterium Nucleatum, Eschericchia Coli and Bacteroides Fragilis. The use of these bacteria as early diagnostic biomarkers has been proposed, as well as the developement of therapeutic strategies aimed at modifying the microbiota for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Although preliminary studies support these applications, their clinical use is not yet feasible due to the lack of large-scale trials and the high interindividual variability of the microbiota The mounting evidence for the significance of microbiota in colorectal cancer has given rise to a surge of interest in research in this field, which offers opportunities to improve diagnosis and treatment, potentially increasing patient survival rates.
Dysbiosis is a condition characterised by an increase in harmful bacteria that proliferate over the beneficial bacteria, leading to an impairment in molecular processes essential for the proper functioning of the human body. Several studies have established a correlation between these alterations and the development of many diseases, including colorectal cancer. The aim of this work is to carry out an updated literature review on the relationship between the microbiota and the pathophysiology of colorectal cancer and to analyse how the associated microbiomes can contribute to the development of new strategies for diagnosis, prevention and treatment. In order to achieve this objective, a comprehensive literature search was conducted mainly through the PubMed, SciELO and Medline databases using the indicated keywords. Mechanisms linking colorectal cancer to alterations in the intestinal microbiota have been identified. The bacteria with the strongest association are Fusobacterium Nucleatum, Eschericchia Coli and Bacteroides Fragilis. The use of these bacteria as early diagnostic biomarkers has been proposed, as well as the developement of therapeutic strategies aimed at modifying the microbiota for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Although preliminary studies support these applications, their clinical use is not yet feasible due to the lack of large-scale trials and the high interindividual variability of the microbiota The mounting evidence for the significance of microbiota in colorectal cancer has given rise to a surge of interest in research in this field, which offers opportunities to improve diagnosis and treatment, potentially increasing patient survival rates.
Direction
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Tutorships)
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Tutorships)
Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
Novel oral treatments for plaque psoriasis
Authorship
M.A.A.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
M.A.A.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Plaque psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease with a strong physical and psychological impact. While biologic therapies have transformed treatment, they have limitations such as high cost, parenteral administration, and the need for close monitoring. This project evaluates new oral treatments targeting intracellular pathways as a more effective and accessible alternative. A systematic review of five clinical trials published between 2015 and 2023 was conducted, analyzing the efficacy, safety, and dosing of apremilast, tofacitinib, deucravacitinib, brepocitinib, and belumosudil. Results showed that deucravacitinib and brepocitinib achieved high response rates (PASI 75 in more than 50%) with good tolerability, positioning them as promising therapies. Apremilast, though less effective, remains a safe option for patients with comorbidities. Tofacitinib, despite its strong efficacy, is limited by cardiovascular risk warnings. Belumosudil, a ROCK2 inhibitor, presents an innovative mechanism but needs further research due to its modest efficacy. These oral treatments are positively evaluated for their convenient administration, simple dosing, and acceptable safety profile, which could improve adherence and patient quality of life. However, long-term phase III trials including more diverse populations are necessary. Overall, these emerging agents represent a significant therapeutic evolution, combining comfort, efficacy, and potential clinical impact.
Plaque psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease with a strong physical and psychological impact. While biologic therapies have transformed treatment, they have limitations such as high cost, parenteral administration, and the need for close monitoring. This project evaluates new oral treatments targeting intracellular pathways as a more effective and accessible alternative. A systematic review of five clinical trials published between 2015 and 2023 was conducted, analyzing the efficacy, safety, and dosing of apremilast, tofacitinib, deucravacitinib, brepocitinib, and belumosudil. Results showed that deucravacitinib and brepocitinib achieved high response rates (PASI 75 in more than 50%) with good tolerability, positioning them as promising therapies. Apremilast, though less effective, remains a safe option for patients with comorbidities. Tofacitinib, despite its strong efficacy, is limited by cardiovascular risk warnings. Belumosudil, a ROCK2 inhibitor, presents an innovative mechanism but needs further research due to its modest efficacy. These oral treatments are positively evaluated for their convenient administration, simple dosing, and acceptable safety profile, which could improve adherence and patient quality of life. However, long-term phase III trials including more diverse populations are necessary. Overall, these emerging agents represent a significant therapeutic evolution, combining comfort, efficacy, and potential clinical impact.
Direction
Varela Calviño, Rubén (Tutorships)
Varela Calviño, Rubén (Tutorships)
Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
Ion exchange resins: from physicochemical properties to the treatment of dyslipedemias
Authorship
M.A.S.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
M.A.S.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Ion exchange resins are polymeric materials capable of exchanging ions with their surroundings, which gives them great versatility in industrial, environmental, and biomedical applications. This work provides a comprehensive review of their historical development, chemical principles, structure, physicochemical properties, and classification, with a particular focus on their therapeutic application in the treatment of dyslipidemias. It analyzes the structural, functional, and crosslinking characteristics that determine their exchange capacity and effectiveness in various usage contexts. In the biomedical field, their role as bile acid sequestrants is examined, compounds with which they form insoluble complexes that are eliminated via the fecal route, thereby reducing intestinal reabsorption of cholesterol and stimulating its hepatic uptake. This therapeutic action is compared with other lipid-lowering treatments such as statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 inhibitors, evaluating their advantages, limitations, and potential side effects. Through a bibliographic review of scientific literature, clinical guidelines, and specialized articles, other relevant clinical applications are also explored, such as their use in hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and heavy metal poisoning. In addition, emerging research lines focused on the development of intelligent, more selective, and biocompatible resins are reviewed. The study concludes that these resins represent effective, safe, and non-invasive therapeutic tools with great potential in patients with complex dyslipidemias, including in contexts such as pregnancy or diabetes.
Ion exchange resins are polymeric materials capable of exchanging ions with their surroundings, which gives them great versatility in industrial, environmental, and biomedical applications. This work provides a comprehensive review of their historical development, chemical principles, structure, physicochemical properties, and classification, with a particular focus on their therapeutic application in the treatment of dyslipidemias. It analyzes the structural, functional, and crosslinking characteristics that determine their exchange capacity and effectiveness in various usage contexts. In the biomedical field, their role as bile acid sequestrants is examined, compounds with which they form insoluble complexes that are eliminated via the fecal route, thereby reducing intestinal reabsorption of cholesterol and stimulating its hepatic uptake. This therapeutic action is compared with other lipid-lowering treatments such as statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 inhibitors, evaluating their advantages, limitations, and potential side effects. Through a bibliographic review of scientific literature, clinical guidelines, and specialized articles, other relevant clinical applications are also explored, such as their use in hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and heavy metal poisoning. In addition, emerging research lines focused on the development of intelligent, more selective, and biocompatible resins are reviewed. The study concludes that these resins represent effective, safe, and non-invasive therapeutic tools with great potential in patients with complex dyslipidemias, including in contexts such as pregnancy or diabetes.
Direction
CASAS PARADA, MATILDE (Tutorships)
CASAS PARADA, MATILDE (Tutorships)
Court
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
Influence of intestinal microbiota on atopic dermatitis
Authorship
E.B.V.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
E.B.V.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with increasing incidence, particularly in industrialized countries. Its origin is multifactorial, with a prominent role played by the gut microbiota, a key element in the regulation of the immune system. This Final Degree Project reviews the current scientific literature using high-quality databases such as PubMed or Google Scholar, prioritizing the most recent publications, with the aim of understanding the mechanisms underlying this relationship. The most critical stages in the risk of developing AD are pregnancy, breastfeeding, and childhood. Factors such as maternal microbiota, mode of delivery, infant feeding practices, and early exposure to antibiotics can affect microbial balance during these key periods, influencing immune system development. Throughout life, other elements such as diet, antimicrobial use, and the presence of comorbidities continue to play a key role in maintaining this balance. Various preventive and therapeutic strategies were explored, with probiotics standing out as one of the most effective, especially in the perinatal context. Other approaches, such as the use of prebiotics or fecal microbiota transplants, were also discussed. The importance of integrating all these interventions within a healthy lifestyle was particularly emphasized. Overall, this work highlights the central role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathophysiology of AD and underscores the pharmacist’s role in its prevention and clinical management through patient education and health promotion in daily practice.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with increasing incidence, particularly in industrialized countries. Its origin is multifactorial, with a prominent role played by the gut microbiota, a key element in the regulation of the immune system. This Final Degree Project reviews the current scientific literature using high-quality databases such as PubMed or Google Scholar, prioritizing the most recent publications, with the aim of understanding the mechanisms underlying this relationship. The most critical stages in the risk of developing AD are pregnancy, breastfeeding, and childhood. Factors such as maternal microbiota, mode of delivery, infant feeding practices, and early exposure to antibiotics can affect microbial balance during these key periods, influencing immune system development. Throughout life, other elements such as diet, antimicrobial use, and the presence of comorbidities continue to play a key role in maintaining this balance. Various preventive and therapeutic strategies were explored, with probiotics standing out as one of the most effective, especially in the perinatal context. Other approaches, such as the use of prebiotics or fecal microbiota transplants, were also discussed. The importance of integrating all these interventions within a healthy lifestyle was particularly emphasized. Overall, this work highlights the central role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathophysiology of AD and underscores the pharmacist’s role in its prevention and clinical management through patient education and health promotion in daily practice.
Direction
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Tutorships)
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
Osteocalcin: a bone-derived multifaceted hormone
Authorship
M.B.D.O.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
M.B.D.O.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
The traditional view of bone, defined by its static nature and its conception as a merely structural component, has evolved considerably in recent years. Currently, it's recognized not only for its traditional functions but also for its role as an endocrine organ, redefining bone as a dynamic structure. This change is due to the discovery of proteins like osteocalcin (OC). Studies demonstrate how this osteoblast-derived protein, despite its established role as a marker of bone formation, exhibits endocrine properties in its decarboxylated form (dcOC), acting as a hormone with influence over multiple systems beyond the skeletal system. This TFG provides an updated review of OC, covering its molecular biology, synthesis, and its established roles in mineral metabolism, with a special emphasis on its involvement in various physiological processes. Murine studies show the impact of dcOC on glucose homeostasis, muscle capacity, and lipid metabolism; it improves insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells, increases insulin sensitivity in target tissues, and enhances physical performance. Furthermore, dcOC plays a key role in male reproductive function, promoting testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells of the testes. It also influences some brain functions like anxiety and memory. Preclinical studies reveal its therapeutic potential in metabolic diseases (type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome), male reproductive dysfunctions, and cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders. However, extrapolation to human physiology requires clinical validation.
The traditional view of bone, defined by its static nature and its conception as a merely structural component, has evolved considerably in recent years. Currently, it's recognized not only for its traditional functions but also for its role as an endocrine organ, redefining bone as a dynamic structure. This change is due to the discovery of proteins like osteocalcin (OC). Studies demonstrate how this osteoblast-derived protein, despite its established role as a marker of bone formation, exhibits endocrine properties in its decarboxylated form (dcOC), acting as a hormone with influence over multiple systems beyond the skeletal system. This TFG provides an updated review of OC, covering its molecular biology, synthesis, and its established roles in mineral metabolism, with a special emphasis on its involvement in various physiological processes. Murine studies show the impact of dcOC on glucose homeostasis, muscle capacity, and lipid metabolism; it improves insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells, increases insulin sensitivity in target tissues, and enhances physical performance. Furthermore, dcOC plays a key role in male reproductive function, promoting testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells of the testes. It also influences some brain functions like anxiety and memory. Preclinical studies reveal its therapeutic potential in metabolic diseases (type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome), male reproductive dysfunctions, and cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders. However, extrapolation to human physiology requires clinical validation.
Direction
MANCEBO SEOANE, MARIA JOSE (Tutorships)
MANCEBO SEOANE, MARIA JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
Patches and allografts including stem clles for cardiac regeneration
Authorship
L.B.B.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
L.B.B.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases are among the most prevalent and are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Due to the limited regenerative capacity of cardiac tissue, it is naturally impossible to fully recover all cardiomyocytes and cells lost as a result of a heart attack. For this reason, the study of regenerative therapies has become increasingly important and has grown significantly in recent years. A literature review was conducted on patches and allografts containing stem cells for the regeneration of cardiac tissue after an injury such as myocardial infarction or heart failure. Both conditions involve a loss of cardiovascular functionality, have a high prevalence, and currently lack a definitive treatment capable of regenerating the lost cells. In the most severe cases, a heart transplant is necessary. The results showed that patches and allografts loaded with stem cells are capable of increasing cell proliferation, differentiation, and retention without causing arrhythmias or other adverse effects. Therefore, they improve therapeutic outcomes, resulting in higher rates of regeneration and functional cardiac recovery compared to other cell- based therapies, such as stem cell or cardiomyocyte injections. Despite all these benefits, a greater number of clinical trials are still necessary to ensure efficacy and safety in humans.
Cardiovascular diseases are among the most prevalent and are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Due to the limited regenerative capacity of cardiac tissue, it is naturally impossible to fully recover all cardiomyocytes and cells lost as a result of a heart attack. For this reason, the study of regenerative therapies has become increasingly important and has grown significantly in recent years. A literature review was conducted on patches and allografts containing stem cells for the regeneration of cardiac tissue after an injury such as myocardial infarction or heart failure. Both conditions involve a loss of cardiovascular functionality, have a high prevalence, and currently lack a definitive treatment capable of regenerating the lost cells. In the most severe cases, a heart transplant is necessary. The results showed that patches and allografts loaded with stem cells are capable of increasing cell proliferation, differentiation, and retention without causing arrhythmias or other adverse effects. Therefore, they improve therapeutic outcomes, resulting in higher rates of regeneration and functional cardiac recovery compared to other cell- based therapies, such as stem cell or cardiomyocyte injections. Despite all these benefits, a greater number of clinical trials are still necessary to ensure efficacy and safety in humans.
Direction
RIAL HERMIDA, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
RIAL HERMIDA, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
Court
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
3D Bioprinting of Pancreatic Cancer Models for Drug Screening
Authorship
S.B.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
S.B.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common and aggressive form of pancreatic cancer, characterized by a low survival rate due to late diagnosis and the limited effectiveness of conventional treatments. A key factor in its progression is the tumor microenvironment (TME), which features a dense stroma, an immunosuppressive milieu, and alterations in the extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly an increase in type I collagen deposition. This protein enhances tumor stiffness and influences tumor behavior, complicating therapeutic intervention. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models have been developed to better replicate key aspects of human PDAC. Among them, 3D bioprinting has enabled the recreation of tumor architecture and heterogeneity with greater accuracy, offering a more effective and ethical alternative to animal models. However, to ensure the relevance of these models, it is essential to use bioinks that closely mimic the tumor ECM. In this context, novel bioinks based on type I collagen have been developed to reproduce the biophysical and biochemical properties of the PDAC microenvironment. These bioinks allow the fabrication of more realistic 3D tumor models, thereby facilitating more accurate studies on tumor progression and drug response, with the ultimate goal of advancing the development of more effective therapies.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common and aggressive form of pancreatic cancer, characterized by a low survival rate due to late diagnosis and the limited effectiveness of conventional treatments. A key factor in its progression is the tumor microenvironment (TME), which features a dense stroma, an immunosuppressive milieu, and alterations in the extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly an increase in type I collagen deposition. This protein enhances tumor stiffness and influences tumor behavior, complicating therapeutic intervention. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models have been developed to better replicate key aspects of human PDAC. Among them, 3D bioprinting has enabled the recreation of tumor architecture and heterogeneity with greater accuracy, offering a more effective and ethical alternative to animal models. However, to ensure the relevance of these models, it is essential to use bioinks that closely mimic the tumor ECM. In this context, novel bioinks based on type I collagen have been developed to reproduce the biophysical and biochemical properties of the PDAC microenvironment. These bioinks allow the fabrication of more realistic 3D tumor models, thereby facilitating more accurate studies on tumor progression and drug response, with the ultimate goal of advancing the development of more effective therapies.
Direction
BLANCO FERNANDEZ, BARBARA (Tutorships)
BLANCO FERNANDEZ, BARBARA (Tutorships)
Court
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
Presence of heavy metals in dietary supplements
Authorship
E.B.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
E.B.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
This paper presents a bibliographic review focused on the presence of heavy metals, mercury, cadmium and lead, in dietary supplements. The main objective is to assess contamination by this agents through the analysis of scientific research published from 2015 to the present. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the susceptibility of certain types of supplements, such as herbal products, multivitamins, those containing seaweed and those derived from large fish. In addition, the most used analytical techniques for the determination of these metals, such as atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), are compiled and compared. The reviewed papers show that the majority of dietary supplements analyzed comply with the legal limits established for the three metals studied. However, they show a notable variability in contamination levels depending on the type of the supplement, form of presentation and country of origin, raising implication for costumer’s health and the regulation of these products.
This paper presents a bibliographic review focused on the presence of heavy metals, mercury, cadmium and lead, in dietary supplements. The main objective is to assess contamination by this agents through the analysis of scientific research published from 2015 to the present. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the susceptibility of certain types of supplements, such as herbal products, multivitamins, those containing seaweed and those derived from large fish. In addition, the most used analytical techniques for the determination of these metals, such as atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), are compiled and compared. The reviewed papers show that the majority of dietary supplements analyzed comply with the legal limits established for the three metals studied. However, they show a notable variability in contamination levels depending on the type of the supplement, form of presentation and country of origin, raising implication for costumer’s health and the regulation of these products.
Direction
Sendón García, Raquel (Tutorships)
Sendón García, Raquel (Tutorships)
Court
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
Grass pollen: aerobiology and allergies
Authorship
A.C.A.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.C.A.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Grass pollen is one of the main allergenic agents present in the atmosphere, with a significant health impact on the world's population. This work reviews the biological and allergenic characteristics of grass pollen, as well as the methodology used for its monitoring and the clinical implications derived from exposure. The main responsible allergens, such as Phl p 1 and Phl p 5, are analyzed, highlighting the high prevalence of sensitization and the frequent cross-reactivity between species. Aerobiological data collected from various Spanish cities reveal marked seasonal and geographical variability in pollen concentrations, underscoring the importance of continuous surveillance tailored to each region. Finally, current strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of grass pollen allergy are adressed, along with the need for further research to optimize the prevention and clinical management of this condition.
Grass pollen is one of the main allergenic agents present in the atmosphere, with a significant health impact on the world's population. This work reviews the biological and allergenic characteristics of grass pollen, as well as the methodology used for its monitoring and the clinical implications derived from exposure. The main responsible allergens, such as Phl p 1 and Phl p 5, are analyzed, highlighting the high prevalence of sensitization and the frequent cross-reactivity between species. Aerobiological data collected from various Spanish cities reveal marked seasonal and geographical variability in pollen concentrations, underscoring the importance of continuous surveillance tailored to each region. Finally, current strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of grass pollen allergy are adressed, along with the need for further research to optimize the prevention and clinical management of this condition.
Direction
AIRA RODRÍGUEZ, Mª JESÚS (Tutorships)
AIRA RODRÍGUEZ, Mª JESÚS (Tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
Effects of substrate topography on fibrosis development
Authorship
M.C.R.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
M.C.R.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Fibrosis is involved in a significant proportion of deaths occurring in developed countries and originates from the pathological activation of fibroblasts that evolve into myofibroblasts. This cellular change causes a disorganized deposition of the extracellular matrix, which alters the mechanical properties of the tissue and compromises its proper function. Among the factors that regulate this differentiation, surface topography plays an essential role. In this context, tissue engineering emerges as a tool to model and understand the mechanisms underlying this pathology. In this study, the effect of topography and porosity on the behavior of fibroblasts was evaluated using three-dimensional printed structures modified by laser ablation. Structures made of polycaprolactone were manufactured through a fused filament extrusion process, which allowed high-precision layer-by-layer printing. Subsequently, femtosecond laser ablation was applied to generate microchannels thirty micrometers wide without causing thermal damage. The obtained structures accurately reproduced the computer-assisted design, showing a clear and reproducible topography. The culture of human dermal fibroblasts on these structures exhibited a more elongated morphology and orientation along the direction of the microchannels. Additionally, an increased differentiation toward myofibroblasts was observed in the mechanized structures, demonstrating a direct influence of topography on cellular activation. These results highlight the potential of microstructured models for the study of fibrosis and the development of new antifibrotic therapies.
Fibrosis is involved in a significant proportion of deaths occurring in developed countries and originates from the pathological activation of fibroblasts that evolve into myofibroblasts. This cellular change causes a disorganized deposition of the extracellular matrix, which alters the mechanical properties of the tissue and compromises its proper function. Among the factors that regulate this differentiation, surface topography plays an essential role. In this context, tissue engineering emerges as a tool to model and understand the mechanisms underlying this pathology. In this study, the effect of topography and porosity on the behavior of fibroblasts was evaluated using three-dimensional printed structures modified by laser ablation. Structures made of polycaprolactone were manufactured through a fused filament extrusion process, which allowed high-precision layer-by-layer printing. Subsequently, femtosecond laser ablation was applied to generate microchannels thirty micrometers wide without causing thermal damage. The obtained structures accurately reproduced the computer-assisted design, showing a clear and reproducible topography. The culture of human dermal fibroblasts on these structures exhibited a more elongated morphology and orientation along the direction of the microchannels. Additionally, an increased differentiation toward myofibroblasts was observed in the mechanized structures, demonstrating a direct influence of topography on cellular activation. These results highlight the potential of microstructured models for the study of fibrosis and the development of new antifibrotic therapies.
Direction
DIAZ GOMEZ, LUIS ANTONIO (Tutorships)
DIAZ GOMEZ, LUIS ANTONIO (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases
Authorship
E.C.E.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
E.C.E.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a crucial enzyme involved in the signaling pathways of different immune cells, especially B lymphocytes. Over the past years, inhibitors targeting this enzime have been developed and approved to treat B-cell hematologic malignancies. However, their ability to mediate inflammatory and immunological processes has positioned them as a promising target for the treatment of several non-oncological diseases. This review presents the main lines of research on the use of BTK inhibitors (iBTK) in multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and allergic diseases. To date, current treatments of these diseases face certain limitations, such as prolonged immunosuppresion, toxicity and lack of efficacy in controlling progression. Therefore, iBTK are presented as a promising alternative, as they modulate the pathways involved in these processes, offering a better safety and efficacy profile.
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a crucial enzyme involved in the signaling pathways of different immune cells, especially B lymphocytes. Over the past years, inhibitors targeting this enzime have been developed and approved to treat B-cell hematologic malignancies. However, their ability to mediate inflammatory and immunological processes has positioned them as a promising target for the treatment of several non-oncological diseases. This review presents the main lines of research on the use of BTK inhibitors (iBTK) in multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and allergic diseases. To date, current treatments of these diseases face certain limitations, such as prolonged immunosuppresion, toxicity and lack of efficacy in controlling progression. Therefore, iBTK are presented as a promising alternative, as they modulate the pathways involved in these processes, offering a better safety and efficacy profile.
Direction
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Tutorships)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Tutorships)
Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
Design and synthesis of EP4 receptor antagonists for cancer immunotherapy
Authorship
M.D.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
M.D.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Herein we present a multicomponent approach as an exploratory tool in the early stages of the discovery of prostaglandin EP4 receptor antagonists. The Ugi-Joullié reaction was employed to efficiently assemble 6 new molecules as potential EP4 ligands, aimed at the development of new drugs for cancer immunotherapy. Pharmacological evaluation of the compounds led to the identification of a ligand with high affinity for the human EP4 receptor.
Herein we present a multicomponent approach as an exploratory tool in the early stages of the discovery of prostaglandin EP4 receptor antagonists. The Ugi-Joullié reaction was employed to efficiently assemble 6 new molecules as potential EP4 ligands, aimed at the development of new drugs for cancer immunotherapy. Pharmacological evaluation of the compounds led to the identification of a ligand with high affinity for the human EP4 receptor.
Direction
SELAS LANSEROS, ASIER (Tutorships)
SELAS LANSEROS, ASIER (Tutorships)
Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
Hepatitis C: diagnosis, prevention and treatment.
Authorship
V.D.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
V.D.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (VHC) constitutes one of the leading causes of liver disease worlwide as individuals who contract VHC tipically develop an acute infection which, in the majority of cases, progresses to a chronic state. This chronic infection can lead to severe hepatic complications including cirrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation and, ultimately, death. Currently, the World Health Organization estimates that approximately 50 million individuals globally are chronically infected with HCV. Of these, nearly 1% are Spanish patients. Alarmingly, between 65% and 75% of those infected remain unaware of their condition. Over the past decade, the advent of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies has revolutionized the treatment landscape for HCV. These agents target distinct stages of the viral life cycle, inhibiting replication and facilitating the complete elimination of the virus from the body. Their implementation has enabled remarkably high cure rates, representing a major breakthrough in the management and potential eradication of the disease.
Infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (VHC) constitutes one of the leading causes of liver disease worlwide as individuals who contract VHC tipically develop an acute infection which, in the majority of cases, progresses to a chronic state. This chronic infection can lead to severe hepatic complications including cirrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation and, ultimately, death. Currently, the World Health Organization estimates that approximately 50 million individuals globally are chronically infected with HCV. Of these, nearly 1% are Spanish patients. Alarmingly, between 65% and 75% of those infected remain unaware of their condition. Over the past decade, the advent of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies has revolutionized the treatment landscape for HCV. These agents target distinct stages of the viral life cycle, inhibiting replication and facilitating the complete elimination of the virus from the body. Their implementation has enabled remarkably high cure rates, representing a major breakthrough in the management and potential eradication of the disease.
Direction
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
Court
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
Clinical Evaluation of Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy in Transgender People
Authorship
L.D.D.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
L.D.D.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Gender affirming hormone therapy, GAHT, constitues an essencial medial intervention in the process of gender affirmation in transgender people. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety profiles of GAHT, as well as its impact on physical health and overall psychosocial well bening. The research involved a review of the most recent scientific literature, including articles from specialized databases and clinical guidelines. The findings suggest that GAHT is effective in the induction of physical changes congruent with the individuals gender identified, although their prevalence can be reduced throug appropriate clinical monitoring. Evidence supports the safety and effectiveness of GAHT in promoting the overall well being of trans people, provided it is implemented using a multidisciplinary approach.
Gender affirming hormone therapy, GAHT, constitues an essencial medial intervention in the process of gender affirmation in transgender people. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety profiles of GAHT, as well as its impact on physical health and overall psychosocial well bening. The research involved a review of the most recent scientific literature, including articles from specialized databases and clinical guidelines. The findings suggest that GAHT is effective in the induction of physical changes congruent with the individuals gender identified, although their prevalence can be reduced throug appropriate clinical monitoring. Evidence supports the safety and effectiveness of GAHT in promoting the overall well being of trans people, provided it is implemented using a multidisciplinary approach.
Direction
YAÑEZ JATO, MATILDE (Tutorships)
YAÑEZ JATO, MATILDE (Tutorships)
Court
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
Lichens and their applications.
Authorship
S.D.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
S.D.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Lichens are symbiotic organisms that are formed by the association between an algae and a fungus. The fungi involved in the association are Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, while the algae found can be Chlorophytes or Cyanophytes. This symbiosis allows lichens to colonize different extreme environments (from the poles to the equator, growing on very diverse surfaces, such as inert or organic substrates) and to develop unique metabolic strategies, allowing them to thrive in adverse conditions. In recent years, they have gone from being considered a mere landscape colonizer to being recognized as a valuable source of bioactive compounds. These compounds have shown antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties, opening a new opportunity for the development of antibiotics, natural preservatives and therapeutic agents. In addition to their relevance to health, lichens play a clear role as an environmental biomarker, thanks to their high sensitivity to pollution and climatic variations, useful for studying air quality and assessing the effects of climate change. This double facet, as a source of bioactive compounds and as an environmental biomarker, makes lichens a particularly interesting group of organisms to study from a multidisciplinary point of view. In this context, the present work analyzes their biology, diversity and applications, highlighting their growing importance in scientific research and their potential in various ecological and industrial sectors.
Lichens are symbiotic organisms that are formed by the association between an algae and a fungus. The fungi involved in the association are Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, while the algae found can be Chlorophytes or Cyanophytes. This symbiosis allows lichens to colonize different extreme environments (from the poles to the equator, growing on very diverse surfaces, such as inert or organic substrates) and to develop unique metabolic strategies, allowing them to thrive in adverse conditions. In recent years, they have gone from being considered a mere landscape colonizer to being recognized as a valuable source of bioactive compounds. These compounds have shown antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties, opening a new opportunity for the development of antibiotics, natural preservatives and therapeutic agents. In addition to their relevance to health, lichens play a clear role as an environmental biomarker, thanks to their high sensitivity to pollution and climatic variations, useful for studying air quality and assessing the effects of climate change. This double facet, as a source of bioactive compounds and as an environmental biomarker, makes lichens a particularly interesting group of organisms to study from a multidisciplinary point of view. In this context, the present work analyzes their biology, diversity and applications, highlighting their growing importance in scientific research and their potential in various ecological and industrial sectors.
Direction
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Tutorships)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Tutorships)
Court
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Multiple Sclerosis and its biomarkers
Authorship
I.E.A.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
I.E.A.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, whose clinical and pathogenic heterogeneity makes diagnosis and follow-up particularly challenging. In last decades, biomarkers have emerged as key tools in the comprehensive management of the disease, enabling early diagnosis, prognostic stratification, and therapeutic monitoring. Among the various biomarkers, some are already used in clinical practice, such as demyelinating plaques detected by magnetic resonance imaging or oligoclonal bands, while others remain under investigation. In any case, advances in the characterization and validation of biomarkers represent a decisive step toward personalized medicine in MS.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, whose clinical and pathogenic heterogeneity makes diagnosis and follow-up particularly challenging. In last decades, biomarkers have emerged as key tools in the comprehensive management of the disease, enabling early diagnosis, prognostic stratification, and therapeutic monitoring. Among the various biomarkers, some are already used in clinical practice, such as demyelinating plaques detected by magnetic resonance imaging or oligoclonal bands, while others remain under investigation. In any case, advances in the characterization and validation of biomarkers represent a decisive step toward personalized medicine in MS.
Direction
VIÑA CASTELAO, MARÍA DOLORES (Tutorships)
VIÑA CASTELAO, MARÍA DOLORES (Tutorships)
Court
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
Nanosystems: applications and challenges in the development of inhalable formulations for the treatment of chronic infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authorship
A.E.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.E.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Over the past few decades, antibiotic resistance has become an increasingly concern for the scientific community and health organizations. One of the most controversial pathogens is Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which growing form, biofilm, diminishes traditional antibiotics effectiveness and gives the bacteria the ability to generate chronic infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Nanosystems have been studied as a solution to overcome this problem, and in this review, we analyze how they may help overcome the AMR issue and what advantages they offer against conventional formulations. Nanoparticles, on the one hand, can be used to carry antibiotics, improving their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, which increases their diffusion through the biofilm and protects them from enzymatic degradation. On the other hand, several nanomaterials have shown bactericidal and even antibiofilm properties. When these materials are combined with antibiotics, as well as other new alternative drugs, such as cationic peptides or Quorum Sensing inhibitors, a synergic effect on bacterial inhibition or death is seen. As of today, there are many in vitro essays proving the efficacy of many nanosystems, however, the number of inhalable formulations used in clinic context is still quite small
Over the past few decades, antibiotic resistance has become an increasingly concern for the scientific community and health organizations. One of the most controversial pathogens is Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which growing form, biofilm, diminishes traditional antibiotics effectiveness and gives the bacteria the ability to generate chronic infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Nanosystems have been studied as a solution to overcome this problem, and in this review, we analyze how they may help overcome the AMR issue and what advantages they offer against conventional formulations. Nanoparticles, on the one hand, can be used to carry antibiotics, improving their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, which increases their diffusion through the biofilm and protects them from enzymatic degradation. On the other hand, several nanomaterials have shown bactericidal and even antibiofilm properties. When these materials are combined with antibiotics, as well as other new alternative drugs, such as cationic peptides or Quorum Sensing inhibitors, a synergic effect on bacterial inhibition or death is seen. As of today, there are many in vitro essays proving the efficacy of many nanosystems, however, the number of inhalable formulations used in clinic context is still quite small
Direction
CSABA , NOEMI STEFANIA (Tutorships)
CSABA , NOEMI STEFANIA (Tutorships)
Court
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
NSAID and analogues in neurodegenerative diseases
Authorship
E.F.B.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
E.F.B.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Currently, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, represent a significant public health challenge due to the progressive aging of the population. In this context, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), primarily known for their pain relief, are attracting growing interest due to their potential neuroprotective effects. This paper focuses on analyzing how NSAIDs could help prevent or treat neurodegenerative diseases, based on their mechanisms of action, their relationship with chronic inflammation of the central nervous system, and their potential benefits in the early stages of the disease. To this end, we review various scientific studies that analyze the molecular pathways involved in neuronal damage, as well as new NSAID formulations that seek to be safer and more effective. Although the results are promising, they also have certain limitations, and more conclusive clinical studies are needed. Despite this, NSAIDs could be part of future combined therapeutic strategies, provided each case is evaluated individually.
Currently, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, represent a significant public health challenge due to the progressive aging of the population. In this context, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), primarily known for their pain relief, are attracting growing interest due to their potential neuroprotective effects. This paper focuses on analyzing how NSAIDs could help prevent or treat neurodegenerative diseases, based on their mechanisms of action, their relationship with chronic inflammation of the central nervous system, and their potential benefits in the early stages of the disease. To this end, we review various scientific studies that analyze the molecular pathways involved in neuronal damage, as well as new NSAID formulations that seek to be safer and more effective. Although the results are promising, they also have certain limitations, and more conclusive clinical studies are needed. Despite this, NSAIDs could be part of future combined therapeutic strategies, provided each case is evaluated individually.
Direction
FONTENLA GIL, JOSE ANGEL (Tutorships)
FONTENLA GIL, JOSE ANGEL (Tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
Application of circular economy in the pharmaceutical industry
Authorship
L.F.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
L.F.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
The European pharmaceutical industry is one of the most important sectors in economic and social terms, standing out for its innovative capacity and contributions to public health. It currently faces various challenges, such as raw material shortages, growing regulatory pressure, and environmental problems arising from its production processes. This paper analyzes how the circular economy could be an effective strategy for overcoming these difficulties. The basic principles of this model were studied, as well as the role of the European Union in promoting it. These include recycling, eco-friendly process design, and the use of renewable energies. A case study is also presented that focuses on optimizing the use of solvents, specifically ethanol, in the production of aerogels, materials of growing interest in the biomedical and environmental markets.
The European pharmaceutical industry is one of the most important sectors in economic and social terms, standing out for its innovative capacity and contributions to public health. It currently faces various challenges, such as raw material shortages, growing regulatory pressure, and environmental problems arising from its production processes. This paper analyzes how the circular economy could be an effective strategy for overcoming these difficulties. The basic principles of this model were studied, as well as the role of the European Union in promoting it. These include recycling, eco-friendly process design, and the use of renewable energies. A case study is also presented that focuses on optimizing the use of solvents, specifically ethanol, in the production of aerogels, materials of growing interest in the biomedical and environmental markets.
Direction
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Tutorships)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
Viral vaccines included in the Spanish vaccination schedule
Authorship
E.F.D.S.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
E.F.D.S.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
This paper is a literature review of vaccines, one of the most significant scientific advancements with the greatest positive impact on public health. Specifically, it focuses on the viral vaccines included in the Spanish vaccination schedule. Given their decisive contribution to the prevention of transmissible viral diseases and their improvement of the overall quality of life, the goal of this thesis paper is to analyze various characteristics of vaccination: its evolution, dosage, coverage and epidemiological impact. Using this information, the aim is to strengthen the perception of the safety of these treatments faced with increasing anti-vaccine movements following the COVID-19 pandemic. Information has been compiled on the following vaccines: poliomyelitis, measles-mumps-rubelle (MMR), chickenpox, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus (HPV), rotavirus, influenza, COVID-19, and herpes zoster. The results demonstrate that Spain has achieved elevated levels of vaccination coverage (generally surpassing 95%) and drastic reductions in diseases (such as in the case of chickenpox) or even the eradication of transmission of previously endemic diseases (such as measles). The data reveal that viral vaccines are effective and safe, not only because of the pharmacological development behind each one, but also because of the social acceptance they have had for a long time in Spain. This popularity could be weakened due to the pandemic globalization and certain narratives.
This paper is a literature review of vaccines, one of the most significant scientific advancements with the greatest positive impact on public health. Specifically, it focuses on the viral vaccines included in the Spanish vaccination schedule. Given their decisive contribution to the prevention of transmissible viral diseases and their improvement of the overall quality of life, the goal of this thesis paper is to analyze various characteristics of vaccination: its evolution, dosage, coverage and epidemiological impact. Using this information, the aim is to strengthen the perception of the safety of these treatments faced with increasing anti-vaccine movements following the COVID-19 pandemic. Information has been compiled on the following vaccines: poliomyelitis, measles-mumps-rubelle (MMR), chickenpox, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus (HPV), rotavirus, influenza, COVID-19, and herpes zoster. The results demonstrate that Spain has achieved elevated levels of vaccination coverage (generally surpassing 95%) and drastic reductions in diseases (such as in the case of chickenpox) or even the eradication of transmission of previously endemic diseases (such as measles). The data reveal that viral vaccines are effective and safe, not only because of the pharmacological development behind each one, but also because of the social acceptance they have had for a long time in Spain. This popularity could be weakened due to the pandemic globalization and certain narratives.
Direction
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
Court
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
Antiphospholipid syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management
Authorship
C.F.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
C.F.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is defined as a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the persistent presence of antiphospholipid autoantibodies (APA) that promote prothrombotic states and obstetric complications. This paper fully analyzes the pathophysiology, updated diagnostic criteria and pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches of APS. Regarding its pathogenesis, emphasis is placed on the interaction between APA and different physiological components of our organism, such as endothelial cells, platelets or neutrophil traps among others; responsible for triggering a multifactorial thromboinflammatory response. From a clinical point of view, APS can manifest with arterial or venous thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, neurological, obstetric and other multiorgan signs and symptoms. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical and laboratory criteria that are periodically updated in clinical guidelines. Regarding treatment, primary and secondary prophylaxis strategies are mainly differentiated, highlighting the role of classic anticoagulants to the detriment of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DACAs), in addition to the use of immunomodulatory therapies such as hydroxychloroquine and targeted biological therapies in cases of particular complication. Finally, the principles of the management of catastrophic APS are outlined, emphasizing the importance of rapid action due to the high mortality of this variant of APS. Overall, this report provides an updated version of APS from a multidisciplinary point of view to facilitate early diagnosis and effective therapy.
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is defined as a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the persistent presence of antiphospholipid autoantibodies (APA) that promote prothrombotic states and obstetric complications. This paper fully analyzes the pathophysiology, updated diagnostic criteria and pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches of APS. Regarding its pathogenesis, emphasis is placed on the interaction between APA and different physiological components of our organism, such as endothelial cells, platelets or neutrophil traps among others; responsible for triggering a multifactorial thromboinflammatory response. From a clinical point of view, APS can manifest with arterial or venous thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, neurological, obstetric and other multiorgan signs and symptoms. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical and laboratory criteria that are periodically updated in clinical guidelines. Regarding treatment, primary and secondary prophylaxis strategies are mainly differentiated, highlighting the role of classic anticoagulants to the detriment of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DACAs), in addition to the use of immunomodulatory therapies such as hydroxychloroquine and targeted biological therapies in cases of particular complication. Finally, the principles of the management of catastrophic APS are outlined, emphasizing the importance of rapid action due to the high mortality of this variant of APS. Overall, this report provides an updated version of APS from a multidisciplinary point of view to facilitate early diagnosis and effective therapy.
Direction
CAMIÑA DARRIBA, MANUEL FELIX (Tutorships)
CAMIÑA DARRIBA, MANUEL FELIX (Tutorships)
Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
Design, synthesis, and computational study of coumarine-riluzole hybrids for neurodegenerative diseases.
Authorship
A.F.P.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.F.P.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
The search for new therapeutic strategies against neurodegenerative diseases has led to the design of molecules capable of acting on multiple biological targets simultaneously. In this project, two bioactive scaffolds (coumarin and riluzole) were combined to generate novel hybrid compounds with potential neuroprotective activity. Fifteen derivatives were synthesized, purified, and characterized using classical Organic Chemistry techniques, including 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, melting point determination. In additon, HPLC was used to confirm their purity. To predict their biological activity, molecular docking studies were performed using software such as AutoDock and Chimera, evaluating the binding affinity of the compounds to various targets involved in neurodegeneration. In addition, ADME property prediction was carried out to assess their pharmacokinetic behaviour. The experimental and computational results suggest that several of these hybrids exhibit promising characteristics as multitarget candidates, paving the way for their evaluation in future pharmacological studies.
The search for new therapeutic strategies against neurodegenerative diseases has led to the design of molecules capable of acting on multiple biological targets simultaneously. In this project, two bioactive scaffolds (coumarin and riluzole) were combined to generate novel hybrid compounds with potential neuroprotective activity. Fifteen derivatives were synthesized, purified, and characterized using classical Organic Chemistry techniques, including 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, melting point determination. In additon, HPLC was used to confirm their purity. To predict their biological activity, molecular docking studies were performed using software such as AutoDock and Chimera, evaluating the binding affinity of the compounds to various targets involved in neurodegeneration. In addition, ADME property prediction was carried out to assess their pharmacokinetic behaviour. The experimental and computational results suggest that several of these hybrids exhibit promising characteristics as multitarget candidates, paving the way for their evaluation in future pharmacological studies.
Direction
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Tutorships)
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Tutorships)
Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: available treatments and customized pharmaceutical care proposal
Authorship
S.F.R.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
S.F.R.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is a subtype of diabetes that presents characteristics intermediate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which complicates its diagnosis and proper management. This paper aims to provide pharmacists with tools to enhance individualized care for these patients. The methodology employed consisted of a literature review conducted using scientific databases and specialized sources, prioritizing recent studies and systematic reviews. Key aspects that differentiate LADA from other diabetes subtypes were defined, and available treatment options were reviewed, highlighting the differences with other types of diabetes. Subsequently, the most common complications were described, along with the relevant parameters and tools for appropriate follow-up. Finally, a pharmaceutical care protocol was developed to guide the monitoring of LADA patients in community pharmacy settings.
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is a subtype of diabetes that presents characteristics intermediate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which complicates its diagnosis and proper management. This paper aims to provide pharmacists with tools to enhance individualized care for these patients. The methodology employed consisted of a literature review conducted using scientific databases and specialized sources, prioritizing recent studies and systematic reviews. Key aspects that differentiate LADA from other diabetes subtypes were defined, and available treatment options were reviewed, highlighting the differences with other types of diabetes. Subsequently, the most common complications were described, along with the relevant parameters and tools for appropriate follow-up. Finally, a pharmaceutical care protocol was developed to guide the monitoring of LADA patients in community pharmacy settings.
Direction
GIL LONGO, JOSE (Tutorships)
GIL LONGO, JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
Nutritional supplementation in women´s health
Authorship
S.F.V.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
S.F.V.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Women's health in its different vital stages has been the great unknown for many years. Data on diseases and their prevention and treatment were obtained from studies carried out in men. Currently, there is scientific evidence that reveals physiological differences between men and women, indicating that data obtained from men cannot be extrapolated to women. The four most important stages in a woman's life are menstruation, menopause, pregnancy and lactation. This is due to the hormonal and physiological variations she undergoes, as well as the physical, emotional and psychological symptoms that accompany them. Nowadays there are studies carried out in women of different ethnicities and ages and with diverse pathologies that show that supplementation with food supplements can be sufficient to accompany women during one of these four stages, providing nutritional supplementation and treatment for their symptoms and physiological conditions, according to proven scientific evidence and reliable data sources such as the WHO (World Health Organization). In each stage, the scientific evidence of the use of four different food supplements will be discussed: in menstruation, folic acid, iron, vitamin D and evening primrose oil; in menopause, pollen extract, salvia officinalis, actaea racemosa and soybean extract; in pregnancy, folic acid, iron, vitamin D and calcium; and during breastfeeding, folic acid, vitamin D, choline and docosahexaenoic acid.
Women's health in its different vital stages has been the great unknown for many years. Data on diseases and their prevention and treatment were obtained from studies carried out in men. Currently, there is scientific evidence that reveals physiological differences between men and women, indicating that data obtained from men cannot be extrapolated to women. The four most important stages in a woman's life are menstruation, menopause, pregnancy and lactation. This is due to the hormonal and physiological variations she undergoes, as well as the physical, emotional and psychological symptoms that accompany them. Nowadays there are studies carried out in women of different ethnicities and ages and with diverse pathologies that show that supplementation with food supplements can be sufficient to accompany women during one of these four stages, providing nutritional supplementation and treatment for their symptoms and physiological conditions, according to proven scientific evidence and reliable data sources such as the WHO (World Health Organization). In each stage, the scientific evidence of the use of four different food supplements will be discussed: in menstruation, folic acid, iron, vitamin D and evening primrose oil; in menopause, pollen extract, salvia officinalis, actaea racemosa and soybean extract; in pregnancy, folic acid, iron, vitamin D and calcium; and during breastfeeding, folic acid, vitamin D, choline and docosahexaenoic acid.
Direction
Sendón García, Raquel (Tutorships)
Sendón García, Raquel (Tutorships)
Court
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
Application of autoantibodies in autoinmune disease diagnosis
Authorship
M.E.F.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
M.E.F.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
This work focuses on showing the usefulness of autoantibody detection techniques in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, briefly explaining the functioning of the immune system and then focusing on the loss of self-tolerance. The objective is to understand how the proper use of autoantibody tests can help the doctor confirm a diagnostic hypothesis. The methodology used consisted of a search in several scientific databases such as Google Scholar and ScienceDirect. The search was performed and articles selected focusing on the clinical importance of autoantibodies in the different autoimmune diseases, as well as the techniques used in their detection. The results of this literature review confirm the great usefulness of these molecules as long as the interpretation of the test results is carried out while also considering the patient's clinical condition, and is supported by other laboratory tests. In conclusion, associating the latter with the performance of standardized autoantibody detection techniques, autoantibodies prove to be of great value for the accurate and precise diagnosis of diseases.
This work focuses on showing the usefulness of autoantibody detection techniques in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, briefly explaining the functioning of the immune system and then focusing on the loss of self-tolerance. The objective is to understand how the proper use of autoantibody tests can help the doctor confirm a diagnostic hypothesis. The methodology used consisted of a search in several scientific databases such as Google Scholar and ScienceDirect. The search was performed and articles selected focusing on the clinical importance of autoantibodies in the different autoimmune diseases, as well as the techniques used in their detection. The results of this literature review confirm the great usefulness of these molecules as long as the interpretation of the test results is carried out while also considering the patient's clinical condition, and is supported by other laboratory tests. In conclusion, associating the latter with the performance of standardized autoantibody detection techniques, autoantibodies prove to be of great value for the accurate and precise diagnosis of diseases.
Direction
BUSCH , LISA KAY (Tutorships)
BUSCH , LISA KAY (Tutorships)
Court
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Pathologies related to gluten intake: Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity
Authorship
C.G.A.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
C.G.A.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Gluten is a protein found un cereals such as wheat, rya, barley, and oats. It is composed of prolamines (gliadin, secalin, hordein, avenin), and its ingestion can trigger three main types of disorders: Gluten Allergy (GA), Celiac Disease (CD), and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS). GA is an IgE-mediated immune reaction, with symtoms such as hives or inflammation, but without intestinal damage. CD is an autoimmune disease characterized by intestinal villous atrophy, the presence of specific antibodies, and the need for a strict lifelong gluten-free diet. NCGS causes symtoms similar to CD, such as abdominal pain, fatigue, and mood swings, but without intestinal damage or specific immunological markers. NCGS is diagnosed by exclusion and using clinical criteria such as the Salermo Protocol, given the absence of specific biomarkers. It may be more closely linked to the FODMAPs (fermentable carbohydrates) present in wheat than to gluten itself, which complicates its diagnosis. In all cases, a Gluten-Free Diet (GFD) is the mainstay treatment, althoug strict monitoring is not necessary for NCGS. Alternative therapies such as digestive enzymes, vaccines (Nexvax2), and genetically modified wheat to reduce its toxicity are currently being investigated. Although GFD is effective, its cost, difficulty in monitoring, and social impacts make it necessary to develop more accessible and specific treatments.
Gluten is a protein found un cereals such as wheat, rya, barley, and oats. It is composed of prolamines (gliadin, secalin, hordein, avenin), and its ingestion can trigger three main types of disorders: Gluten Allergy (GA), Celiac Disease (CD), and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS). GA is an IgE-mediated immune reaction, with symtoms such as hives or inflammation, but without intestinal damage. CD is an autoimmune disease characterized by intestinal villous atrophy, the presence of specific antibodies, and the need for a strict lifelong gluten-free diet. NCGS causes symtoms similar to CD, such as abdominal pain, fatigue, and mood swings, but without intestinal damage or specific immunological markers. NCGS is diagnosed by exclusion and using clinical criteria such as the Salermo Protocol, given the absence of specific biomarkers. It may be more closely linked to the FODMAPs (fermentable carbohydrates) present in wheat than to gluten itself, which complicates its diagnosis. In all cases, a Gluten-Free Diet (GFD) is the mainstay treatment, althoug strict monitoring is not necessary for NCGS. Alternative therapies such as digestive enzymes, vaccines (Nexvax2), and genetically modified wheat to reduce its toxicity are currently being investigated. Although GFD is effective, its cost, difficulty in monitoring, and social impacts make it necessary to develop more accessible and specific treatments.
Direction
Sendón García, Raquel (Tutorships)
Sendón García, Raquel (Tutorships)
Court
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
Ginkgo biloba L.: botanical characteristics, uses and pharmaceutical interest.
Authorship
P.G.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
P.G.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Ginkgo biloba L. is one of the oldest plant species on Earth, it being considered a living fossil. This paper present a comprehensive review of its history, morphology, distribution, and pharmacological properties, with particular emphasis on the standardized extract EGb 761. Through a bibliographic review, its therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, as well as in mental health conditions and vascular diseases, is analyzed. The evidence gathered suggests that Ginkgo biloba has a very promising pharmacological profile, although more rigorous clinical studies are needed to confirm its efficacy in some indications.
Ginkgo biloba L. is one of the oldest plant species on Earth, it being considered a living fossil. This paper present a comprehensive review of its history, morphology, distribution, and pharmacological properties, with particular emphasis on the standardized extract EGb 761. Through a bibliographic review, its therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, as well as in mental health conditions and vascular diseases, is analyzed. The evidence gathered suggests that Ginkgo biloba has a very promising pharmacological profile, although more rigorous clinical studies are needed to confirm its efficacy in some indications.
Direction
ROMERO BUJAN, MARIA INMACULADA (Tutorships)
ROMERO BUJAN, MARIA INMACULADA (Tutorships)
Court
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
Advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma: review of scientific evidence on immunotherapy as first-line treatment
Authorship
A.G.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.G.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a steadily increasing incidence and mortality rate, making it a major public health concern. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for the majority of cases and encompasses the most common histological subtypes. In advanced stages and in the absence of oncogenic driver mutations, chemotherapy has been the standard treatment for decades, offering limited benefit and considerable toxicity. The introduction of immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has transformed the therapeutic approach to NSCLC, especially in patients with high PD-L1 expression. This review analyzes the current clinical evidence on the use of the main ICIs (atezolizumab, cemiplimab, and pembrolizumab) as first-line treatment in patients with advanced NSCLC without targetable oncogenic mutations. Major clinical trials have shown that these agents, both as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy, significantly improve overall survival, progression-free survival, and objective response rate compared to conventional chemotherapy. ICI monotherapy is associated with a more favorable toxicity profile, while combination therapy may enhance efficacy in selected patient subgroups. Moreover, long-term follow-up data support the durability of immunotherapy responses, consolidating its role as a first-line strategy in the treatment of advanced NSCLC.
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a steadily increasing incidence and mortality rate, making it a major public health concern. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for the majority of cases and encompasses the most common histological subtypes. In advanced stages and in the absence of oncogenic driver mutations, chemotherapy has been the standard treatment for decades, offering limited benefit and considerable toxicity. The introduction of immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has transformed the therapeutic approach to NSCLC, especially in patients with high PD-L1 expression. This review analyzes the current clinical evidence on the use of the main ICIs (atezolizumab, cemiplimab, and pembrolizumab) as first-line treatment in patients with advanced NSCLC without targetable oncogenic mutations. Major clinical trials have shown that these agents, both as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy, significantly improve overall survival, progression-free survival, and objective response rate compared to conventional chemotherapy. ICI monotherapy is associated with a more favorable toxicity profile, while combination therapy may enhance efficacy in selected patient subgroups. Moreover, long-term follow-up data support the durability of immunotherapy responses, consolidating its role as a first-line strategy in the treatment of advanced NSCLC.
Direction
GARCIA ALONSO, ANGEL (Tutorships)
GARCIA ALONSO, ANGEL (Tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
Factors influencing self-medication in Spain
Authorship
S.G.P.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
S.G.P.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Introduction: Self-medication, understood as the use of medicines without a medical prescription, is a common practice with significant public health implications. While it may improve accessibility and healthcare system efficiency, it also entails risks such as inappropriate drug use adverse effects, and delays in medical attention. Although previous studies on this practice exist in Spain, none have analyzed data from the 2020 European Health Survey for Spain (EESE), which is the focus of this study. Objectives: To evaluate self-medication and its associated factors in the Spanish population. Methods: Data from the 2020 EESE were used, based on a representative sample of 22,072 individuals aged 15 and over. The main variable was self-medication in the two weeks prior to the survey. Descriptive analyses were conducted, and the chi-square test was used for group comparisons. Results: The prevalence of self-medication was 9,8%. This practice was more frequent among women, younger individuals, those with higher education levels, private insurance or mutual coverage, unmet medical needs, healthcare professionals, physically active individuals, smokers, and alcohol consumers. The most frequently used non-prescription medications were analgesics, cold remedies and vitamins. Conclusion: Self-medication affects approximately 10% of the Spanish population. Associated demographic, social, and lifestyle factors were identified.
Introduction: Self-medication, understood as the use of medicines without a medical prescription, is a common practice with significant public health implications. While it may improve accessibility and healthcare system efficiency, it also entails risks such as inappropriate drug use adverse effects, and delays in medical attention. Although previous studies on this practice exist in Spain, none have analyzed data from the 2020 European Health Survey for Spain (EESE), which is the focus of this study. Objectives: To evaluate self-medication and its associated factors in the Spanish population. Methods: Data from the 2020 EESE were used, based on a representative sample of 22,072 individuals aged 15 and over. The main variable was self-medication in the two weeks prior to the survey. Descriptive analyses were conducted, and the chi-square test was used for group comparisons. Results: The prevalence of self-medication was 9,8%. This practice was more frequent among women, younger individuals, those with higher education levels, private insurance or mutual coverage, unmet medical needs, healthcare professionals, physically active individuals, smokers, and alcohol consumers. The most frequently used non-prescription medications were analgesics, cold remedies and vitamins. Conclusion: Self-medication affects approximately 10% of the Spanish population. Associated demographic, social, and lifestyle factors were identified.
Direction
SALGADO BARREIRA, ANGEL (Tutorships)
SALGADO BARREIRA, ANGEL (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
Stille reaction for the synthesis of diversely substituted isatins with potent cytotoxic activity
Authorship
D.G.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
D.G.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Isatin derivatives have attracted significant attention from the scientific community in recent decades, particularly due to their relevance in anticancer research. The Stille reaction enables the synthesis of diversely substituted isatin based biomolecules through the use of a palladium catalyst. In this research project, six new isatin derivatives were designed via pharmacomodulation and synthesized using the Stille reaction. During the synthetic process, reaction conditions were optimized for these compounds, and a novel nanoporous monolithic SiO2/Zn Pd catalyst, developed by our research group, was employed. This catalyst was characterized and its stability, recyclability, and catalytic efficiency for the synthesis of isatin type drugs was evaluated. The synthesized compounds were also characterized, and their cytotoxic activity was assessed against HeLa, MCF 7, and MDA MB 231 cancer cell lines. Finally, based on the results obtained from the cellular assays, new structure activity relationships were established for N benzyl isatins substituted at positions 1 and 5, with the aim of facilitating the design of new prototypes and contributing to the understanding of the precise mechanism underlying their antiproliferative activity.
Isatin derivatives have attracted significant attention from the scientific community in recent decades, particularly due to their relevance in anticancer research. The Stille reaction enables the synthesis of diversely substituted isatin based biomolecules through the use of a palladium catalyst. In this research project, six new isatin derivatives were designed via pharmacomodulation and synthesized using the Stille reaction. During the synthetic process, reaction conditions were optimized for these compounds, and a novel nanoporous monolithic SiO2/Zn Pd catalyst, developed by our research group, was employed. This catalyst was characterized and its stability, recyclability, and catalytic efficiency for the synthesis of isatin type drugs was evaluated. The synthesized compounds were also characterized, and their cytotoxic activity was assessed against HeLa, MCF 7, and MDA MB 231 cancer cell lines. Finally, based on the results obtained from the cellular assays, new structure activity relationships were established for N benzyl isatins substituted at positions 1 and 5, with the aim of facilitating the design of new prototypes and contributing to the understanding of the precise mechanism underlying their antiproliferative activity.
Direction
Coelho Cotón, Alberto José (Tutorships)
Coelho Cotón, Alberto José (Tutorships)
Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
Use of trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer
Authorship
A.G.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.G.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Breast cancer is the most prevalent neoplasm among women. The HER2-positive tumor subtype, characterized by the overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), accounts for approximately 20% of diagnoses. Anti-HER2 therapies aimed at limiting disease progression have achieved significant clinical advances. Among them, trastuzumab, a selective monoclonal antibody targeting the HER2 receptor, has become the standard drug of reference in both early and metastatic stages. Its complementary action on intracellular signaling pathways and its role as a mediator of the immune response have helped limit tumor progression, reduce the aggressiveness of the disease, and as a result, improve patients’ quality of life and life expectancy. However, the emergence of drug resistance and the toxicity associated with its use highlight the need for optimization and the development of new therapies. Furthermore, the implementation of novel diagnostic methods is steering oncology towards a personalized approach, which represents one of the main goals of current medical research. This paper explores the use of trastuzumab as the reference treatment for HER2 positive breast cancer, through a literature review focused on the analysis of its mechanism of action, main limitations, therapeutic combinations, and future strategies.
Breast cancer is the most prevalent neoplasm among women. The HER2-positive tumor subtype, characterized by the overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), accounts for approximately 20% of diagnoses. Anti-HER2 therapies aimed at limiting disease progression have achieved significant clinical advances. Among them, trastuzumab, a selective monoclonal antibody targeting the HER2 receptor, has become the standard drug of reference in both early and metastatic stages. Its complementary action on intracellular signaling pathways and its role as a mediator of the immune response have helped limit tumor progression, reduce the aggressiveness of the disease, and as a result, improve patients’ quality of life and life expectancy. However, the emergence of drug resistance and the toxicity associated with its use highlight the need for optimization and the development of new therapies. Furthermore, the implementation of novel diagnostic methods is steering oncology towards a personalized approach, which represents one of the main goals of current medical research. This paper explores the use of trastuzumab as the reference treatment for HER2 positive breast cancer, through a literature review focused on the analysis of its mechanism of action, main limitations, therapeutic combinations, and future strategies.
Direction
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Tutorships)
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
3D printing for the production of individualized pharmaceutical forms with carnitine
Authorship
V.G.P.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
V.G.P.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Primary congenital carnitine deficiency is a disorder classified as a rare disease, which means that patients affected by it do not have many options in terms of therapies suited to their needs. Because of this, individualized therapy is considered the best option. Within this approach, the use of 3D printing technology appears promising, aiming to offer more precise and acceptable treatment for patients, as well as reducing the difficulty and time required for its development. For this purpose, different chewable formulations were prepared, containing carnitine as the active ingredient in varying proportions. Comparisons were made between different gelling bases, excipients, and methods of both preparation and printing, until achieving formulations that met the necessary standards to be considered suitable for printing. Various methods, such as HPLCmass spectrometry or weighing, were used to evaluate both their safety and efficacy, demonstrating their validity for use in pharmaceutical therapies. In this way, 3D printing is presented as a promising tool in current therapeutic applications and for the future.
Primary congenital carnitine deficiency is a disorder classified as a rare disease, which means that patients affected by it do not have many options in terms of therapies suited to their needs. Because of this, individualized therapy is considered the best option. Within this approach, the use of 3D printing technology appears promising, aiming to offer more precise and acceptable treatment for patients, as well as reducing the difficulty and time required for its development. For this purpose, different chewable formulations were prepared, containing carnitine as the active ingredient in varying proportions. Comparisons were made between different gelling bases, excipients, and methods of both preparation and printing, until achieving formulations that met the necessary standards to be considered suitable for printing. Various methods, such as HPLCmass spectrometry or weighing, were used to evaluate both their safety and efficacy, demonstrating their validity for use in pharmaceutical therapies. In this way, 3D printing is presented as a promising tool in current therapeutic applications and for the future.
Direction
GOYANES GOYANES, ALVARO (Tutorships)
GOYANES GOYANES, ALVARO (Tutorships)
Court
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
CAR T cells in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authorship
C.G.R.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
C.G.R.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a type of hematological cancer characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoblasts in bone marrow and blood. Conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation have limitations and numerous undesirable side effects. It should be noted that there is a large percentage of patients who relapse or show resistance to these conventional treatments, which translates into a poor prognosis. In this context, immunotherapy with CAR T cells has emerged as a very promising alternative. These genetically modified T cells express chimeric receptors that recognize tumor antigens without relying on MHC, increasing antitumor efficacy by activating targeted cytotoxic responses. CAR T-cell therapy has shown high rates of complete remission in refractory ALL, especially in therapies directed against the CD19 antigen. However, the therapy presents complications and toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome (CLS), neurotoxicity (ICANS) or secondary hemophagocyticlymphohistiocytosis (sLHH). Relapses after administration of this therapy (due to antigen loss or mutation), fraticidal effect, high cost and production times remain major challenges. To mitigate them, strategies such as bispecific CAR T, allogeneic and advanced genetic modifications using gene editing technology like CRISPR/Cas9 have been developed.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a type of hematological cancer characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoblasts in bone marrow and blood. Conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation have limitations and numerous undesirable side effects. It should be noted that there is a large percentage of patients who relapse or show resistance to these conventional treatments, which translates into a poor prognosis. In this context, immunotherapy with CAR T cells has emerged as a very promising alternative. These genetically modified T cells express chimeric receptors that recognize tumor antigens without relying on MHC, increasing antitumor efficacy by activating targeted cytotoxic responses. CAR T-cell therapy has shown high rates of complete remission in refractory ALL, especially in therapies directed against the CD19 antigen. However, the therapy presents complications and toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome (CLS), neurotoxicity (ICANS) or secondary hemophagocyticlymphohistiocytosis (sLHH). Relapses after administration of this therapy (due to antigen loss or mutation), fraticidal effect, high cost and production times remain major challenges. To mitigate them, strategies such as bispecific CAR T, allogeneic and advanced genetic modifications using gene editing technology like CRISPR/Cas9 have been developed.
Direction
PEREZ-PARALLE MERA, MARIA LUZ (Tutorships)
PEREZ-PARALLE MERA, MARIA LUZ (Tutorships)
Court
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
Zebrafish as an animal model for the study of schizophrenia.
Authorship
J.M.H.A.D.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
J.M.H.A.D.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
The following literature review focuses on identifying the main characteristics that make the zebrafish one of the most promising models for studying various neurological and psychiatric disorders, with particular emphasis on schizophrenia. These disorders have increased considerably in the last decades, but in the case of schizophrenia, prevalence data may be influenced by the exclusion of certain markers. In addition, schizophrenia has limited treatment options, and not all of its pathological mechanisms are fully understood. Therefore, modified animal models can be used to study the etiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Zebrafish emerges as an alternative to murine models, due to its high genetic manipulability, rapid development, and ethical-legal advantages of using larval models. Various methods, such as genetic manipulation, are used to induce behavioral changes in zebrafish models. This allows researchers to relate the observed fish behaviors to schizophrenia symptoms through behavioral assays.
The following literature review focuses on identifying the main characteristics that make the zebrafish one of the most promising models for studying various neurological and psychiatric disorders, with particular emphasis on schizophrenia. These disorders have increased considerably in the last decades, but in the case of schizophrenia, prevalence data may be influenced by the exclusion of certain markers. In addition, schizophrenia has limited treatment options, and not all of its pathological mechanisms are fully understood. Therefore, modified animal models can be used to study the etiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Zebrafish emerges as an alternative to murine models, due to its high genetic manipulability, rapid development, and ethical-legal advantages of using larval models. Various methods, such as genetic manipulation, are used to induce behavioral changes in zebrafish models. This allows researchers to relate the observed fish behaviors to schizophrenia symptoms through behavioral assays.
Direction
LAMA LOPEZ, RAQUEL (Tutorships)
LAMA LOPEZ, RAQUEL (Tutorships)
Court
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Alkaloids in food
Authorship
J.D.L.I.P.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
J.D.L.I.P.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Alkaloids are natural nitrogen-containing compounds found in many plants that are part of the human diet. This work provides a critical review of their classification, chemical structure, and physiological functions, addressing both their potential therapeutic effects and their toxic risks. The main foods containing alkaloids are identified, with a special focus on compounds such as caffeine, piperine, and glycoalkaloids. In addition, current legislation on maximum allowable limits is reviewed, and their impact on food safety is evaluated, highlighting the importance of proper regulation, monitoring, and risk communication to ensure consumer protection.
Alkaloids are natural nitrogen-containing compounds found in many plants that are part of the human diet. This work provides a critical review of their classification, chemical structure, and physiological functions, addressing both their potential therapeutic effects and their toxic risks. The main foods containing alkaloids are identified, with a special focus on compounds such as caffeine, piperine, and glycoalkaloids. In addition, current legislation on maximum allowable limits is reviewed, and their impact on food safety is evaluated, highlighting the importance of proper regulation, monitoring, and risk communication to ensure consumer protection.
Direction
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Tutorships)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Tutorships)
Court
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
Development of bioinks for the creation of 3D glioblastoma models for drug screening.
Authorship
M.I.B.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
M.I.B.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive and difficult to treat malignant solid tumours whose median survival does not exceed two years; its molecular heterogeneity and rapid recurrence limit the efficacy of current therapies. Even so, most candidate drugs are tested in 2D cultures, xenografts or transgenic mice that fail to reproduce either the immune microenvironment or the human brain architecture, drastically reducing their value as preclinical models. To improve translational relevance, models must incorporate the extracellular matrix. In the brain, this matrix regulates mechanotransduction, migration and drug resistance. Biofabrication technologies such as microfluidics and, above all, 3D bioprinting allow the precise positioning of cells and biomaterials, the creation of physiological gradients and the perfusion of vascular channels, bringing in vitro cultures closer to in vivo physiology. Decellularised matrices reinforce this approach: they remove cellular components but preserve native biochemical cues, expanding the “biofabrication window” and favouring tumour viability and phenotype within printed hydrogels. In this context, the present project combines decellularised porcine brain matrix and extrusion bioprinting to generate a 3D model that reproduces the tumour matrix interaction and serves as a platform for drug screening and the discovery of new therapeutic targets.
Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive and difficult to treat malignant solid tumours whose median survival does not exceed two years; its molecular heterogeneity and rapid recurrence limit the efficacy of current therapies. Even so, most candidate drugs are tested in 2D cultures, xenografts or transgenic mice that fail to reproduce either the immune microenvironment or the human brain architecture, drastically reducing their value as preclinical models. To improve translational relevance, models must incorporate the extracellular matrix. In the brain, this matrix regulates mechanotransduction, migration and drug resistance. Biofabrication technologies such as microfluidics and, above all, 3D bioprinting allow the precise positioning of cells and biomaterials, the creation of physiological gradients and the perfusion of vascular channels, bringing in vitro cultures closer to in vivo physiology. Decellularised matrices reinforce this approach: they remove cellular components but preserve native biochemical cues, expanding the “biofabrication window” and favouring tumour viability and phenotype within printed hydrogels. In this context, the present project combines decellularised porcine brain matrix and extrusion bioprinting to generate a 3D model that reproduces the tumour matrix interaction and serves as a platform for drug screening and the discovery of new therapeutic targets.
Direction
BLANCO FERNANDEZ, BARBARA (Tutorships)
BLANCO FERNANDEZ, BARBARA (Tutorships)
Court
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
Impact of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Thyroid Function.
Authorship
M.I.D.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
M.I.D.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Introduction. Environmental factors, such as exposure to endocrine disruptors, can influence thyroid function. Thyroid function encompasses the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones, which are involved in key physiological processes throughout the body. Endocrine disruptors interfere at multiple points in the thyroid hormone pathway, potentially leading to alterations that can sometimes be clinically detectable. Objectives. Identification of the main thyroid disruptors, their mechanisms of action, routes of exposure, and resulting clinical manifestations. Furthermore, discuss the limitations of existing evidence and propose preventive strategies to minimize the health impact of these compounds. Materials and Methods. An exhaustive review of the scientific literature was conducted using two databases: PubMed and Web of Science. Relevant keywords related to the topic of interest were combined using Boolean operators. After a screening process, 29 articles and two books were finally included. Results and Discussion. The main classes of thyroid-disrupting compounds have diverse routes of exposure and mechanisms of action, often leading to decreased circulating thyroid hormone levels, neurodevelopmental disorders, and thyroid tumorigenesis. Longitudinal studies that closely replicate realistic exposure scenarios are needed. From a preventive perspective, interventions at both institutional and individual levels are required. Conclusions. Exposure to endocrine disruptors may be linked to the recent rise in thyroid disorders. Continued research on these substances is essential to better understand the associated risks and develop more effective preventive strategies.
Introduction. Environmental factors, such as exposure to endocrine disruptors, can influence thyroid function. Thyroid function encompasses the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones, which are involved in key physiological processes throughout the body. Endocrine disruptors interfere at multiple points in the thyroid hormone pathway, potentially leading to alterations that can sometimes be clinically detectable. Objectives. Identification of the main thyroid disruptors, their mechanisms of action, routes of exposure, and resulting clinical manifestations. Furthermore, discuss the limitations of existing evidence and propose preventive strategies to minimize the health impact of these compounds. Materials and Methods. An exhaustive review of the scientific literature was conducted using two databases: PubMed and Web of Science. Relevant keywords related to the topic of interest were combined using Boolean operators. After a screening process, 29 articles and two books were finally included. Results and Discussion. The main classes of thyroid-disrupting compounds have diverse routes of exposure and mechanisms of action, often leading to decreased circulating thyroid hormone levels, neurodevelopmental disorders, and thyroid tumorigenesis. Longitudinal studies that closely replicate realistic exposure scenarios are needed. From a preventive perspective, interventions at both institutional and individual levels are required. Conclusions. Exposure to endocrine disruptors may be linked to the recent rise in thyroid disorders. Continued research on these substances is essential to better understand the associated risks and develop more effective preventive strategies.
Direction
BERMEJO BARRERA, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
BERMEJO BARRERA, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
Immunology during pregnancy and new immunological treatments to improve fertility.
Authorship
C.I.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
C.I.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
The basis of immune system regulation during pregnancy has been studied since the 20th century. The communication between mother and foetus is key to pregnancy. The presence and functions of immune cells that regulate the environment and ensure the appropriate conditions for foetal development are particularly important for this. As well as these cell types, other immune factors affect this process, such as autoantibodies and the major histocompatibility complex. The functioning of this system after fertilization is not fully understood nowadays. There are several theories about the subject, but it is known that it is a dynamic process that varies over time from fertilization to delivery. Research is currently underway into therapies that can treat the errors or imbalances in the immune system that prevent fertilization or foetal development in some cases, although in practice, such therapies must be analysed on a case-by-case basis.
The basis of immune system regulation during pregnancy has been studied since the 20th century. The communication between mother and foetus is key to pregnancy. The presence and functions of immune cells that regulate the environment and ensure the appropriate conditions for foetal development are particularly important for this. As well as these cell types, other immune factors affect this process, such as autoantibodies and the major histocompatibility complex. The functioning of this system after fertilization is not fully understood nowadays. There are several theories about the subject, but it is known that it is a dynamic process that varies over time from fertilization to delivery. Research is currently underway into therapies that can treat the errors or imbalances in the immune system that prevent fertilization or foetal development in some cases, although in practice, such therapies must be analysed on a case-by-case basis.
Direction
GOMEZ TOURIÑO, IRIA MARIA (Tutorships)
GOMEZ TOURIÑO, IRIA MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
Early-life exposure to antibiotics and the development of overweight and obesity during childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and ecological study on the Spanish population
Authorship
R.I.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
R.I.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
BACKGROUND: The association between early antibiotic administration and its influence on the development of overweight/obesity remains unclear. A systematic review was conducted in order to adress this question. METHODS: A comprehensive research of the PubMed database was conducted from March 2022 to April 2025, with the objective of identifying the most recent studies examining the association between early antibiotic exposure and weight. Articles from previous systematic reviews and prenatal studies were excluded. For the ecological study, data were collected for DHD in 2000 and for overweight, obesity and excess weight in 2006 and 2003. RESULTS: A total of 10 studies were included in the analysis, with the data from these studies being grouped according to the type of antibiotic exposure: environmental exposure (6,313 children), consumption before the first year of life (125,127) and direct administration of antibiotics (21,823). The studies concurred on the existance of a dose-response relationship, whereby for each additional course of antibiotic therapy, there is an increase in the risk of obesity between 4% and 14%. Exposure in the first 0-5 months of life showed greater impact (aHR 1.12, 95% CI 1.08-1.17) compared to later exposures. Antibiotic consumption at the level of the Spanish ACs explains between 5.2% and 27.4% of the regional variability in childhood obesity, overweight and overweight, with the strongest correlation found for overweight (R=0.2607). CONCLUSION: The present study has demostrated a positive association between early antibiotic exposure and an increase risk of developing childhood overweight and obesity. We higlight the need of prospective longitudinal research to establish a definitive causal relationship and to develop preventive strategies based on solid evidence.
BACKGROUND: The association between early antibiotic administration and its influence on the development of overweight/obesity remains unclear. A systematic review was conducted in order to adress this question. METHODS: A comprehensive research of the PubMed database was conducted from March 2022 to April 2025, with the objective of identifying the most recent studies examining the association between early antibiotic exposure and weight. Articles from previous systematic reviews and prenatal studies were excluded. For the ecological study, data were collected for DHD in 2000 and for overweight, obesity and excess weight in 2006 and 2003. RESULTS: A total of 10 studies were included in the analysis, with the data from these studies being grouped according to the type of antibiotic exposure: environmental exposure (6,313 children), consumption before the first year of life (125,127) and direct administration of antibiotics (21,823). The studies concurred on the existance of a dose-response relationship, whereby for each additional course of antibiotic therapy, there is an increase in the risk of obesity between 4% and 14%. Exposure in the first 0-5 months of life showed greater impact (aHR 1.12, 95% CI 1.08-1.17) compared to later exposures. Antibiotic consumption at the level of the Spanish ACs explains between 5.2% and 27.4% of the regional variability in childhood obesity, overweight and overweight, with the strongest correlation found for overweight (R=0.2607). CONCLUSION: The present study has demostrated a positive association between early antibiotic exposure and an increase risk of developing childhood overweight and obesity. We higlight the need of prospective longitudinal research to establish a definitive causal relationship and to develop preventive strategies based on solid evidence.
Direction
FIGUEIRAS GUZMAN, ADOLFO (Tutorships)
FIGUEIRAS GUZMAN, ADOLFO (Tutorships)
Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
Study of the oral bioaccessibility of chemical substances from food contact materials.
Authorship
P.I.P.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
P.I.P.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Epoxy resins, widely used as coatings for cans and food packaging materials, are based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (BADGE), a compound that has been the subject of study, along with its derivates, due to their potential health risks. In this study, the in vitro oral bioaccessibility of BADGE and its derivatives was studied, as well as the influence on bioaccessibility of the food matrix and physiological variables, such as pH. To achieve this aim, semi-dynamic in vitro digestions were conducted, varying the pH of the gastric phase, pH 2 and pH 4, representative of different population groups. The results showed that in a digestion with a gastrigroups.e occurring at pH 2, the BADGE’s bioaccessibility is 21,14% of the BADGE whereas in a digestive process with a pH 4 at its gastric phase, the available percentage increases. This behavior can be explained through its degradation into two compounds, BADGE·2HCl and BADGE·HCl, observed in the gastric phase occurring at pH 2. In addition, an increase in pH in this phase increases its solubility. Interaction assays revealed that storage conditions significantly reduce the amount of BADGE in food. Finally, in the stability studies prior to the digestion process, it was observed that Ciclo-di-BADGE is present in canned tuna and, after the digestive process, is bioaccesible. Further research is needed to clarify the bioaccessibility of these compounds under different physiological conditions and the influence of storage conditions.
Epoxy resins, widely used as coatings for cans and food packaging materials, are based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (BADGE), a compound that has been the subject of study, along with its derivates, due to their potential health risks. In this study, the in vitro oral bioaccessibility of BADGE and its derivatives was studied, as well as the influence on bioaccessibility of the food matrix and physiological variables, such as pH. To achieve this aim, semi-dynamic in vitro digestions were conducted, varying the pH of the gastric phase, pH 2 and pH 4, representative of different population groups. The results showed that in a digestion with a gastrigroups.e occurring at pH 2, the BADGE’s bioaccessibility is 21,14% of the BADGE whereas in a digestive process with a pH 4 at its gastric phase, the available percentage increases. This behavior can be explained through its degradation into two compounds, BADGE·2HCl and BADGE·HCl, observed in the gastric phase occurring at pH 2. In addition, an increase in pH in this phase increases its solubility. Interaction assays revealed that storage conditions significantly reduce the amount of BADGE in food. Finally, in the stability studies prior to the digestion process, it was observed that Ciclo-di-BADGE is present in canned tuna and, after the digestive process, is bioaccesible. Further research is needed to clarify the bioaccessibility of these compounds under different physiological conditions and the influence of storage conditions.
Direction
BARBOSA PEREIRA, LETRICIA (Tutorships)
BARBOSA PEREIRA, LETRICIA (Tutorships)
Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
Hypertension Prediction from Biochemical Parameters Using Machine Learning Techniques on the MIMIC-IV Database
Authorship
P.D.J.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
P.D.J.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Machine learning is a technology based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) that enables the study and detection of patterns present in complex databases, and its use is increasingly common in the field of healthcare. AI models are trained using large and complex databases that are sometimes difficult to access. In this study, the MIMIC-IV database was used to train machine learning models, including CatBoostClassifier, Random Forest, k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), with the goal of predicting hypertension. Seventeen non-temporally aggregated biochemical measures were used as predictive variables. The results reveal that several of the most common biochemical parameters in all blood tests, which are not typically used in clinical practice for diagnosing hypertension, show significant predictive power. Furthermore, it was observed that the inclusion of these variables consistently improves predictive performance compared to using only blood pressure measurements. These findings suggest that the analysis of alternative biomarkers could enhance current approaches to hypertension detection and monitoring.
Machine learning is a technology based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) that enables the study and detection of patterns present in complex databases, and its use is increasingly common in the field of healthcare. AI models are trained using large and complex databases that are sometimes difficult to access. In this study, the MIMIC-IV database was used to train machine learning models, including CatBoostClassifier, Random Forest, k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), with the goal of predicting hypertension. Seventeen non-temporally aggregated biochemical measures were used as predictive variables. The results reveal that several of the most common biochemical parameters in all blood tests, which are not typically used in clinical practice for diagnosing hypertension, show significant predictive power. Furthermore, it was observed that the inclusion of these variables consistently improves predictive performance compared to using only blood pressure measurements. These findings suggest that the analysis of alternative biomarkers could enhance current approaches to hypertension detection and monitoring.
Direction
GOYANES GOYANES, ALVARO (Tutorships)
GOYANES GOYANES, ALVARO (Tutorships)
Court
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
Development of an edible coating from food industry waste
Authorship
L.J.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
L.J.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Fruit by-products constitute a rich source of active compounds with biological activities such as antioxidant capacity. This study focuses on the production of an edible citrus pectin coating with 5%, 10% and 20% by-product cherry extract. Antioxidant capacity of the extract was determined by colorimetric assays (DPPH and ABTS), total polyphenol content (TPC) and its identification and quantification by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The films were physically and chemically characterized, migration studies were performed in food simulants, and their antioxidant capacity was determined. Finally, the effectiveness of the coating in extending the shelf life of raspberries was evaluated by varying their quality parameters such as weight, colour, determination of polyphenol content by TPC and HPLC and antioxidant capacity. The results of the study support the valorisation of fruit by-products for the development of new applications, including active coatings to extend the shelf life of berries, contributing to waste reduction and the circular economy within the agri-food sector.
Fruit by-products constitute a rich source of active compounds with biological activities such as antioxidant capacity. This study focuses on the production of an edible citrus pectin coating with 5%, 10% and 20% by-product cherry extract. Antioxidant capacity of the extract was determined by colorimetric assays (DPPH and ABTS), total polyphenol content (TPC) and its identification and quantification by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The films were physically and chemically characterized, migration studies were performed in food simulants, and their antioxidant capacity was determined. Finally, the effectiveness of the coating in extending the shelf life of raspberries was evaluated by varying their quality parameters such as weight, colour, determination of polyphenol content by TPC and HPLC and antioxidant capacity. The results of the study support the valorisation of fruit by-products for the development of new applications, including active coatings to extend the shelf life of berries, contributing to waste reduction and the circular economy within the agri-food sector.
Direction
BARBOSA PEREIRA, LETRICIA (Tutorships)
BARBOSA PEREIRA, LETRICIA (Tutorships)
Court
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
Useful Apps and Technologies in Diabetes Management: Functionality and Benefits for Patients and Healthcare Professionals
Authorship
P.J.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
P.J.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by insulin insufficiency and/or insulin resistance, as well as its comorbidities. There are multiple technologies that patients can use to facilitate disease management: glucometers, continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), insulin pens, smart insulin pens, smart caps, insulin pumps, hybrid closed-loop systems, and mobile apps, among others. All these technologies should be recommended by healthcare professionals, considering aspects related to the disease and personal preferences of each patient. To ensure adherence to these devices, it is important that patients understand how to use them, where the role of the pharmacist becomes crucial.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by insulin insufficiency and/or insulin resistance, as well as its comorbidities. There are multiple technologies that patients can use to facilitate disease management: glucometers, continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), insulin pens, smart insulin pens, smart caps, insulin pumps, hybrid closed-loop systems, and mobile apps, among others. All these technologies should be recommended by healthcare professionals, considering aspects related to the disease and personal preferences of each patient. To ensure adherence to these devices, it is important that patients understand how to use them, where the role of the pharmacist becomes crucial.
Direction
GIL LONGO, JOSE (Tutorships)
GIL LONGO, JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
Benzodiazepines: History, clinical use, and controversies in anxiety treatment
Authorship
J.E.L.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
J.E.L.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are psychotropic drugs widely used for their anxiolytic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant effects. Since their discovery in the 1950s, they have revolutionized the treatment of anxiety due to their effectiveness and rapid onset of action; however, prolonged use has revealed significant risks such as tolerance, dependence, and adverse effects, especially in older people and pregnant women. This paper offers a critical and structured review of their historical evolution, mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and current controversies. Through the analysis of scientific literature, safer and more sustainable therapeutic alternatives are examined, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), “Z” drugs, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The results show that, although BZDs are useful in acute situations, their use should be time-limited and strictly monitored. Current clinical guidelines advise against their use as a first-line treatment in chronic anxiety disorders, promoting instead gradual deprescription strategies in cases of prolonged use. This study concludes with proposals focused on more prudent prescribing, better training for healthcare professionals, and improved patient education, in order to reduce the risks associated with inappropriate use. Benzodiazepines should be reserved for specific clinical cases and for limited periods, always prioritizing patient safety.
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are psychotropic drugs widely used for their anxiolytic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant effects. Since their discovery in the 1950s, they have revolutionized the treatment of anxiety due to their effectiveness and rapid onset of action; however, prolonged use has revealed significant risks such as tolerance, dependence, and adverse effects, especially in older people and pregnant women. This paper offers a critical and structured review of their historical evolution, mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and current controversies. Through the analysis of scientific literature, safer and more sustainable therapeutic alternatives are examined, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), “Z” drugs, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The results show that, although BZDs are useful in acute situations, their use should be time-limited and strictly monitored. Current clinical guidelines advise against their use as a first-line treatment in chronic anxiety disorders, promoting instead gradual deprescription strategies in cases of prolonged use. This study concludes with proposals focused on more prudent prescribing, better training for healthcare professionals, and improved patient education, in order to reduce the risks associated with inappropriate use. Benzodiazepines should be reserved for specific clinical cases and for limited periods, always prioritizing patient safety.
Direction
URIARTE VILLARES, EUGENIO (Tutorships)
URIARTE VILLARES, EUGENIO (Tutorships)
Court
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Pharmacological treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and combination with drugs of abuse
Authorship
A.L.P.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.L.P.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Due to the increased risk of drug abuse in people with ADHD, a literature review was conducted on the toxicity of some of the substances of abuse in combination with the medications used in their pharmacological treatment. The study focuses on the combination of these pharmaceuticals with alcohol, as it is the most prevalent psychoactive drug, and with cocaine and recreational amphetamines, due to their similarity in the mechanisms of action. The results of the review demonstrate the risk associated with combining ADHD medications with the three drugs of abuse studied. Cocaine and amphetamines, having the same mechanism of action as some of these drugs, which consists of increasing the level of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, can produce hyperstimulation with harmful effects primarily on the cardiovascular system. The combination of alcohol with methylphenidate, one of the most commonly used stimulant drugs in the treatment of this disorder, results in the formation of ethylphenidate (active metabolite), with a longer half-life than methylphenidate, which can in some cases enhance the stimulant effects of alcohol and in others mask its sedative effects.
Due to the increased risk of drug abuse in people with ADHD, a literature review was conducted on the toxicity of some of the substances of abuse in combination with the medications used in their pharmacological treatment. The study focuses on the combination of these pharmaceuticals with alcohol, as it is the most prevalent psychoactive drug, and with cocaine and recreational amphetamines, due to their similarity in the mechanisms of action. The results of the review demonstrate the risk associated with combining ADHD medications with the three drugs of abuse studied. Cocaine and amphetamines, having the same mechanism of action as some of these drugs, which consists of increasing the level of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, can produce hyperstimulation with harmful effects primarily on the cardiovascular system. The combination of alcohol with methylphenidate, one of the most commonly used stimulant drugs in the treatment of this disorder, results in the formation of ethylphenidate (active metabolite), with a longer half-life than methylphenidate, which can in some cases enhance the stimulant effects of alcohol and in others mask its sedative effects.
Direction
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Tutorships)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Tutorships)
Court
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
From symptom to solution. Assessing the role of relugolix in the treatment of uterine fibroids.
Authorship
J.L.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
J.L.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Uterine fibroids are benign tumours and up to seventy or eighty percent of women will develop them during their lifetime, although only a fraction will present clinical symptomatology. The passage of treatments of choice will be analysed over the years, up to the combination of relugolix, estradiol and norestiterone, a new specific drug to treat the pathology.
Uterine fibroids are benign tumours and up to seventy or eighty percent of women will develop them during their lifetime, although only a fraction will present clinical symptomatology. The passage of treatments of choice will be analysed over the years, up to the combination of relugolix, estradiol and norestiterone, a new specific drug to treat the pathology.
Direction
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Tutorships)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Tutorships)
Court
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
Development of 3D printed models of pancreatic cancer for drug screening
Authorship
A.L.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.L.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
The high mortality associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, along with the increasing number of cases, highlights the urgent need to develop new, more effective treatments and to discover therapeutic targets. However, the limited capacity of current models based on 2D monoculture and animal studies to mimic the complex tumor microenvironment has caused many molecules that appeared promising in preclinical studies to fail when transitioning to clinical studies. In this context, recent advances in tissue engineering have enabled the development of 3D in vitro models that aim to more accurately mimic the biological characteristics of PDAC by incorporating key components of the tumor microenvironment or replicating its properties. With this in mind, this project has focused on the development of a 3D model obtained through extrusion-based bioprinting, with the objective of more accurately reproducing the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in order to help bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical studies. To achieve this, two hydrogels will be synthesized: a bioink, GAC2, developed by the group and composed of alginate, collagen I, and methacrylated gelatin, and a new gel based on methacrylated collagen. Stromal cells present in the tumor microenvironment will be incorporated into these in order to evaluate their viability, proliferation, and differentiation within these environments. Additionally, a Transwell-based triculture system will be developed to study the effects of the bioink and stromal cells on tumor cells.
The high mortality associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, along with the increasing number of cases, highlights the urgent need to develop new, more effective treatments and to discover therapeutic targets. However, the limited capacity of current models based on 2D monoculture and animal studies to mimic the complex tumor microenvironment has caused many molecules that appeared promising in preclinical studies to fail when transitioning to clinical studies. In this context, recent advances in tissue engineering have enabled the development of 3D in vitro models that aim to more accurately mimic the biological characteristics of PDAC by incorporating key components of the tumor microenvironment or replicating its properties. With this in mind, this project has focused on the development of a 3D model obtained through extrusion-based bioprinting, with the objective of more accurately reproducing the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in order to help bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical studies. To achieve this, two hydrogels will be synthesized: a bioink, GAC2, developed by the group and composed of alginate, collagen I, and methacrylated gelatin, and a new gel based on methacrylated collagen. Stromal cells present in the tumor microenvironment will be incorporated into these in order to evaluate their viability, proliferation, and differentiation within these environments. Additionally, a Transwell-based triculture system will be developed to study the effects of the bioink and stromal cells on tumor cells.
Direction
ALVAREZ LORENZO, CARMEN ISABEL (Tutorships)
ALVAREZ LORENZO, CARMEN ISABEL (Tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
Validation of 3D neural models for drug screening aimed at modulating cognitive deficit symptoms in schizophrenia.
Authorship
J.L.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
J.L.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Cognitive impairment is a core symptom of schizophrenia, resistant to current treatments and with still unknown cellular mechanisms. Traditional 2D cell models have limitations in replicating the structural and functional complexity of nervous tissue. Therefore, a 3D model based on spheroids formed by SH-SY5Y neurons is proposed. These cells were cultured in a methylcellulose-based matrix to induce spheroid formation. A two-step differentiation protocol was applied: first, cells were treated with RA for five days, followed by a seven-day exposure to PMA or GLP-1. Morphological evaluation included analysis of sphericity, border definition, and structural cohesion of the spheroids. Functionally, intracellular calcium mobilization was assessed using the Calcium 6 dye following depolarizing stimulation. Differentiated spheroids exhibited a more regular and compact morphology compared to non-differentiated ones, which showed irregular shapes and dispersed cells. In functional assays, GLP-1-treated spheroids demonstrated an increased calcium release in response to KCl stimulation, indicating a higher level of maturation. This 3D model represents a reproducible tool for studying neuronal differentiation. GLP-1-induced differentiation promotes the acquisition of a functionally competent phenotype, likely related to glutamatergic signaling, an essential aspect of cognitive processes affected in schizophrenia. Its morphological and functional characterization supports its potential as a promising platform for investigating cellular responses and exploring pathological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches.
Cognitive impairment is a core symptom of schizophrenia, resistant to current treatments and with still unknown cellular mechanisms. Traditional 2D cell models have limitations in replicating the structural and functional complexity of nervous tissue. Therefore, a 3D model based on spheroids formed by SH-SY5Y neurons is proposed. These cells were cultured in a methylcellulose-based matrix to induce spheroid formation. A two-step differentiation protocol was applied: first, cells were treated with RA for five days, followed by a seven-day exposure to PMA or GLP-1. Morphological evaluation included analysis of sphericity, border definition, and structural cohesion of the spheroids. Functionally, intracellular calcium mobilization was assessed using the Calcium 6 dye following depolarizing stimulation. Differentiated spheroids exhibited a more regular and compact morphology compared to non-differentiated ones, which showed irregular shapes and dispersed cells. In functional assays, GLP-1-treated spheroids demonstrated an increased calcium release in response to KCl stimulation, indicating a higher level of maturation. This 3D model represents a reproducible tool for studying neuronal differentiation. GLP-1-induced differentiation promotes the acquisition of a functionally competent phenotype, likely related to glutamatergic signaling, an essential aspect of cognitive processes affected in schizophrenia. Its morphological and functional characterization supports its potential as a promising platform for investigating cellular responses and exploring pathological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches.
Direction
LAMA LOPEZ, RAQUEL (Tutorships)
LAMA LOPEZ, RAQUEL (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
Epidemiological study of gastro-allergic anisakiosis in Spain
Authorship
D.L.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
D.L.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Anisakis simplex is the causative agent of the zoonotic and cosmopolitan disease called anisakiosis. Humans are accidentally infected by ingesting raw or undercooked fish. Clinical manifestations may present in a gastrointestinal manner or as allergic reactions mediated by inmunoglobulin E (IgE). Pharmacological treatments that exist for this disease are limited, used in very severe or specific cases, thus the key points being prevention and control measures to reduce the infection. In recent years, japanese gastronomy has experienced an international expansion, contributing to the increase in cases of anisakiosis worldwide, Spain being the second country with the highest number of cases diagnosed with this disease. There is a significant number of misdiagnosed cases, due to the limitations of diagnostic tools, variety of symptoms and scarcity of epidemiological data, resulting in a very underestimated global prevalence. Therefore, to adequately address this parasitosis, it is essential to educate both health professionals and people who regularly handle fish and reinforce prevention campaigns, in addition to reliable diagnostic methods. In this literature review, an analysis of the most relevant aspects of anisakiosis will be carried out, such as the biological cycle, sources of infection, diagnosis, treatment and prevention, as well as the most recent epidemiological data in Spain.
Anisakis simplex is the causative agent of the zoonotic and cosmopolitan disease called anisakiosis. Humans are accidentally infected by ingesting raw or undercooked fish. Clinical manifestations may present in a gastrointestinal manner or as allergic reactions mediated by inmunoglobulin E (IgE). Pharmacological treatments that exist for this disease are limited, used in very severe or specific cases, thus the key points being prevention and control measures to reduce the infection. In recent years, japanese gastronomy has experienced an international expansion, contributing to the increase in cases of anisakiosis worldwide, Spain being the second country with the highest number of cases diagnosed with this disease. There is a significant number of misdiagnosed cases, due to the limitations of diagnostic tools, variety of symptoms and scarcity of epidemiological data, resulting in a very underestimated global prevalence. Therefore, to adequately address this parasitosis, it is essential to educate both health professionals and people who regularly handle fish and reinforce prevention campaigns, in addition to reliable diagnostic methods. In this literature review, an analysis of the most relevant aspects of anisakiosis will be carried out, such as the biological cycle, sources of infection, diagnosis, treatment and prevention, as well as the most recent epidemiological data in Spain.
Direction
ROMARIS MARTINEZ, FERNANDA (Tutorships)
ROMARIS MARTINEZ, FERNANDA (Tutorships)
Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
Role of female sex hormones in ovarian cancer
Authorship
C.L.H.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
C.L.H.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Ovarian cancer is a gynecological cancer characterized by high mortality and a low survival rate. This is due, in part, to resistance to standard chemotherapy treatment based on platinum and taxanes derivatives, which leads to high recurrence rates. The overexpression of hormone receptors in ovarian cancer, particularly estrogen and progesterone receptors, suggests that female sex hormones play a role in the development and proliferation of this disease, exerting a dual functionality: estrogen acts as an oncogenic factor while progesterone appears to have a protective effect. In this context, endocrine therapy based on anti-estrogen drugs has emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer, especially those with limited therapeutic options and hormone-dependent tumors. Clinical trials conducted to date have shown that blocking the estrogen pathway can be effectively stabilize tumor growth and produce a favorable clinical response.
Ovarian cancer is a gynecological cancer characterized by high mortality and a low survival rate. This is due, in part, to resistance to standard chemotherapy treatment based on platinum and taxanes derivatives, which leads to high recurrence rates. The overexpression of hormone receptors in ovarian cancer, particularly estrogen and progesterone receptors, suggests that female sex hormones play a role in the development and proliferation of this disease, exerting a dual functionality: estrogen acts as an oncogenic factor while progesterone appears to have a protective effect. In this context, endocrine therapy based on anti-estrogen drugs has emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer, especially those with limited therapeutic options and hormone-dependent tumors. Clinical trials conducted to date have shown that blocking the estrogen pathway can be effectively stabilize tumor growth and produce a favorable clinical response.
Direction
TOBIO AGEITOS, ARACELI (Tutorships)
TOBIO AGEITOS, ARACELI (Tutorships)
Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
Drug administration through the use of hydrogels
Authorship
M.L.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
M.L.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Hydrogels are three-dimensional polymeric networks with a high water content, composed of various polymers crosslinked with varying degrees of strength. These materials can be used to optimize the treatment of diverse pathologies due to their potential to achieve sustained and controlled drug delivery systems, which help reduce the prevalence of adverse reactions while improving therapeutic adherence and drug bioavailability. This work presents a review of the different types of hydrogels currently in use, the main drug release mechanisms, and their ability to respond to certain stimuli, both internal (pH, temperature, enzymes, etc.) and external (NIR light), thereby enabling selective release of their content. Additionally, a review of some of the main clinical applications of hydrogels is conducted, focusing on so-called injectable hydrogels used in oncology. These hydrogels can be employed to reduce the systemic toxicity of antineoplastic drugs or serve as vehicles for the administration of tumor vaccines, among other applications.
Hydrogels are three-dimensional polymeric networks with a high water content, composed of various polymers crosslinked with varying degrees of strength. These materials can be used to optimize the treatment of diverse pathologies due to their potential to achieve sustained and controlled drug delivery systems, which help reduce the prevalence of adverse reactions while improving therapeutic adherence and drug bioavailability. This work presents a review of the different types of hydrogels currently in use, the main drug release mechanisms, and their ability to respond to certain stimuli, both internal (pH, temperature, enzymes, etc.) and external (NIR light), thereby enabling selective release of their content. Additionally, a review of some of the main clinical applications of hydrogels is conducted, focusing on so-called injectable hydrogels used in oncology. These hydrogels can be employed to reduce the systemic toxicity of antineoplastic drugs or serve as vehicles for the administration of tumor vaccines, among other applications.
Direction
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
Breast cancer and molecular farming: synthesis of therapeutic proteins from modified plants
Authorship
N.L.R.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
N.L.R.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Breast cancer is one of the most common neoplasms worldwide. Despite significant therapeutic advances, the high incidence and cost of current treatments drive the search for more efficient, accessible, and sustainable pharmaceutical production methods. This undergraduate thesis presents molecular farming as an alternative drug manufacturing technique based on the use of transgenic plants. Through a review of scientific articles, the mechanisms of this type of monoclonal antibody production such as trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and pembrolizumab as well as plant-based vaccines in development, are analyzed. The results show that antibodies synthesized in plants (such as antiHER2 VHH nanobodies) exhibit comparable or even superior efficacy to their traditional counterparts and could potentially overcome current therapeutic resistance. The advantages of molecular farming are also described, including low cost, high scalability, reduced risk of contamination, and a smaller environmental footprint. Current challenges are also addressed, such as regulatory hurdles, purification difficulties, and public acceptance. In conclusion, although no breast cancer treatments produced through this method have yet been commercialized, preclinical evidence is promising, and biotechnological and regulatory progress will be key to its clinical implementation
Breast cancer is one of the most common neoplasms worldwide. Despite significant therapeutic advances, the high incidence and cost of current treatments drive the search for more efficient, accessible, and sustainable pharmaceutical production methods. This undergraduate thesis presents molecular farming as an alternative drug manufacturing technique based on the use of transgenic plants. Through a review of scientific articles, the mechanisms of this type of monoclonal antibody production such as trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and pembrolizumab as well as plant-based vaccines in development, are analyzed. The results show that antibodies synthesized in plants (such as antiHER2 VHH nanobodies) exhibit comparable or even superior efficacy to their traditional counterparts and could potentially overcome current therapeutic resistance. The advantages of molecular farming are also described, including low cost, high scalability, reduced risk of contamination, and a smaller environmental footprint. Current challenges are also addressed, such as regulatory hurdles, purification difficulties, and public acceptance. In conclusion, although no breast cancer treatments produced through this method have yet been commercialized, preclinical evidence is promising, and biotechnological and regulatory progress will be key to its clinical implementation
Direction
RODRIGUEZ GACIO, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Tutorships)
RODRIGUEZ GACIO, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Tutorships)
Court
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
MicroRNA: Clinical Applications in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authorship
A.L.R.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.L.R.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Introduction: MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that act post-transcriptionally and play a key role in regulating important processes such as neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and the cellular response to damage in the central nervous system. Objective: To investigate the involvement of microRNAs in Alzheimer’s disease, considering their potential utility as diagnostic and prognostic tools, as well as their application in gene therapy strategies aimed at modulating key pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease. Methods: A literature review was conducted using various scientific databases, selecting 17 relevant studies based on specific inclusion criteria, all published within the last 11 years. Results: The analyzed studies reported specific alterations in microRNA expression in Alzheimer’s disease, both in affected brain tissues and in biological fluids. Some microRNAs showed decreased expression patterns, while others were upregulated, positioning them as potential non-invasive biomarkers capable of detecting the disease in both preclinical and symptomatic stages. Due to their ability to regulate genes involved in pathways such as amyloid plaque formation, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, microRNAs also emerge as promising therapeutic tools. In animal models of Alzheimer’s disease, strategies based on the administration of mimics (agomirs) or inhibitors (antagomirs) have demonstrated beneficial effects on cognition, pathological burden, and synaptic plasticity. Conclusion: These findings highlight the great potential of microRNAs in translational research, although some limitations remain, such as lack of standardization, interindividual variability, and challenges related to their degradation and delivery in the context of modulatory therapy.
Introduction: MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that act post-transcriptionally and play a key role in regulating important processes such as neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and the cellular response to damage in the central nervous system. Objective: To investigate the involvement of microRNAs in Alzheimer’s disease, considering their potential utility as diagnostic and prognostic tools, as well as their application in gene therapy strategies aimed at modulating key pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease. Methods: A literature review was conducted using various scientific databases, selecting 17 relevant studies based on specific inclusion criteria, all published within the last 11 years. Results: The analyzed studies reported specific alterations in microRNA expression in Alzheimer’s disease, both in affected brain tissues and in biological fluids. Some microRNAs showed decreased expression patterns, while others were upregulated, positioning them as potential non-invasive biomarkers capable of detecting the disease in both preclinical and symptomatic stages. Due to their ability to regulate genes involved in pathways such as amyloid plaque formation, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, microRNAs also emerge as promising therapeutic tools. In animal models of Alzheimer’s disease, strategies based on the administration of mimics (agomirs) or inhibitors (antagomirs) have demonstrated beneficial effects on cognition, pathological burden, and synaptic plasticity. Conclusion: These findings highlight the great potential of microRNAs in translational research, although some limitations remain, such as lack of standardization, interindividual variability, and challenges related to their degradation and delivery in the context of modulatory therapy.
Direction
VALENZUELA LIMIÑANA, RITA (Tutorships)
VALENZUELA LIMIÑANA, RITA (Tutorships)
Court
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
The opioid pandemic: development and current situation in the U.S. and in Europe.
Authorship
C.L.V.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
C.L.V.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
The opioid crisis is considered one of the most significant public health emergencies in recent years, especially in the United States. This problem has spread to Europe, particularly in certain countries such as the United Kingdom and Estonia, although none of them have yet reached the epidemic levels seen in the United States. Opioid medications are mainly used to relieve pain, but they also have negative effects, such as dependence and tolerance, which lead to addiction, and withdrawal syndrome when consumption is stopped. These effects are the source of the serious impact of these substances, with very high mortality rates, the spread of infectious diseases, neighbourhoods in a state of destitution and a decline in the economy being some of the consequences of this crisis. In an attempt to curb the spread of the “pandemic”, a number of prevention and treatment strategies have been devised. Greater access to addiction treatment is essential to reduce the number of dependent individuals, and wider distribution of naloxone is needed to prevent overdoses. Moreover, in the United States, it is essential that opioid prescriptions are monitored more strictly than in the past. All scenarios are possible, but if prevention guidelines are followed, the crisis in the United States could be mitigated and further reduced in Europe. However, caution must be exercised, especially with new emerging opioids, as they could have devastating effects.
The opioid crisis is considered one of the most significant public health emergencies in recent years, especially in the United States. This problem has spread to Europe, particularly in certain countries such as the United Kingdom and Estonia, although none of them have yet reached the epidemic levels seen in the United States. Opioid medications are mainly used to relieve pain, but they also have negative effects, such as dependence and tolerance, which lead to addiction, and withdrawal syndrome when consumption is stopped. These effects are the source of the serious impact of these substances, with very high mortality rates, the spread of infectious diseases, neighbourhoods in a state of destitution and a decline in the economy being some of the consequences of this crisis. In an attempt to curb the spread of the “pandemic”, a number of prevention and treatment strategies have been devised. Greater access to addiction treatment is essential to reduce the number of dependent individuals, and wider distribution of naloxone is needed to prevent overdoses. Moreover, in the United States, it is essential that opioid prescriptions are monitored more strictly than in the past. All scenarios are possible, but if prevention guidelines are followed, the crisis in the United States could be mitigated and further reduced in Europe. However, caution must be exercised, especially with new emerging opioids, as they could have devastating effects.
Direction
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Tutorships)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Tutorships)
Court
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T), tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authorship
A.M.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.M.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common hematologic malignancy in pediatric patients. For years, a stepwise approach has been adopted in the therapeutic approach to this disease. It begins with intensive chemotherapy as the first line of treatment, incorporating the use of monoclonal antibodies in some cases of relapse or resistance, and resorting to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a definitive option for consolidation and rescue. Even so, a high percentage of relapses or resistance to treatment occurs, generating a great need for new therapeutic strategies. In this context, tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah) was the first CAR-T therapy approved for this indication in pediatric and young adult patients. This is a gene therapy based on modified T-cells that allows to create a personalized immune response against CD19+ tumor cells. This literature review aims to analyze the clinical context of B-ALL, the development and efficacy of CAR-T therapy, and delve into the clinical and pharmacological aspects of Kymriah. The efficacy, safety, and persistence of this drug have been evaluated primarily through the pivotal ELIANA study and through other complementary studies. We explore the most significant side effects, their impact, and their respective treatment options. Current challenges such as relapses and the strategies currently under development to overcome them are also discussed.
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common hematologic malignancy in pediatric patients. For years, a stepwise approach has been adopted in the therapeutic approach to this disease. It begins with intensive chemotherapy as the first line of treatment, incorporating the use of monoclonal antibodies in some cases of relapse or resistance, and resorting to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a definitive option for consolidation and rescue. Even so, a high percentage of relapses or resistance to treatment occurs, generating a great need for new therapeutic strategies. In this context, tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah) was the first CAR-T therapy approved for this indication in pediatric and young adult patients. This is a gene therapy based on modified T-cells that allows to create a personalized immune response against CD19+ tumor cells. This literature review aims to analyze the clinical context of B-ALL, the development and efficacy of CAR-T therapy, and delve into the clinical and pharmacological aspects of Kymriah. The efficacy, safety, and persistence of this drug have been evaluated primarily through the pivotal ELIANA study and through other complementary studies. We explore the most significant side effects, their impact, and their respective treatment options. Current challenges such as relapses and the strategies currently under development to overcome them are also discussed.
Direction
CASTRO PEREZ, MARIA DE LOS ANGELES (Tutorships)
CASTRO PEREZ, MARIA DE LOS ANGELES (Tutorships)
Court
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
Betatalasemia: from epidemiology to new therapies.
Authorship
A.M.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.M.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Beta-thalassaemia is an autosomal recessive hereditary hemoglobinopathy caused by mutations in the gene encoding the beta-chain of hemoglobin. These alterations cause a decrease or absence in the synthesis of this chain, preventing the formation of the functional tetramer of the majority type A1 hemoglobin in adults. Originally, beta-thalassaemia was limited to geographical regions where malaria is endemic and resources are limited. However, due to migratory movements in the search for better living conditions, its prevalence and incidence are progressively increasing in hitherto unaffected regions, and it is therefore in the interest of health professionals to keep up to date with diagnostic procedures and therapeutic options. From a pathophysiological point of view, beta-thalassaemia is characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis, chronic anemia and multiple complications, such as iron overload, bone deformities or endocrine dysfunction. Depending on the severity of the defect in beta-chain production and the need for transfusion therapy, three main clinical forms are distinguished: beta-thalassemia major, betathalassemia intermediate and beta-thalassemia minor, whit clinical manifestations ranging from severe to asymptomatic, respectively. Diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia uses hematological analysis, hemoglobin molecular studies and genetic testing to identify the type and severity of the disease and to differentiate it from other haemoglobinopathies. Therapeutic options include classical therapies such as transfusions, iron chelators, splenectomy or bone marrow transplantation or newer therapies and more promising therapies such as gene therapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Beta-thalassaemia is an autosomal recessive hereditary hemoglobinopathy caused by mutations in the gene encoding the beta-chain of hemoglobin. These alterations cause a decrease or absence in the synthesis of this chain, preventing the formation of the functional tetramer of the majority type A1 hemoglobin in adults. Originally, beta-thalassaemia was limited to geographical regions where malaria is endemic and resources are limited. However, due to migratory movements in the search for better living conditions, its prevalence and incidence are progressively increasing in hitherto unaffected regions, and it is therefore in the interest of health professionals to keep up to date with diagnostic procedures and therapeutic options. From a pathophysiological point of view, beta-thalassaemia is characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis, chronic anemia and multiple complications, such as iron overload, bone deformities or endocrine dysfunction. Depending on the severity of the defect in beta-chain production and the need for transfusion therapy, three main clinical forms are distinguished: beta-thalassemia major, betathalassemia intermediate and beta-thalassemia minor, whit clinical manifestations ranging from severe to asymptomatic, respectively. Diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia uses hematological analysis, hemoglobin molecular studies and genetic testing to identify the type and severity of the disease and to differentiate it from other haemoglobinopathies. Therapeutic options include classical therapies such as transfusions, iron chelators, splenectomy or bone marrow transplantation or newer therapies and more promising therapies such as gene therapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Direction
CAMIÑA DARRIBA, MANUEL FELIX (Tutorships)
CAMIÑA DARRIBA, MANUEL FELIX (Tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
Relationship between gut microbiota and Hashimoto's thyroiditis: Use of probiotics as a complementary treatment.
Authorship
L.M.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
L.M.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Although the terms microbiota and autoimmune disease are well known in the general population, we are not aware of their meaning and the consequences they can have on our health. The intestinal microbiota is defined as the set of bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and archaea that inhabit our gastrointestinal tract. These microorganisms maintain a symbiotic relationship with the human body, participating in the maintenance of the host's nutritional, metabolic and immunological balance. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system itself mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated a relationship between an imbalance in the gut microbiota and the development of this disease. This intestinal dysbiosis can interfere with the absorption and utilization of micronutrients essential for thyroid function, affect hormone synthesis and metabolism, and lead to imbalances in thyroid homeostasis. In this context, maintaining a balanced intestinal microbiota through the use of probiotics has been suggested as a complementary therapeutic strategy in the management of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Probiotics have shown good results in restoring intestinal eubiosis and reducing inflammatory processes.
Although the terms microbiota and autoimmune disease are well known in the general population, we are not aware of their meaning and the consequences they can have on our health. The intestinal microbiota is defined as the set of bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and archaea that inhabit our gastrointestinal tract. These microorganisms maintain a symbiotic relationship with the human body, participating in the maintenance of the host's nutritional, metabolic and immunological balance. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system itself mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated a relationship between an imbalance in the gut microbiota and the development of this disease. This intestinal dysbiosis can interfere with the absorption and utilization of micronutrients essential for thyroid function, affect hormone synthesis and metabolism, and lead to imbalances in thyroid homeostasis. In this context, maintaining a balanced intestinal microbiota through the use of probiotics has been suggested as a complementary therapeutic strategy in the management of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Probiotics have shown good results in restoring intestinal eubiosis and reducing inflammatory processes.
Direction
GONZALEZ JARTIN, JESUS MARIA (Tutorships)
GONZALEZ JARTIN, JESUS MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
Cell Membrane-Coated Nanocarriers for Targeting
Authorship
J.M.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
J.M.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
This composition is about a systematic review of the different cell membrane coated nanoparticles use. It is an emerging methodology, inside the nanomedicine field. With the cell membranes use to coat nanoparticles, we aim to increase the safety and efficacy of highly aggressive therapies such as cancer therapies; seeking to targeting. We also pay attention at how the source membrane can condition the properties and functions of the final product and membrane modifications to increase functionality. Furthermore, different techniques that benefit from the cell coating nanoparticles methodology in order to increase performance, effectiveness or safety and all the possible fields in which this technique promises us an extensive area of development and therapeutic advances that are found in many cases to be in clinical studies and seemingly be in clinical use in just a few years.
This composition is about a systematic review of the different cell membrane coated nanoparticles use. It is an emerging methodology, inside the nanomedicine field. With the cell membranes use to coat nanoparticles, we aim to increase the safety and efficacy of highly aggressive therapies such as cancer therapies; seeking to targeting. We also pay attention at how the source membrane can condition the properties and functions of the final product and membrane modifications to increase functionality. Furthermore, different techniques that benefit from the cell coating nanoparticles methodology in order to increase performance, effectiveness or safety and all the possible fields in which this technique promises us an extensive area of development and therapeutic advances that are found in many cases to be in clinical studies and seemingly be in clinical use in just a few years.
Direction
ALVAREZ LORENZO, CARMEN ISABEL (Tutorships)
ALVAREZ LORENZO, CARMEN ISABEL (Tutorships)
Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
Use of morphine for the treatment of cancer pain
Authorship
I.M.I.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
I.M.I.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Pain has a significant impact on cancer patients, so proper treatment is essential. To this end, it is particularly important to carry out a thorough assessment of the patient's pain or pains, which will enable the most appropriate treatment to be chosen in each case. Morphine is the opioid of choice for the treatment of severe cancer pain, so it is often the most suitable option. However, there are situations, such as neuropathic pain or renal failure, in which morphine may not be the most appropriate drug. In addition, in some patients, treatment with morphine may be intolerable or ineffective. In these situations, there are therapeutic alternatives, with opioid rotation being the most effective strategy.
Pain has a significant impact on cancer patients, so proper treatment is essential. To this end, it is particularly important to carry out a thorough assessment of the patient's pain or pains, which will enable the most appropriate treatment to be chosen in each case. Morphine is the opioid of choice for the treatment of severe cancer pain, so it is often the most suitable option. However, there are situations, such as neuropathic pain or renal failure, in which morphine may not be the most appropriate drug. In addition, in some patients, treatment with morphine may be intolerable or ineffective. In these situations, there are therapeutic alternatives, with opioid rotation being the most effective strategy.
Direction
FERNANDEZ MASAGUER, JORGE CHRISTIAN (Tutorships)
FERNANDEZ MASAGUER, JORGE CHRISTIAN (Tutorships)
Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
Use of bacteriophages in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in burn wounds
Authorship
M.M.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
M.M.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance has prompted the search for therapeutic alternatives to multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. In this context, bacteriophages - viruses that infect bacteria - are re-emerging as a promising option. This work focuses on the use of phages to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in burn wounds. To this end, we analyse their mechanisms of action, life cycles, specificity, immune response and pharmacology, as well as the different therapeutic strategies: monotherapy, phage cocktails, combination with antibiotics, enzyme derivatives and bioengineering. An overview of the clinical problem of these infections is given, highlighting their high mortality, the virulence mechanisms of P. aeruginosa and the current critical scenario due to the proliferation of multidrug-resistant strains. The ability of phages to degrade biofilms and modulate bacterial Quorum Sensing, which improves penetration and efficacy of treatment, is examined. In addition, in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials supporting their therapeutic potential and safety are reviewed. Despite their advantages, challenges remain, such as immune neutralisation, the need for stable formulations and the lack of standardised regulation. Finally, future perspectives are discussed, including the development of second-generation phages and the role of pioneering institutions such as the Eliava Institute. This paper concludes that phage therapy represents a viable and expanding alternative against P. aeruginosa infections in burns, although it requires further clinical research and regulatory advances for its implementation.
The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance has prompted the search for therapeutic alternatives to multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. In this context, bacteriophages - viruses that infect bacteria - are re-emerging as a promising option. This work focuses on the use of phages to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in burn wounds. To this end, we analyse their mechanisms of action, life cycles, specificity, immune response and pharmacology, as well as the different therapeutic strategies: monotherapy, phage cocktails, combination with antibiotics, enzyme derivatives and bioengineering. An overview of the clinical problem of these infections is given, highlighting their high mortality, the virulence mechanisms of P. aeruginosa and the current critical scenario due to the proliferation of multidrug-resistant strains. The ability of phages to degrade biofilms and modulate bacterial Quorum Sensing, which improves penetration and efficacy of treatment, is examined. In addition, in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials supporting their therapeutic potential and safety are reviewed. Despite their advantages, challenges remain, such as immune neutralisation, the need for stable formulations and the lack of standardised regulation. Finally, future perspectives are discussed, including the development of second-generation phages and the role of pioneering institutions such as the Eliava Institute. This paper concludes that phage therapy represents a viable and expanding alternative against P. aeruginosa infections in burns, although it requires further clinical research and regulatory advances for its implementation.
Direction
Miguel Bouzas, María Trinidad de (Tutorships)
Miguel Bouzas, María Trinidad de (Tutorships)
Court
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
Monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Authorship
A.M.A.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.M.A.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Alzheimer´s disease currently affects more than 35 million people worldwide, and this figure is projected to triple by 2050. This disorder progressively impairs memory, functional capacity, and independence, thereby diminishing patients’ quality of life. This data underscores the urgence need of disease-modifying therapies because, until recently, available treatments were purely symptomatic such us Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil) or NMDA receptor antagonists (memantine).Passive immunotherapy with mAbs has gained attention in recent years due to the FDAs approval of lecanemab and donanemab, achieving a clinically meaningful slowing of cognitive decline. The mAbs are primarily directed against three main targets: 1)Anti-Abeta mAbs: designed to clear amyloid plaques and thus slow disease progression. 2) Anti-tau mAbs: they aim to block the spread of p-tau and disrupt NFT formation, delaying synaptic and cognitive decline. 3) mAbs targeting dysregulated homeostasis and neuroinflammation, such as TREM2 agonists, aiming to activate microglia and reduce neuronal damage caused by chronic inflammatory processes.
Alzheimer´s disease currently affects more than 35 million people worldwide, and this figure is projected to triple by 2050. This disorder progressively impairs memory, functional capacity, and independence, thereby diminishing patients’ quality of life. This data underscores the urgence need of disease-modifying therapies because, until recently, available treatments were purely symptomatic such us Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil) or NMDA receptor antagonists (memantine).Passive immunotherapy with mAbs has gained attention in recent years due to the FDAs approval of lecanemab and donanemab, achieving a clinically meaningful slowing of cognitive decline. The mAbs are primarily directed against three main targets: 1)Anti-Abeta mAbs: designed to clear amyloid plaques and thus slow disease progression. 2) Anti-tau mAbs: they aim to block the spread of p-tau and disrupt NFT formation, delaying synaptic and cognitive decline. 3) mAbs targeting dysregulated homeostasis and neuroinflammation, such as TREM2 agonists, aiming to activate microglia and reduce neuronal damage caused by chronic inflammatory processes.
Direction
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
Bacterial toxins and their applications
Authorship
F.N.S.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
F.N.S.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
In this paper, we analyze and describe the general function and structure of bacterial toxins, focusing on those that have potential benefits for humans. The factors that enable these toxins to induce pathological effects in the host and how they interact with the cells of the affected organism, facilitating their proliferation and spread, are highlighted. Next, the applications of these toxins in biomedicine are explored, highlighting their use in the development of anticancer treatments. Additionally, biotechnological applications, such as their use in biological control, are examined. Overall, this paper offers an overview of bacterial toxins, not only focusing on their role as pathogens, but also from the perspective of their use as biotechnological tools with applications in various fields of science and medicine. Recent advances are discussed, as well as the challenges involved in their use and the safety considerations associated with their handling.
In this paper, we analyze and describe the general function and structure of bacterial toxins, focusing on those that have potential benefits for humans. The factors that enable these toxins to induce pathological effects in the host and how they interact with the cells of the affected organism, facilitating their proliferation and spread, are highlighted. Next, the applications of these toxins in biomedicine are explored, highlighting their use in the development of anticancer treatments. Additionally, biotechnological applications, such as their use in biological control, are examined. Overall, this paper offers an overview of bacterial toxins, not only focusing on their role as pathogens, but also from the perspective of their use as biotechnological tools with applications in various fields of science and medicine. Recent advances are discussed, as well as the challenges involved in their use and the safety considerations associated with their handling.
Direction
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Tutorships)
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Tutorships)
Court
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
Towards new treatments for Alzheimer's disease: Synthetic and biological study of 2-amidobenzothiazole derivatives
Authorship
M.N.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
M.N.G.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia, and the cost associated to these diseases represents a staggering weight for world economies. Its current treatment is merely symptomatic, thus making the search for new drugs capable of altering the course of the disease of great interest. Drugs currently in therapeutics for other neurodegenerative diseases such as riluzole share a common scaffold of 2-aminobenzothiazole that confers them interesting neuroprotective properties through ROS scavenging or NMDA antagonism. The synthesis and chemical characterization of a family of 14 compounds with 2-amidobenzothiazole structure was carried out using the Schotten-Baumann reaction and one-pot/two-step amide formation methodologies and 51 compounds were evaluated in a phenotypic model of SH- SY5Y cells differentiated with retinoic acid and glucagon-like peptide 1 and transfected with MAPT P301L and APP V717I mutations to test their protective activity against beta-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau aggregation-induced damage by high-throughput screening. The activity of these compounds was studied in a neuronal excitability assay after depolarization with KCl by measuring intracellular calcium levels. The formation of amides via acyl chloride constituted an efficient method of synthesis obtaining products with yields higher than 30% and purities higher than 95%. Two compounds out of the 51 evaluated were able to exert a neuroprotective effect against the induced damage by preserving the cellular excitability capacity.
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia, and the cost associated to these diseases represents a staggering weight for world economies. Its current treatment is merely symptomatic, thus making the search for new drugs capable of altering the course of the disease of great interest. Drugs currently in therapeutics for other neurodegenerative diseases such as riluzole share a common scaffold of 2-aminobenzothiazole that confers them interesting neuroprotective properties through ROS scavenging or NMDA antagonism. The synthesis and chemical characterization of a family of 14 compounds with 2-amidobenzothiazole structure was carried out using the Schotten-Baumann reaction and one-pot/two-step amide formation methodologies and 51 compounds were evaluated in a phenotypic model of SH- SY5Y cells differentiated with retinoic acid and glucagon-like peptide 1 and transfected with MAPT P301L and APP V717I mutations to test their protective activity against beta-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau aggregation-induced damage by high-throughput screening. The activity of these compounds was studied in a neuronal excitability assay after depolarization with KCl by measuring intracellular calcium levels. The formation of amides via acyl chloride constituted an efficient method of synthesis obtaining products with yields higher than 30% and purities higher than 95%. Two compounds out of the 51 evaluated were able to exert a neuroprotective effect against the induced damage by preserving the cellular excitability capacity.
Direction
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Tutorships)
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Tutorships)
Court
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
The role of gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic insights
Authorship
L.N.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
L.N.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss, is one of the leading causes of dementia worldwide. Historically, its etiopathogenesis has been linked to processes such as the accumulation of amyloid plaques and the formation of tau protein neurofibrillary tangles. However, in recent years, a new line of research has emerged that highlights the gut-microbiota-brain axis as a key element in the development and progression of the disease. Several studies have shown that patients with AD exhibit significant intestinal dysbiosis, characterized by an increased abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria such as Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, along with a reduction in beneficial bacteria such as Firmicutes, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. This imbalance contributes to increased permeability of the intestinal barrier and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), facilitating the translocation of microbial metabolites and other components into the central nervous system. Moreover, the decrease in beneficial bacteria has been associated with reduced production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are key compounds in maintaining barrier integrity. Some pro- inflammatory bacteria produce lipopolysaccharides (LPS), molecules capable of reaching the brain and triggering inflammatory responses that contribute to neurodegeneration. New therapeutic strategies have emerged aimed at slowing the progression of AD through modulation of the gut microbiota. These include the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and the implementation of specific dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean, DASH, MIND, or ketogenic diets. Although these interventions have shown promising results in animal models, evidence in humans remains limited and requires further investigation through better- designed clinical trials.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss, is one of the leading causes of dementia worldwide. Historically, its etiopathogenesis has been linked to processes such as the accumulation of amyloid plaques and the formation of tau protein neurofibrillary tangles. However, in recent years, a new line of research has emerged that highlights the gut-microbiota-brain axis as a key element in the development and progression of the disease. Several studies have shown that patients with AD exhibit significant intestinal dysbiosis, characterized by an increased abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria such as Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, along with a reduction in beneficial bacteria such as Firmicutes, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. This imbalance contributes to increased permeability of the intestinal barrier and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), facilitating the translocation of microbial metabolites and other components into the central nervous system. Moreover, the decrease in beneficial bacteria has been associated with reduced production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are key compounds in maintaining barrier integrity. Some pro- inflammatory bacteria produce lipopolysaccharides (LPS), molecules capable of reaching the brain and triggering inflammatory responses that contribute to neurodegeneration. New therapeutic strategies have emerged aimed at slowing the progression of AD through modulation of the gut microbiota. These include the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and the implementation of specific dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean, DASH, MIND, or ketogenic diets. Although these interventions have shown promising results in animal models, evidence in humans remains limited and requires further investigation through better- designed clinical trials.
Direction
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Tutorships)
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Tutorships)
Court
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
Development of Dual A2A/A2B Antagonists as Anticancer Drugs.
Authorship
A.P.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.P.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
This Project describes the design and synthesis of 28 new ligands derived from the 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one structure for cancer immunotherapy. The pharmacological affinity of these 28 compounds for adenosine receptors has been evaluated, and their structure-activity relationship has been studied. Four new dual antagonists of adenosine receptors (A2A and A2B) and ten new selective ligands for the A2B receptor have been obtained.
This Project describes the design and synthesis of 28 new ligands derived from the 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one structure for cancer immunotherapy. The pharmacological affinity of these 28 compounds for adenosine receptors has been evaluated, and their structure-activity relationship has been studied. Four new dual antagonists of adenosine receptors (A2A and A2B) and ten new selective ligands for the A2B receptor have been obtained.
Direction
SOTELO PEREZ, EDDY (Tutorships)
SOTELO PEREZ, EDDY (Tutorships)
Court
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
Topological assemby of alfaPNAs
Authorship
E.P.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
E.P.C.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
From a chemical standpoint, the structural combination between the peptide backbone of proteins with the presence of nucleobases makes peptide nucleic acids (alfa-PNAs) the perfect hybrid, capable of binding to DNA or mRNA molecules in order to regulate gene expression and potentially halt the progression of a disease or cellular neoplastic proliferation. Extrapolating this same concept to the association with non-genetic material entails a promising field in the future of gene therapy research, which is expected one day to yield valid results for the exploitation of this resource in any imaginable area of Biotechnology. This work presents a brief study on the initial steps in the synthesis, purification, characterization and binding of a alfa-PNA with melamine, with which it forms an extraordinarily stable structure.
From a chemical standpoint, the structural combination between the peptide backbone of proteins with the presence of nucleobases makes peptide nucleic acids (alfa-PNAs) the perfect hybrid, capable of binding to DNA or mRNA molecules in order to regulate gene expression and potentially halt the progression of a disease or cellular neoplastic proliferation. Extrapolating this same concept to the association with non-genetic material entails a promising field in the future of gene therapy research, which is expected one day to yield valid results for the exploitation of this resource in any imaginable area of Biotechnology. This work presents a brief study on the initial steps in the synthesis, purification, characterization and binding of a alfa-PNA with melamine, with which it forms an extraordinarily stable structure.
Direction
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Tutorships)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
Novel treatments for cognitive impairment associated to schizophrenia
Authorship
A.P.B.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.P.B.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Schizophrenia is a highly debilitating mental illness that affects about 24 million people worldwide. Cognitive impairment is a key component of this illness and is a better predictor of patient functioning than other symptoms. Currently, the drugs available for the treatment of the disease are only useful to treat the psychotic and, to a lesser extent, negative symptoms of the disease, but lack effect on the cognitive component of this pathology. Because of this, in this review we will analyze the main molecules that have previous evidence that they could be useful for these patients. A literature search in PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov databases, including clinical trials published in the last 7 years, identified different treatments that could be useful for treating cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Most of them are aimed at modulating different neurotransmitter receptors (muscarinic, NMDA and CB1), although some molecules related to oxidative stress and guanylate cyclase were also included. Techniques based on electrical stimulation of the brain were also evaluated. Among the different therapies included, the most promising appear to be xanomeline, a muscarinic agonist, luvadaxistat, a drug that enhances NMDA transmission, and tDCS, which delivers electrical shocks to the brain.
Schizophrenia is a highly debilitating mental illness that affects about 24 million people worldwide. Cognitive impairment is a key component of this illness and is a better predictor of patient functioning than other symptoms. Currently, the drugs available for the treatment of the disease are only useful to treat the psychotic and, to a lesser extent, negative symptoms of the disease, but lack effect on the cognitive component of this pathology. Because of this, in this review we will analyze the main molecules that have previous evidence that they could be useful for these patients. A literature search in PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov databases, including clinical trials published in the last 7 years, identified different treatments that could be useful for treating cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Most of them are aimed at modulating different neurotransmitter receptors (muscarinic, NMDA and CB1), although some molecules related to oxidative stress and guanylate cyclase were also included. Techniques based on electrical stimulation of the brain were also evaluated. Among the different therapies included, the most promising appear to be xanomeline, a muscarinic agonist, luvadaxistat, a drug that enhances NMDA transmission, and tDCS, which delivers electrical shocks to the brain.
Direction
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
Migraine: classical and emerging pharmacological strategies
Authorship
A.P.I.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.P.I.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Migraine is one of the most common and disabling neurological disorders worldwide, characterized by recurrent episodes of headache, often unilateral and pulsatile, accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, photophobia or phonofobia. Despite progress in its clinical management, its pathophysiology remains not fully understood and appears to have a multifactorial origin, involving genetic predisposition, hormonal alterations, and enviromental influences. This paper aims to analyze current therapeutic strategies for the acute treatment of migraine, including traditional drugs such as non-steroidal antiinflamatory drugs (NSAIDs), triptants, and ergot derivatives. It also adresses advances in innovate or emerging therapies, such as gepants, ditants and monoclonal antibodies targeting the carcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its receptor, whose involvement in the activation of the trigeminovascular pathway has represented a paradigm shift in migraine tratment. Their pharmacology, mechanisims of action, molecular strucures, chemical modifications, safety, and tolerability are examined, highlighting how rational drug desing has led to the development of more specific, safer, and more effective alternatives particularly for patients who do not respond to conventional treatments or who have cardiovascular contraindications.
Migraine is one of the most common and disabling neurological disorders worldwide, characterized by recurrent episodes of headache, often unilateral and pulsatile, accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, photophobia or phonofobia. Despite progress in its clinical management, its pathophysiology remains not fully understood and appears to have a multifactorial origin, involving genetic predisposition, hormonal alterations, and enviromental influences. This paper aims to analyze current therapeutic strategies for the acute treatment of migraine, including traditional drugs such as non-steroidal antiinflamatory drugs (NSAIDs), triptants, and ergot derivatives. It also adresses advances in innovate or emerging therapies, such as gepants, ditants and monoclonal antibodies targeting the carcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its receptor, whose involvement in the activation of the trigeminovascular pathway has represented a paradigm shift in migraine tratment. Their pharmacology, mechanisims of action, molecular strucures, chemical modifications, safety, and tolerability are examined, highlighting how rational drug desing has led to the development of more specific, safer, and more effective alternatives particularly for patients who do not respond to conventional treatments or who have cardiovascular contraindications.
Direction
FERNANDEZ MASAGUER, JORGE CHRISTIAN (Tutorships)
FERNANDEZ MASAGUER, JORGE CHRISTIAN (Tutorships)
Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology for RNA Delivery to the Central Nervous System: Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease.
Authorship
A.P.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.P.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the progressive deterioration of memory and cognitive function. It is the most common form of dementia and one of the diseases with the greatest impact on the quality of life of those affected. Despite decades of research, advances in understanding its physiopathological basis continue to raise new questions. To date, biomolecular evidence suggests the involvement of a complex pathological loop, in which multiple systems and physiological pathways are interconnected in a feedback dynamic that promotes accelerated clinical progression. Two main types are distinguished: a hereditary form, accounting for a small percentage of cases, and a predominant, sporadic variant. In both, the genetic component plays a key role: as a direct cause in familial Alzheimer’s disease, and as a risk modifying factor in the late onset form. In this context, gene therapy enables intervention at the molecular level through the use of mRNA, siRNA, miRNA mimics, and antagomiRs, among others. However, the enzymatic instability of these molecules and the challenge of reaching brain target cells, mainly due to the restrictive nature of the blood to brain barrier, have driven the use of pharmaceutical nanotechnology, which helps protect the therapeutic agent and enhance its delivery to the site of action. To conclude, the nose to brain route, along with the implementation of other innovative techniques, is opening new avenues in the treatment of neurological disorders.
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the progressive deterioration of memory and cognitive function. It is the most common form of dementia and one of the diseases with the greatest impact on the quality of life of those affected. Despite decades of research, advances in understanding its physiopathological basis continue to raise new questions. To date, biomolecular evidence suggests the involvement of a complex pathological loop, in which multiple systems and physiological pathways are interconnected in a feedback dynamic that promotes accelerated clinical progression. Two main types are distinguished: a hereditary form, accounting for a small percentage of cases, and a predominant, sporadic variant. In both, the genetic component plays a key role: as a direct cause in familial Alzheimer’s disease, and as a risk modifying factor in the late onset form. In this context, gene therapy enables intervention at the molecular level through the use of mRNA, siRNA, miRNA mimics, and antagomiRs, among others. However, the enzymatic instability of these molecules and the challenge of reaching brain target cells, mainly due to the restrictive nature of the blood to brain barrier, have driven the use of pharmaceutical nanotechnology, which helps protect the therapeutic agent and enhance its delivery to the site of action. To conclude, the nose to brain route, along with the implementation of other innovative techniques, is opening new avenues in the treatment of neurological disorders.
Direction
ALONSO FERNANDEZ, MARIA JOSEFA (Tutorships)
ALONSO FERNANDEZ, MARIA JOSEFA (Tutorships)
Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
Development of biomimetic hydrogels from porcine mammary tissue for 3D breast cancer models.
Authorship
M.P.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
M.P.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
The complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the limitations of traditional 2D or animal models highlight the urgent need to develop advanced in vitro systems capable of replicating the extracellular matrix (ECM) of human breast tumors. This study aims to develop biomimetic hydrogels from decellularized porcine breast tissue for three-dimensional breast cancer models. Various decellularization protocols were evaluated, including methods based on detergents and supercritical fluids. Protocol B4, based on supercritical CO2 with rapid depressurizations and DNase treatment, demonstrated greater efficacy in removing cellular material while preserving key ECM components such as collagen and glycosaminoglycans. However, the resulting tissue-derived matrix (TDM) did not exhibit sufficient gelation capacity on its own, so it was combined with methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) to form stable hydrogels. Four gel formulations were evaluated to analyze the viability and proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Gels supplemented with fibronectin and/or collagen showed increased cell proliferation compared to controls, as demonstrated by AlamarBlue assays and DNA quantification. Confocal microscopy with phalloidin-DAPI staining revealed good distribution and structural organization of the cells. The results support the use of porcine TDM combined with GelMA as a promising biomimetic platform for 3D breast cancer modeling, with potential applications in more predictive and physiologically relevant preclinical studies.
The complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the limitations of traditional 2D or animal models highlight the urgent need to develop advanced in vitro systems capable of replicating the extracellular matrix (ECM) of human breast tumors. This study aims to develop biomimetic hydrogels from decellularized porcine breast tissue for three-dimensional breast cancer models. Various decellularization protocols were evaluated, including methods based on detergents and supercritical fluids. Protocol B4, based on supercritical CO2 with rapid depressurizations and DNase treatment, demonstrated greater efficacy in removing cellular material while preserving key ECM components such as collagen and glycosaminoglycans. However, the resulting tissue-derived matrix (TDM) did not exhibit sufficient gelation capacity on its own, so it was combined with methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) to form stable hydrogels. Four gel formulations were evaluated to analyze the viability and proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Gels supplemented with fibronectin and/or collagen showed increased cell proliferation compared to controls, as demonstrated by AlamarBlue assays and DNA quantification. Confocal microscopy with phalloidin-DAPI staining revealed good distribution and structural organization of the cells. The results support the use of porcine TDM combined with GelMA as a promising biomimetic platform for 3D breast cancer modeling, with potential applications in more predictive and physiologically relevant preclinical studies.
Direction
BLANCO FERNANDEZ, BARBARA (Tutorships)
BLANCO FERNANDEZ, BARBARA (Tutorships)
Court
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
Advances in the development of new vaccines and treatments against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authorship
E.P.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
E.P.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nowadays, there is a widespread belief that this disease has been eradicated. The reality is quite different: tuberculosis is the most prevalent infectious disease in the world. Resistant strains, the ineffectiveness of the only authorized vaccine, BCG, in adults or the complex interaction of M. tuberculosis with its host are some of the reasons why the prevalence of this disease continues to be so high. Thus, there is a need to develop new vaccines and effective treatments against M. tuberculosis. The search for new tuberculosis vaccines comprises 4 main lines of research: live attenuated vaccines, represented by MTBVAC, the only live M. tuberculosis vaccine, and VPM1002, an optimized version of BCG; inactivated vaccines, consisting of 3 therapeutic vaccines, MIP, RUTI and MV; subunit vaccines, with MT72AS01E as main representative; and genetic vaccines. Research on new treatments is progressing very well. A therapeutic regimen, the BPaLM method, was recently authorized for the treatment of resistant tuberculosis. Despite its effectiveness, BPaLM has limitations, so new drugs, such as sutezolid or TBAJ587, are being developed to optimize this therapy. Ganfeborole is one of the most promising drugs in development, with a completely innovative profile. With a more immediate focus, the reintroduction of drugs already on the market for other indications, such as saquinavir or metformin, is being considered.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nowadays, there is a widespread belief that this disease has been eradicated. The reality is quite different: tuberculosis is the most prevalent infectious disease in the world. Resistant strains, the ineffectiveness of the only authorized vaccine, BCG, in adults or the complex interaction of M. tuberculosis with its host are some of the reasons why the prevalence of this disease continues to be so high. Thus, there is a need to develop new vaccines and effective treatments against M. tuberculosis. The search for new tuberculosis vaccines comprises 4 main lines of research: live attenuated vaccines, represented by MTBVAC, the only live M. tuberculosis vaccine, and VPM1002, an optimized version of BCG; inactivated vaccines, consisting of 3 therapeutic vaccines, MIP, RUTI and MV; subunit vaccines, with MT72AS01E as main representative; and genetic vaccines. Research on new treatments is progressing very well. A therapeutic regimen, the BPaLM method, was recently authorized for the treatment of resistant tuberculosis. Despite its effectiveness, BPaLM has limitations, so new drugs, such as sutezolid or TBAJ587, are being developed to optimize this therapy. Ganfeborole is one of the most promising drugs in development, with a completely innovative profile. With a more immediate focus, the reintroduction of drugs already on the market for other indications, such as saquinavir or metformin, is being considered.
Direction
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Tutorships)
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Tutorships)
Court
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
Transgenic plant-based pharmaceuticals for combating HIV
Authorship
S.R.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
S.R.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the cause of a global pandemic. Although current therapies allow the infection to be controlled in developed countries, it remains a growing problem in regions with limited access to healthcare, and no definitive cure is yet available. For this reason, molecular farming has been explored as a new therapeutic alternative, given the multiple advantages that plants offer for the production of biopharmaceuticals. A wide variety of molecules can be expressed in plants using different strategies to address this viral infection. HIV treatment research focuses on the synthesis of antibodies, antigens, and lectins to treat or prevent the disease, mainly produced in Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana and rice. These strategies have enabled the development of topical microbicides to prevent viral transmission, the synthesis of neutralizing antibodies with antiretroviral potential, and the early stages of vaccine development that may eventually provide immunity against the virus.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the cause of a global pandemic. Although current therapies allow the infection to be controlled in developed countries, it remains a growing problem in regions with limited access to healthcare, and no definitive cure is yet available. For this reason, molecular farming has been explored as a new therapeutic alternative, given the multiple advantages that plants offer for the production of biopharmaceuticals. A wide variety of molecules can be expressed in plants using different strategies to address this viral infection. HIV treatment research focuses on the synthesis of antibodies, antigens, and lectins to treat or prevent the disease, mainly produced in Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana and rice. These strategies have enabled the development of topical microbicides to prevent viral transmission, the synthesis of neutralizing antibodies with antiretroviral potential, and the early stages of vaccine development that may eventually provide immunity against the virus.
Direction
RODRIGUEZ GACIO, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Tutorships)
RODRIGUEZ GACIO, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Tutorships)
Court
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
Macroalgae in human consumption: Cultivation and other uses
Authorship
D.R.V.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
D.R.V.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Algae as a food haven’t really had a notable presence in the typical cuisine of our region or the one from other similar cultures. Despite this, thanks to globalization and the contact with Asian cultures, in recent times this food source is starting to gain popularity in our country bit by bit. With this increase in its use in nutrition, not only are its nutritional benefits being highlighted, but it is also bringing alongside it an increase in the research of novel methods to improve its production, such as the IMTA systems. Additionally, the possibility of using algae (as well as its waste products) in new uses and exploitations is being explored with some success, such as biofuels, animal feed and even in the research of new potential active ingredients.
Algae as a food haven’t really had a notable presence in the typical cuisine of our region or the one from other similar cultures. Despite this, thanks to globalization and the contact with Asian cultures, in recent times this food source is starting to gain popularity in our country bit by bit. With this increase in its use in nutrition, not only are its nutritional benefits being highlighted, but it is also bringing alongside it an increase in the research of novel methods to improve its production, such as the IMTA systems. Additionally, the possibility of using algae (as well as its waste products) in new uses and exploitations is being explored with some success, such as biofuels, animal feed and even in the research of new potential active ingredients.
Direction
AMIGO VAZQUEZ, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
AMIGO VAZQUEZ, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Blastocystis hominis: an emerging parasite
Authorship
M.A.R.B.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
M.A.R.B.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
This Final Degree Project reviews the available scientific literature on the most important aspects of Blastocystis sp. and human blastocystosis, especially its epidemiology and the current situation in Spain, as well as its biology and main morphological characteristics. Blastocystis hominis is a parasite belonging to the protist group, very frequent in the intestinal tract of humans and numerous vertebrate animals and ubiquitously distributed worldwide. In recent years, an increase in prevalence has been observed, reaching 100% in some regions, and its variations are mainly due to the level of development of the country or community. Due to its genetic polymorphism, up to 17 subtypes (ST) have been described, of which 9 affect humans. Both the distribution and incidence of each ST varies between regions, with ST3 being the most widely distributed globally. In Spain, the prevalence of B. hominis ranges from 2.5% to 35.2%. The ST3 subtype again predominates and the high incidence of the ST4 subtype stands out compared to other countries. Despite the increase in the number of epidemiological studies, the discrepancy in important aspects such as the relationship of prevalence with certain factors (age, sex, symptomatology, ...) opens the door to future research.
This Final Degree Project reviews the available scientific literature on the most important aspects of Blastocystis sp. and human blastocystosis, especially its epidemiology and the current situation in Spain, as well as its biology and main morphological characteristics. Blastocystis hominis is a parasite belonging to the protist group, very frequent in the intestinal tract of humans and numerous vertebrate animals and ubiquitously distributed worldwide. In recent years, an increase in prevalence has been observed, reaching 100% in some regions, and its variations are mainly due to the level of development of the country or community. Due to its genetic polymorphism, up to 17 subtypes (ST) have been described, of which 9 affect humans. Both the distribution and incidence of each ST varies between regions, with ST3 being the most widely distributed globally. In Spain, the prevalence of B. hominis ranges from 2.5% to 35.2%. The ST3 subtype again predominates and the high incidence of the ST4 subtype stands out compared to other countries. Despite the increase in the number of epidemiological studies, the discrepancy in important aspects such as the relationship of prevalence with certain factors (age, sex, symptomatology, ...) opens the door to future research.
Direction
GOMEZ COUSO, HIPOLITO (Tutorships)
GOMEZ COUSO, HIPOLITO (Tutorships)
Court
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
Pharmacology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Authorship
N.R.I.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
N.R.I.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and may persist into adulthood. It is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity, and its diagnosis is based on the criteria outlined in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Its treatment is personalized and combines pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Objective: To conduct a literature review on the pathology and treatment of ADHD. Methods: A bibliographic review of clinical trials and scientific articles was carried out using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Articles covering ADHD pharmacotherapy, its controversies, and its social context were selected. Review: The most commonly used pharmacological treatments for ADHD are stimulant and non-stimulant. New investigational drugs with diverse mechanisms of action are being presented. Among non-pharmacological treatments, behavioral therapy stands out due to its strong evidence base. The importance of the pharmacist’s role in health education and therapeutic follow-up is analyzed, as well as social stigma, misinformation on social media, misuse of medication, and the relationship between ADHD and substance use disorder (SUD). Conclusions: ADHD treatment should be individualized and multimodal. Combining medication with psychological support and an informed environment improves the patient’s quality of life. A precise diagnosis, reducing misinformation, and combating social stigma are essential.
Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and may persist into adulthood. It is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity, and its diagnosis is based on the criteria outlined in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Its treatment is personalized and combines pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Objective: To conduct a literature review on the pathology and treatment of ADHD. Methods: A bibliographic review of clinical trials and scientific articles was carried out using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Articles covering ADHD pharmacotherapy, its controversies, and its social context were selected. Review: The most commonly used pharmacological treatments for ADHD are stimulant and non-stimulant. New investigational drugs with diverse mechanisms of action are being presented. Among non-pharmacological treatments, behavioral therapy stands out due to its strong evidence base. The importance of the pharmacist’s role in health education and therapeutic follow-up is analyzed, as well as social stigma, misinformation on social media, misuse of medication, and the relationship between ADHD and substance use disorder (SUD). Conclusions: ADHD treatment should be individualized and multimodal. Combining medication with psychological support and an informed environment improves the patient’s quality of life. A precise diagnosis, reducing misinformation, and combating social stigma are essential.
Direction
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Tutorships)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Tutorships)
Court
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
Presence of fermentable sugars in foods
Authorship
R.R.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
R.R.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
This bibliographic review focuses on the study of fermentable sugars known under the acronym FODMAP present in foods of plant origin, with the aim of determining the methods commonly used for their identification and quantification. For this purpose, a structured search has been carried out in scientific databases such as PubMed and ScienceDirect, choosing relevant studies published between the years 2015 and 2025. Different analytical techniques have been reviewed, among which high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ion exchange chromatography (HPAEC-PAD) and gas chromatography (GC) stand out. Likewise, data have been collected on the concentrations of these sugars in different plant food matrices, paying special attention to the differences in the levels found depending on the type of food, the variety of the species or the part examined. This review provides an overview of the tools available for the study of these compounds and provides a valuable database for future studies in the area of food analysis.
This bibliographic review focuses on the study of fermentable sugars known under the acronym FODMAP present in foods of plant origin, with the aim of determining the methods commonly used for their identification and quantification. For this purpose, a structured search has been carried out in scientific databases such as PubMed and ScienceDirect, choosing relevant studies published between the years 2015 and 2025. Different analytical techniques have been reviewed, among which high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ion exchange chromatography (HPAEC-PAD) and gas chromatography (GC) stand out. Likewise, data have been collected on the concentrations of these sugars in different plant food matrices, paying special attention to the differences in the levels found depending on the type of food, the variety of the species or the part examined. This review provides an overview of the tools available for the study of these compounds and provides a valuable database for future studies in the area of food analysis.
Direction
Sendón García, Raquel (Tutorships)
Sendón García, Raquel (Tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: antidiabetic drugs used in the treatment of heart failure
Authorship
L.R.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
L.R.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have gained significant importance in the treatment of heart failure, a condition that represents a serious public health issue due to its high prevalence and elevated rates of mortality and morbidity. For this reason, the present literature review was conducted. This review analyzed clinical trials involving these drugs in order to assess their cardiovascular safety in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which was their initial approved indication. The positive outcomes obtained from these studies led to new clinical trials in patients with established heart failure, regardless of whether they had diabetes. These trials demonstrated that SGLT2i not only lower hyperglycemia, but also reduce hospitalizations due to heart failure, improve symptoms and patients´ quality of life, and decrease cardiovascular mortality in certain phenotypes of the disease. However, the exact mechanism of action behind these benefits is not yet fully understood. The expansion of their indication has had a major impact on heart failure therapy, as SGLT2i have become a first-line treatment option across all phenotypes of the disease. Lastly, the creation of an educational audio recording is used as a tool to bring this scientific knowledge closer to the general public in a clear, engaging, and concise manner.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have gained significant importance in the treatment of heart failure, a condition that represents a serious public health issue due to its high prevalence and elevated rates of mortality and morbidity. For this reason, the present literature review was conducted. This review analyzed clinical trials involving these drugs in order to assess their cardiovascular safety in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which was their initial approved indication. The positive outcomes obtained from these studies led to new clinical trials in patients with established heart failure, regardless of whether they had diabetes. These trials demonstrated that SGLT2i not only lower hyperglycemia, but also reduce hospitalizations due to heart failure, improve symptoms and patients´ quality of life, and decrease cardiovascular mortality in certain phenotypes of the disease. However, the exact mechanism of action behind these benefits is not yet fully understood. The expansion of their indication has had a major impact on heart failure therapy, as SGLT2i have become a first-line treatment option across all phenotypes of the disease. Lastly, the creation of an educational audio recording is used as a tool to bring this scientific knowledge closer to the general public in a clear, engaging, and concise manner.
Direction
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Tutorships)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
Cancer mitochondrial pharmacogenomics
Authorship
M.R.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
M.R.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Mitochondria regulate a wide range of essential cellular processes beyond energy production. These organelles possess their own genetic material, which gives rise to distinct phenotypic variants known as haplogroups. Additionally, mitochondria are a primary site for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), molecules that in excess can lead to oxidative stress and cellular damage. In cancer, metabolic dysfunctions occur and alter cell function, promoting the tumor process. Numerous studies propose that the phenotypic differences that characterize mitochondrial haplogroups may be related to a greater or lesser risk of developing this pathology. Similarly, ROS play a key role in redox homeostasis and intra- and intercellular signaling. During a cancerous process there is an alteration in the formation/scavenging of ROS that affects tumor promotion and development. Here, we carried out a literature review aimed at exploring the relationships and influences of different mitochondrial haplogroups, ROS levels, and mitochondrial metabolic dysfunctions in cancer. In addition, we examine the potential of directly targeting these pathways to develop individualized pharmacological treatments that improve therapeutic outcomes. We found that the existing evidence highlights significant interactions between mitochondrial factors and tumor behavior, suggesting that mitochondrial metabolism represents a promising area for future therapeutic strategies.
Mitochondria regulate a wide range of essential cellular processes beyond energy production. These organelles possess their own genetic material, which gives rise to distinct phenotypic variants known as haplogroups. Additionally, mitochondria are a primary site for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), molecules that in excess can lead to oxidative stress and cellular damage. In cancer, metabolic dysfunctions occur and alter cell function, promoting the tumor process. Numerous studies propose that the phenotypic differences that characterize mitochondrial haplogroups may be related to a greater or lesser risk of developing this pathology. Similarly, ROS play a key role in redox homeostasis and intra- and intercellular signaling. During a cancerous process there is an alteration in the formation/scavenging of ROS that affects tumor promotion and development. Here, we carried out a literature review aimed at exploring the relationships and influences of different mitochondrial haplogroups, ROS levels, and mitochondrial metabolic dysfunctions in cancer. In addition, we examine the potential of directly targeting these pathways to develop individualized pharmacological treatments that improve therapeutic outcomes. We found that the existing evidence highlights significant interactions between mitochondrial factors and tumor behavior, suggesting that mitochondrial metabolism represents a promising area for future therapeutic strategies.
Direction
GOMEZ DURAN, AURORA (Tutorships)
GOMEZ DURAN, AURORA (Tutorships)
Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
Therapeutic strategies against bacterial resistance: alternatives to antibiotics and current situation in Spain.
Authorship
R.R.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
R.R.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Currently, multidrug-resistant bacteria represent a threat that claims the lives of thousands of people around the world. It is essential to increase awareness about the inappropriate use of antibiotics and reinforce investment in scientific research, aimed at the discovery of new drugs capable of reducing existing health problems. It is a priority to focus on Gram-negative bacilli, for which development of new antimicrobials is a critical need. Research should also be aimed at exploring other alternatives, such as phage therapy, nanotherapy and fecal microbiota transplantation, which could offer innovative solutions to bacterial resistance. This bibliographic study compiles information on the introduction of alternative therapies, new antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistance bacteria, and reviews the studies and research being conducted in Spain on this topic.
Currently, multidrug-resistant bacteria represent a threat that claims the lives of thousands of people around the world. It is essential to increase awareness about the inappropriate use of antibiotics and reinforce investment in scientific research, aimed at the discovery of new drugs capable of reducing existing health problems. It is a priority to focus on Gram-negative bacilli, for which development of new antimicrobials is a critical need. Research should also be aimed at exploring other alternatives, such as phage therapy, nanotherapy and fecal microbiota transplantation, which could offer innovative solutions to bacterial resistance. This bibliographic study compiles information on the introduction of alternative therapies, new antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistance bacteria, and reviews the studies and research being conducted in Spain on this topic.
Direction
Miguel Bouzas, María Trinidad de (Tutorships)
Miguel Bouzas, María Trinidad de (Tutorships)
Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Challenges in Early Diagnosis and therapeutic intervention
Authorship
E.R.T.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
E.R.T.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
ALS is a neurodegenerative disease with no cure and symptoms similar to other diseases in the same category. Multiple studies are underway to develop a potential therapy. This literature review examines the disease, potential biomarkers, current therapies, and new approaches.
ALS is a neurodegenerative disease with no cure and symptoms similar to other diseases in the same category. Multiple studies are underway to develop a potential therapy. This literature review examines the disease, potential biomarkers, current therapies, and new approaches.
Direction
GARCIA ALONSO, ANGEL (Tutorships)
GARCIA ALONSO, ANGEL (Tutorships)
Court
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
Topical application of liposomes for skin treatments
Authorship
C.R.D.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
C.R.D.M.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
In order to improve topical treatments for various conditions affecting millions of people worldwide, especially those related to dermocosmetics, increasingly effective techniques and procedures have been developed that are compatible with the layers of our skin, to ensure the adequate penetration of different products. Liposomes are undoubtedly one of these cases, with their composition and mechanism of action being among the most studied, and their applications continue to be perfected over time.
In order to improve topical treatments for various conditions affecting millions of people worldwide, especially those related to dermocosmetics, increasingly effective techniques and procedures have been developed that are compatible with the layers of our skin, to ensure the adequate penetration of different products. Liposomes are undoubtedly one of these cases, with their composition and mechanism of action being among the most studied, and their applications continue to be perfected over time.
Direction
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)
Dermocosmetics and skin sensitization: bibliographic review on the effect of fragrances in population.
Authorship
A.S.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
A.S.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
This thesis deals with the problem of skin sensitization induced by allergens present in dermocosmetic products. The study consists of a bibliographical and critical review, wich analyzes the most common components that trigger allergic reactions in the skin, especially fragrances. The list of ingredients in a dermocosmetic is very extensive, so this thesis paper focuses on two specific allergens: Isoeugenol and Geraniol, both widely used in the cosmetics industry for their aromatic properties. The study analyzes the properties of these allergens, the mechanisms by which they cause sensitization, the clinical manifestations of the allergies they produce and the diagnostic methods used for their identification. Finally, this thesis provides a perspective on how we could solve the problems caused by these substances by reformulating the labeling of products in order to make informed decisions and minimize the risk of allergic reactions.
This thesis deals with the problem of skin sensitization induced by allergens present in dermocosmetic products. The study consists of a bibliographical and critical review, wich analyzes the most common components that trigger allergic reactions in the skin, especially fragrances. The list of ingredients in a dermocosmetic is very extensive, so this thesis paper focuses on two specific allergens: Isoeugenol and Geraniol, both widely used in the cosmetics industry for their aromatic properties. The study analyzes the properties of these allergens, the mechanisms by which they cause sensitization, the clinical manifestations of the allergies they produce and the diagnostic methods used for their identification. Finally, this thesis provides a perspective on how we could solve the problems caused by these substances by reformulating the labeling of products in order to make informed decisions and minimize the risk of allergic reactions.
Direction
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)
Rh blood group. Relevance in transfusion reactions and in maternal-fetal immunisation.
Authorship
D.S.P.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
D.S.P.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
The Rh blood group system is the most polymorphic of those present in the erythrocyte membrane. It is made up of 56 antigens, among which C, c, E, e and, especially, the D antigen stand out due to their high immunogenicity. These antigens are part of the RhD and RhCE proteins, encoded by the homologous genes RHD and RHCE. This system is of great relevance in blood transfusions, since the administration of Rh+ erythrocytes to an Rh- recipient can generate alloimmunisation. The recipient's immune system does not recognise the donor´s D antigens and it produces antibodies, which, upon binding to the antigens, antigen-antibody complexes are formed and they cause haemolysis in the recipient. To prevent it, pre-transfusion tests are performed to ensure compatibility and to guarantee an effective and safe transfusion. Variant D phenotypes must be taken into account, as they may induce typification errors leading to transfusion reactions. Haemolytic disease of the newborn can occur when the foetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-. The passage of fetal red blood cells into the maternal circulation can cause alloimmunisation, and maternal IgG antibodies cross the placenta, forming complexes that cause fetal haemolysis. To prevent this sensitisation, tests such as maternal blood typification and detection of irregular antibodies are performed. In addition, prevention protocols based on the prophylactic administration of anti-D IgG immunoglobulin have been established.
The Rh blood group system is the most polymorphic of those present in the erythrocyte membrane. It is made up of 56 antigens, among which C, c, E, e and, especially, the D antigen stand out due to their high immunogenicity. These antigens are part of the RhD and RhCE proteins, encoded by the homologous genes RHD and RHCE. This system is of great relevance in blood transfusions, since the administration of Rh+ erythrocytes to an Rh- recipient can generate alloimmunisation. The recipient's immune system does not recognise the donor´s D antigens and it produces antibodies, which, upon binding to the antigens, antigen-antibody complexes are formed and they cause haemolysis in the recipient. To prevent it, pre-transfusion tests are performed to ensure compatibility and to guarantee an effective and safe transfusion. Variant D phenotypes must be taken into account, as they may induce typification errors leading to transfusion reactions. Haemolytic disease of the newborn can occur when the foetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-. The passage of fetal red blood cells into the maternal circulation can cause alloimmunisation, and maternal IgG antibodies cross the placenta, forming complexes that cause fetal haemolysis. To prevent this sensitisation, tests such as maternal blood typification and detection of irregular antibodies are performed. In addition, prevention protocols based on the prophylactic administration of anti-D IgG immunoglobulin have been established.
Direction
MANCEBO SEOANE, MARIA JOSE (Tutorships)
MANCEBO SEOANE, MARIA JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
SANCHEZ POZA, MARIA SANDRA (Chairman)
Souto Salom, Manuel (Secretary)
QUIÑONES TELLEZ, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Use of a pharmaceutical 3D printer for baclofen dose customization and in line quality control.
Authorship
R.S.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
R.S.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Standard oral treatments in the form of tablets can be a significant obstacle in terms of adherence and therapeutic efficacy, especially in patients with swallowing difficulties. In the context of multiple sclerosis (MS), a high percentage of patients have dysphagia. This makes more challenging the administration of medicines such as baclofen, a drug used to treat the spasticity associated with MS. In this situation, emerging technologies such as 3D printing of medicines offer new opportunities to personalise treatments in a more accurate and accessible way. In this study, baclofen tablets with doses of 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg were developed using a pharmaceutical 3D printer. This therapeutic range allows the treatment to be tailored to the individual needs of each patient. In addition, the use of a pressure sensor, a printer-integrated balance and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) as process analytical technologies (PAT) for in-line quality control was evaluated. The pressure sensor and the balance were effective for quality control, however the NIR, due to its high sensitivity to different variables, was not effective. Personalisation, automation and rigorous quality control allow for optimisation of drug production, reducing errors and increasing treatment accuracy and safety. 3D printing could significantly improve adherence and quality of life for MS patients.
Standard oral treatments in the form of tablets can be a significant obstacle in terms of adherence and therapeutic efficacy, especially in patients with swallowing difficulties. In the context of multiple sclerosis (MS), a high percentage of patients have dysphagia. This makes more challenging the administration of medicines such as baclofen, a drug used to treat the spasticity associated with MS. In this situation, emerging technologies such as 3D printing of medicines offer new opportunities to personalise treatments in a more accurate and accessible way. In this study, baclofen tablets with doses of 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg were developed using a pharmaceutical 3D printer. This therapeutic range allows the treatment to be tailored to the individual needs of each patient. In addition, the use of a pressure sensor, a printer-integrated balance and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) as process analytical technologies (PAT) for in-line quality control was evaluated. The pressure sensor and the balance were effective for quality control, however the NIR, due to its high sensitivity to different variables, was not effective. Personalisation, automation and rigorous quality control allow for optimisation of drug production, reducing errors and increasing treatment accuracy and safety. 3D printing could significantly improve adherence and quality of life for MS patients.
Direction
GOYANES GOYANES, ALVARO (Tutorships)
GOYANES GOYANES, ALVARO (Tutorships)
Court
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
CORREIA PINTO CARVALHO DE MATOS, MARIA JOAO (Chairman)
COUSO PEREZ, SEILA (Secretary)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Member)
Transgenic plants as biofactories:production of recombinant proteins and vaccines.
Authorship
S.S.V.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
S.S.V.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
This work explores the use of transgenic plants as biotechnological platforms for producing recombinant proteins, with a special focus on vaccine development.Compared to conventional systems like bacteria or animal cells, plants offer notable advantages such as scalability, cost-effectiveness, biological safety, and the ability to carry out post-translational modifications. The study reviews strategies including genetic transformation, gene editing, and transient expression, as well as key aspects like protein purification, folding, and glycosylation. The potential of plant-based vaccines, particularly edible vaccines, is examined, highlighting their logistical benefits and suitability for resource-limited regions. Although technical and regulatory challenges remain, innovative approaches have been developed to improve stability and effectiveness. The work concludes by evaluating the global feasibility of these technologies across different health scenarios, recognizing them as promising alternative platforms in pharmaceutical production
This work explores the use of transgenic plants as biotechnological platforms for producing recombinant proteins, with a special focus on vaccine development.Compared to conventional systems like bacteria or animal cells, plants offer notable advantages such as scalability, cost-effectiveness, biological safety, and the ability to carry out post-translational modifications. The study reviews strategies including genetic transformation, gene editing, and transient expression, as well as key aspects like protein purification, folding, and glycosylation. The potential of plant-based vaccines, particularly edible vaccines, is examined, highlighting their logistical benefits and suitability for resource-limited regions. Although technical and regulatory challenges remain, innovative approaches have been developed to improve stability and effectiveness. The work concludes by evaluating the global feasibility of these technologies across different health scenarios, recognizing them as promising alternative platforms in pharmaceutical production
Direction
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Tutorships)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Tutorships)
Court
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
Specific inmune response of turbot to vaccines and adjuvants
Authorship
J.S.T.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
J.S.T.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
This work analyses the specific immune response of vaccinated turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) against Aeromonas salmonicida supp. salmonicida, the aetiological agent of furunculosis, an infectious disease of great impact in aquaculture responsible for high mortalities in fish farming. The specific immune response was assessed by detecting antibodies against A. salmonicida spp. salmonicida, using an indirect ELISA assay. For this purpose, a turbot anti-immunoglobulin previously obtained and available in the laboratory was first purified and labelled with biotin. Serum samples from turbot vaccinated with aqueous and adjuvanted vaccines and injected with oily adjuvant or phosphate buffered saline (PBS, negative control sera) were collected at different post-treatment times (0, 7, 21, 45 and 90 days). The results showed a significant increase in antibody titers in the immunized fish, evidencing a specific humoral immune response that started from 21 days post-treatment and decayed 45 days after vaccine administration. In addition, the study includes a review of the epidemiological aspects and pathogenesis of the bacterium and the disease, and highlights the relevance of vaccination and the use of adjuvants as key tools in the prevention of infectious diseases such as forunculosis in aquaculture.
This work analyses the specific immune response of vaccinated turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) against Aeromonas salmonicida supp. salmonicida, the aetiological agent of furunculosis, an infectious disease of great impact in aquaculture responsible for high mortalities in fish farming. The specific immune response was assessed by detecting antibodies against A. salmonicida spp. salmonicida, using an indirect ELISA assay. For this purpose, a turbot anti-immunoglobulin previously obtained and available in the laboratory was first purified and labelled with biotin. Serum samples from turbot vaccinated with aqueous and adjuvanted vaccines and injected with oily adjuvant or phosphate buffered saline (PBS, negative control sera) were collected at different post-treatment times (0, 7, 21, 45 and 90 days). The results showed a significant increase in antibody titers in the immunized fish, evidencing a specific humoral immune response that started from 21 days post-treatment and decayed 45 days after vaccine administration. In addition, the study includes a review of the epidemiological aspects and pathogenesis of the bacterium and the disease, and highlights the relevance of vaccination and the use of adjuvants as key tools in the prevention of infectious diseases such as forunculosis in aquaculture.
Direction
SANTOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
SANTOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)
Addictions in the 21 st Century: Prevalence, Consequences and Treatment.
Authorship
C.T.V.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
C.T.V.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
This thesis addresses drug addiction from a social and healthcare perspective, with a particular focus on the functioning of various rehabilitation institutions involved in the treatment of such addictions. The study contextualizes the phenomenon of addiction from a global perspective, delving into the prevalence of substance use, its effects on the central nervous system, and gender differences. Subsequently, through a comparative study based on structured interviews, four relevant organizations in this field are examined: Proyecto Hombre, ACLAD, Alborada, and AGALURE. Based on the data gathered from these interviews, an in-depth analysis of institutional responses is carried out, describing the therapeutic structure of the centers, the intervention models employed (abstinence-based, harm reduction, outpatient or residential care), and the integration of pharmacological and psychological treatment. Finally, the study identifies the common elements shared by the organizations interviewed, as well as their methodological, organizational, and philosophical differences. The findings underscore the need for a comprehensive, personalized, and coordinated approach between the public system and specialized entities, highlighting the importance of networking, family involvement, and social awareness to combat the persistent stigma surrounding people with addictions.
This thesis addresses drug addiction from a social and healthcare perspective, with a particular focus on the functioning of various rehabilitation institutions involved in the treatment of such addictions. The study contextualizes the phenomenon of addiction from a global perspective, delving into the prevalence of substance use, its effects on the central nervous system, and gender differences. Subsequently, through a comparative study based on structured interviews, four relevant organizations in this field are examined: Proyecto Hombre, ACLAD, Alborada, and AGALURE. Based on the data gathered from these interviews, an in-depth analysis of institutional responses is carried out, describing the therapeutic structure of the centers, the intervention models employed (abstinence-based, harm reduction, outpatient or residential care), and the integration of pharmacological and psychological treatment. Finally, the study identifies the common elements shared by the organizations interviewed, as well as their methodological, organizational, and philosophical differences. The findings underscore the need for a comprehensive, personalized, and coordinated approach between the public system and specialized entities, highlighting the importance of networking, family involvement, and social awareness to combat the persistent stigma surrounding people with addictions.
Direction
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Tutorships)
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)
Therapeutic monitoring of monoclonal antibodies
Authorship
L.V.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
L.V.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have revolutionized the treatment of numerous pathologies in areas such as oncology and inflammatory diseases, thanks to their high specificity and efficacy. However, their application in clinical practice is limited by their interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response, both of which are conditioned by factors such as target antigen expression, immunogenicity and the presence of other drugs. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is considered a key tool to optimize these treatments, allowing dose adjustment according to the mAb concentration and the clinical response observed in each patient. This approach makes it possible to improve treatment efficacy, reduce adverse effects and personalize therapy. For its implementation, it is essential to choose the suitable analyte, biological sample and analysis technique. Although there are still certain limitations such as the lack of therapeutic ranges, standardized methodology and availability of unified methods, the use of TDM in combination with clinical decision algorithms and population pharmacokinetic models constitutes a great advance and the future of personalized medicine.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have revolutionized the treatment of numerous pathologies in areas such as oncology and inflammatory diseases, thanks to their high specificity and efficacy. However, their application in clinical practice is limited by their interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response, both of which are conditioned by factors such as target antigen expression, immunogenicity and the presence of other drugs. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is considered a key tool to optimize these treatments, allowing dose adjustment according to the mAb concentration and the clinical response observed in each patient. This approach makes it possible to improve treatment efficacy, reduce adverse effects and personalize therapy. For its implementation, it is essential to choose the suitable analyte, biological sample and analysis technique. Although there are still certain limitations such as the lack of therapeutic ranges, standardized methodology and availability of unified methods, the use of TDM in combination with clinical decision algorithms and population pharmacokinetic models constitutes a great advance and the future of personalized medicine.
Direction
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)
Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Complications and Treatments.
Authorship
N.V.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
N.V.F.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, traditionally known as bone marrow transplantation, is an essential medical strategy in the treatment of certain haematological malignancies, bone marrow failure, genetic disorders or immunodeficiencies, and in many cases is the only curative treatment. This name originates from the fact that, initially, stem cells were obtained by direct puncture of the bone marrow from the iliac crests of the pelvic bone. Nowadays, there are other viable sources for obtaining haematopoietic progenitors: mobilised peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood. The procedure consists of reconstitution or replacement of haematopoietic progenitors by healthy stem cell infusion after conditioning therapy. The stem cells are previously selected on the basis of various clinical and immunological criteria, the main one being HLA compatibility between donor and recipient, ensuring that the transplant is as effective as possible and with the fewest adverse effects for the patient. These cells can be obtained from the patient himself or from an allogeneic donor, related or otherwise. Prophylactic measures, aimed at reducing the risk of post-transplant complications, such as graft-versus-host disease, microbiological infections or graft failure, are essential to ensure treatment's efficacy.
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, traditionally known as bone marrow transplantation, is an essential medical strategy in the treatment of certain haematological malignancies, bone marrow failure, genetic disorders or immunodeficiencies, and in many cases is the only curative treatment. This name originates from the fact that, initially, stem cells were obtained by direct puncture of the bone marrow from the iliac crests of the pelvic bone. Nowadays, there are other viable sources for obtaining haematopoietic progenitors: mobilised peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood. The procedure consists of reconstitution or replacement of haematopoietic progenitors by healthy stem cell infusion after conditioning therapy. The stem cells are previously selected on the basis of various clinical and immunological criteria, the main one being HLA compatibility between donor and recipient, ensuring that the transplant is as effective as possible and with the fewest adverse effects for the patient. These cells can be obtained from the patient himself or from an allogeneic donor, related or otherwise. Prophylactic measures, aimed at reducing the risk of post-transplant complications, such as graft-versus-host disease, microbiological infections or graft failure, are essential to ensure treatment's efficacy.
Direction
Varela Calviño, Rubén (Tutorships)
Varela Calviño, Rubén (Tutorships)
Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
García Santos, María Isabel (Member)
Pharmacological treatment of ADHD: Analysis of current pharmacological forms
Authorship
V.V.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
V.V.L.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood and adolescence, characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Its treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach based on a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies, aimed at improving the patient's symptomatology and quality of life. Pharmacological treatment includes first-line stimulants, methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine, recognized for their high efficacy, and non stimulant options, atomoxetine and guanfacine. Both groups are available in immediate- and extended-release formulations in tablets, hard capsules and oral solutions. Recently, new pharmaceutical forms have been developed to improve treatment adherence and efficacy, which have received FDA approval, like Azstarys, Qelbree and Xelstrym, although they have not yet been authorised in Europe. Other drugs in pipeline phase, such as centanafadine and tipepidine, could represent new therapeutic alternatives for the ADHD's treatment.
ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood and adolescence, characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Its treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach based on a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies, aimed at improving the patient's symptomatology and quality of life. Pharmacological treatment includes first-line stimulants, methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine, recognized for their high efficacy, and non stimulant options, atomoxetine and guanfacine. Both groups are available in immediate- and extended-release formulations in tablets, hard capsules and oral solutions. Recently, new pharmaceutical forms have been developed to improve treatment adherence and efficacy, which have received FDA approval, like Azstarys, Qelbree and Xelstrym, although they have not yet been authorised in Europe. Other drugs in pipeline phase, such as centanafadine and tipepidine, could represent new therapeutic alternatives for the ADHD's treatment.
Direction
CSABA , NOEMI STEFANIA (Tutorships)
CSABA , NOEMI STEFANIA (Tutorships)
Court
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
Advances in the treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authorship
N.V.R.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
N.V.R.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons. Despite decades of research, there is still no definitive cure. This work reviews the most recent advances in the treatment of ALS, analyzing both approved therapies and those in advanced stages of clinical research. Different mechanisms of action are examined, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, inhibition of specific cellular pathways, and more personalized approaches targeting specific genetic mutations such as SOD1, C9orf72 and FUS.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons. Despite decades of research, there is still no definitive cure. This work reviews the most recent advances in the treatment of ALS, analyzing both approved therapies and those in advanced stages of clinical research. Different mechanisms of action are examined, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, inhibition of specific cellular pathways, and more personalized approaches targeting specific genetic mutations such as SOD1, C9orf72 and FUS.
Direction
FONTENLA GIL, JOSE ANGEL (Tutorships)
FONTENLA GIL, JOSE ANGEL (Tutorships)
Court
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
BERGUEIRO ALVAREZ, JULIAN (Secretary)
DIAZ TAPIA, PILAR (Member)
Comprehensive approach for the prevention and treatment of skin cancer induced by solar radiation
Authorship
O.Z.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
O.Z.
Degree in Pharmacy (2nd edition)
Defense date
07.21.2025 09:00
07.21.2025 09:00
Summary
Introduction. Skin cancer represents one of the most significant public health challenges. It is classified into non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), which includes basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. While NMSC is more common and has a relatively favorable prognosis, melanoma is less frequent but carries a potentially worse outcome. Objectives. This study is of paramount importance, as it aims to critically analyze and present the current state of treatments and therapeutic strategies for UV radiation-associated skin cancer, thereby making a significant contribution to the fields of dermatology and oncology. Materials and Methods. To ensure the reliability and comprehensiveness of our findings, we conducted a systematic literature review that included scientific articles from a wide range of reputable databases (PubMed, SciELO, Dialnet, Elsevier, Cochrane, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, Scopus), along with books and official sources. Results and Discussion. Solar radiation (UV) has both beneficial and harmful effects. The importance of primary prevention through topical and oral photoprotection, as well as secondary prevention via early detection, cannot be overstated. These strategies are crucial to reduce the incidence of skin cancer. Treatments vary depending on skin cancer type and include topical therapies, surgical interventions, and systemic approaches. Conclusions. Protecting our skin from harmful rays requires a comprehensive approach that includes topical sunscreens, oral supplements containing antioxidants, and proper habits to enhance our defense against sun damage.
Introduction. Skin cancer represents one of the most significant public health challenges. It is classified into non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), which includes basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. While NMSC is more common and has a relatively favorable prognosis, melanoma is less frequent but carries a potentially worse outcome. Objectives. This study is of paramount importance, as it aims to critically analyze and present the current state of treatments and therapeutic strategies for UV radiation-associated skin cancer, thereby making a significant contribution to the fields of dermatology and oncology. Materials and Methods. To ensure the reliability and comprehensiveness of our findings, we conducted a systematic literature review that included scientific articles from a wide range of reputable databases (PubMed, SciELO, Dialnet, Elsevier, Cochrane, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, Scopus), along with books and official sources. Results and Discussion. Solar radiation (UV) has both beneficial and harmful effects. The importance of primary prevention through topical and oral photoprotection, as well as secondary prevention via early detection, cannot be overstated. These strategies are crucial to reduce the incidence of skin cancer. Treatments vary depending on skin cancer type and include topical therapies, surgical interventions, and systemic approaches. Conclusions. Protecting our skin from harmful rays requires a comprehensive approach that includes topical sunscreens, oral supplements containing antioxidants, and proper habits to enhance our defense against sun damage.
Direction
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)
CAMPOS TOIMIL, MANUEL (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ, Mª DEL CARMEN (Member)