ECTS credits ECTS credits: 6
ECTS Hours Rules/Memories Student's work ECTS: 99 Hours of tutorials: 3 Expository Class: 24 Interactive Classroom: 24 Total: 150
Use languages Spanish, Galician
Type: Ordinary Degree Subject RD 1393/2007 - 822/2021
Departments: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Areas: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Center Faculty of Pharmacy
Call: First Semester
Teaching: Sin docencia (Extinguida)
Enrolment: No Matriculable
This course seeks that the future pharmacist will be able to interpret the state of health from the results of a clinical chemistry laboratory analysis, in order to achieve one of the following purposes:
a) To obtain information for a better understanding of a health problem.
b) To guide the patient towards a faster recovery.
c) To recommend an appointment with the physician/specialist to check any health problem, when appropriate.
Therefore, each chapter reviews aspects such as sampling, biochemical markers, proper interpretation of test results, and the limitations that must be taken into account when a laboratory test is used as a tool for the detection, diagnosis, monitoring or prognosis of a clinical problem.
Expository Classes:
The classes will cover the following items.
Subject Group I: General Principles of Operation of the Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry
This subject group will introduce the fundamentals for realization and interpretation of clinical analysis. The process of requesting an analysis, the biological material to be tested, as well as the fundaments of interpreting results will be reviewed.
Unit 1. Requesting Analysis Application. Blood and urine specimens.
Unit 2. Sources of Analytical Variation.
Unit 3. Rules form clinical interpretations of the results
Unit 4. Analysis in a Pharmacy Office: Point-of-care Testing.
Subject Group II: Functional Assessment of Organs and Systems,
In this block, the principal organs and physiological systems will be covered, including what biological indicators and material are the most adequate, the analysis’ fundamental principles and limitations, diagnostic methodology and clinical significance of the results. In some topics, strategies to approach a diferential diagnose will be reviewed.
Unit 5. Evaluation of Liver Function and Integrity.
Unit 6. Evaluation of Renal Function.
Unit 7. Water and Electrolytes Homeostasis.
Unit 8. Blood gases: Investigation of Acid-Base homeostasis
Unit 9. The Clinical Utility of Plasma Proteins.
Unit 10. Investigation of Dyslipidemias and Cardiovascular Risk
Unit 11. Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes Mellitus.
Unit 12. Exploring Heart Disease
Unit 13. Biochemical Exploration of Bone Disease. Mineral Metabolism.
Unit 14. Exploring Pancreatic and Intestinal Diseases
Unit 15. Program for Early Detection of Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases.
Seminars or Interactive Classes
The topics that will be covered are:
IC-1: Materials and Specimen Collection. Clinical Case: Unexpected results
IC-2: A) Clinical Scenarios of Liver Disease. B) of Kidney Disease.
IC-3: A) Clinical Evaluation of Acid-Base Status. B) Diabetes.
IC-4: A) Normal and Altered Electrophoretic Profiles. B) Isoenzyme profiles.
Training or Practical Laboratory Classes:
The planned lessons are:
Practice 1. Implementation and Interpretation of Urinalysis.
Practice 2. Quantification of enzyme activity: Alkaline Phosphatase as an example
Practice 3. Phenotypic Assignation of Dyslipidemias and Cardiovascular Risc Assessment
Practice 4. HbA1c. Diabetic patient monitoring
These sessions will necessarily be adapted to the schedule programed by the Dean’s Office of the School of Pharmacy which includes the student groups, date and time of the session. On the last day of the lessons, evyry student will have to reproduce parts of any the analytical procedures, calculations or results interpretations in order to assessment his/her practical skills. The student's laboratory notebook is allowed to use during this exam.
Basic:
a) Principios de Bioquímica Clínica y Patología Molecular. Alvaro González Hernández. 3ª edición. Elsevier. Barcelona-2019. ISBN 978-84-9113-389-6. This is the textbook that best suits this course as well as the optional continuation of this class, Clinical Biochemistry.
b) Practice in Clinical Chemistry. 4th Ed. William Clarke and Mark A. Marzinke. Elsevier-Academic Press, 2020. ISBN978-0-12-815499-1. Avanced
This is a high level Clinical Chemistry book, for those student interested in achieve a deep and updated knowledge of this discipline.
c) Laboratorio Clínico: Indicaciones e Interpretación de los resultados. Kathleen Pagana, Timothy Pagana. Primera Edición en Español. Traducido por Martha Elena Buschbeck para Editorial El Manual Moderno S.A. Mexico-2015. ISBN 978-607-448-508-0
This is the Spanish version of “Mosby's Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests”, 5th edition. Elsevier-2014.
d) Lab Tests Online (http://www.labtestonline.es)
Website of the Spanish Society of Clinical Chemistry (SEQC) which is the Spanish equivalent of the homonymous organization, the American Association for Clinical Chemistry. This website contains updated and relevant information on physiology and pathological conditions, as well as clinical guidelines and laboratory diagnostic tests, and is designed as a helpful reference for medical professionals as well as patients.
Complementary.
a) Bioquímica Médica. John W. Baynes y Marek H. Dominiczak. 5ª Edición. Elsevier. –Barcelona-2019. ISBN 978-84-9113-406-0.
A good book for reviewing general Biochemical concepts
b) Best & Taylor: Bases Fisiológicas de la Práctica Médica. MA Dvorkin, PD Cardinali y RH Iermoli. 14ª edición. ED. Médica Panamericana. Buenos Aires-2010. ISBN: 978-950-06-0253-2
A good book for reviewing physiology and pathophysiology
c) Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 23rd Ed. Richard A. McPherson & Matthew R. Pincus. Elsevier-Saunders, 2017. ISBN 978-0-323-29568-0
This subject has a clinical-care approach. It teaches you how to interpret the information contained in the analytical results in order to understand the physiological and pathological health status. This subject is designed to provide training in the general and specific skills CIN/2137/2008 Order, in the manner detailed below:
General skills (code GC1 and CG2 in the MF module) focus on:
• To understand the underlying methodology of laboratory tests and to be able to interpret their results to provide the corresponding diagnostic options.
• To understand the human body structure and the general mechanisms of disease, molecular and functional alterations, syndromic alterations and therapeutic tools to restore health.
• To develop communication skills and the capacity to relay information to other health professionals or patients.
• To carry out pharmaceutical care activities.
• To recognize what your own limitations are, and the need to keep your professional competence up to date.
Specific skills.
• Design, implement and evaluate reagents, analytical methods and techniques of clinical use. To understand the principles and fundamentals of biochemical analyzes (B01; Q02, MF02; MF03).
• Learn the analytical techniques for laboratory approaches to diseases (Q03, Q10, MF02, MF03, MF14) .
• Participate in activities for promotion of health and prevention of disease at the following levels: individual, family and community (LS01).
• To develop the skills necessary for oral and written communication with patients and health care professionals (LS08).
Transversal skills.
Among all of the possible generic skills being developed, more emphasis will be given to the following:
• Information management and organization (CI08).
• Troubleshooting (CI09).
• Skills to communicate with experts in other areas (CP05)
• Skills to work autonomously (CS08).
A) Large Group Lectures: these last about 55 minutes and are scheduled in the general calendar established by the Dean's Office of the Faculty of Pharmacy (hereinafter "Dean's Calendar").
The professor presents the subject with the help of computer projections and/or the use of the blackboard. Students participate by paying attention to the explanations and responding individually in writing or "online" to the questions available for a limited period of time during the class. Students may use their own notebook to help with the answers, but are not allowed to share information with each other.
B) Interactive classes in small groups: These are activities of 2 hours per week scheduled according to the Dean's Calendar. In each session, the professor introduces a professional clinical scene related to a previous class in order to practice the concepts and laboratory parameters that are the aim of the course. As another formative activity, success will also be evaluated by answering questions in a short period of time as described in A).
C) Laboratory Training Classes: These classes are held in the laboratory of the Biochemistry Department of the Faculty of Pharmacy. The laboratory manual will be available in the virtual classroom, where each experimental session will be summarised, and the lecturer's explanation will be valuable to cover some information gaps.
The student may also be requested to answer short questions related to those theoretical aspects that are learning objectives during these training sessions. In addition, there will be a specific exam at the end of the practical sessions to assess their skills, attitude and ability in the laboratory. The distribution and the laboratory sessions of the students are planned in the Dean's Calendar list. Any student outside the Dean's Calendar list should inform the subject coordinator to arrange the situation.
D) Tutorials in very small groups: These classes are also scheduled in the Dean's calendar. The tutorials are used to clarify doubts about theoretical or practical aspects of the whole subject. Initially, the tutorials are face-to-face for a small number of students, but any student may request individual tutorials with the teacher for personalised interaction to improve their academic performance.
The final grade for this subject will be based on three evaluation blocks.
a) Continuous Assessment (CA). During all face-to-face sessions students may be required to solve short questions or activities that will allow them to accumulate points in their account, to improve their grade. In case of a wrong answer, the teacher will send a feedback with information about the error, but no negative value will be given. At the end of the semester, the cumulative points will be used to improve the marks of those who have successfully passed the exam (c).
b) Practical Skills (PS). The practical skills acquired during the laboratory training sessions will be evaluated with a specific and individual exam in which the student will have to reproduce and/or interpret parts of the analytical process performed during the training sessions. It is allowed, and highly recommended, to bring your own completed laboratory manual and calculator. The grade will be "Apto/ PASS" or "No-Apto/FAIL". In case of failure, the student will have to repeat the practical skills test at the next official examination period. Successful completion of the course requires a Pass in the PS test.
c) Knowledge Assessment (KA) . In this exam 50 specific questions, in several formats, relative to clinical cases to approach some razonable interpretation of clinical status of patients. The exam extends over 90 minutes and scored numerically between 0-50 points. Zero-point will be given by wrong or no-answeres; but a minor score of 20% by chapters and 37 points in all exam will be required in order to "Pass" the exam.
At any time, a student who commits fraud in any of the exercises or tests will be punished as according to the regulation available in “Normativa de Evaluación del Rendimiento Académico de los Estudiantes y de la Revisión de Cualificacións” of the University of Santiago de Compostela. Accordingly he/she will be graded as Fail (0.0)
FIRST OPPORTUNITY (1-OP):
In order to successfully pass this subject for the first exam period (1-OP) it will be necessary to achieve a grade of “Approved/APTO” in the PS and also pass those minimum scores in the KA; Contrary sense, students who do not fulfill these criterion will be graded as Fail and scored between 0.0 and 4.0). Getting 37 or more points by KA a score improvement will be applied as a results of adding his/her CT points to the KA points. The score improvement will not apply when KA score is 36 or lower.
The finnal score of each student will be transfered to their academic record as decimal applying the following algorithm [Nota= (0.150 score) – 0.518]. The maximum grade, MH, will be assigned among those students with higher than Outstanding (9.5) grade.
In this time of assessment two exceptional condictions will be considered:
1-Students who have a Attendance Exemption from the Pharmacy School Dean’s Office need to achieve “Apto/Pass” in the PS (within the last five academic years) as well as an exam score of 37 points or higher. They finnaly grade as is described in the second Opportunity (see below).
2- Students who are taking this class for the second, or more times, could choose his/her assessment criterion between the two options: as by defaults or as student having an Exception (1), But whenever he/she communicate his choice to the subject coordinator, answering a request in the Virtual Campus best before Octuber 5th.
SECOND OPPORTUNITY:
For the Second Exam Period (2-OP): The requirements to success the subject are quite similar to that described above, but there will be just three differences :
a) The CA score will not be used, but equivalent score will be gotten from +1 point for each correct answer to each one of the 10 questions with the highest degree of difficulty in the KC, and also only applied when 37 or higher score are achieved in the exam.
b) Decimal transformation value uses a similar procedure but the algoritm will be adjusted to 60 points of maximal score.
c) No Maximal Grade (MH) will be assigned in this Opportunity for outstanding score.
Also an exceptional situation of assesment may be considered in this 2-OP: Students who have achieved a FAIL grade in the 1-OP by grade as FAIL in his/her PS, but his/her had been reached a final puntuation score (KA+CA) higher than 53 points, then he/she would not have to do a new KA testin this 2-OP, just only PS.
Whatever the skills be (General, Specific or Traversal) everyone can be grade by a combination test as follows:
Assessment_____________ Kind of skill___________ Competence code___________________________
Continuous Training ............... General .......................CG1; CG2
............................................. Specific .......................B01; MF02; MF03; MF14; LS01; LS08
............................................. Transversal ........................CI08; CI09; CP05; CS08
Practical skills......................... General .......................CG1; CG2
............................................. Specific .......................MF02; MF03; MF11; MF14; LS01; Q03; Q10
............................................. Transversal ........................CI08; CI09; CP05; CS08
Knowledge Assessment test.. General................................CG1; CG2
............................................ Specific................................MF02; MF03; MF14; LS01; B01; B03; Q10
............................................ Transversal .......................CI08; CI09; CP05; CS08
WORK IN THE CLASSROOM ,…................HOURS
Large Group Lectures,.................................30
Small Group Interactive Classes,....................8
Very Small Group Tutorial Classes,.................3
Laboratory Training Classes,........................16
Exam and revisions,......................................3
Total hours of classroom work,...................60
PERSONAL WORK BY STUDENT,…................HOURS
Individual self-study or group study,..............66
Solving exercises, or
other non-synchronous homework,...... .......15
Guidance and resolution of doubts,.................4
Preparing for practical training classe,..............2
Taking exams and revisions,...........................3
Total hours of personal work,.......................90
Learning to interpret analytical laboratory results to assess the clinical status in a patient is something like learning a new language, in which vocabulary is each biochemical marker that can have different meanings, and algorithms and rules for combining markers, such as grammatical rules, allow useful information to be communicated. With an analysis, we can detect a health problem or guide the search towards its identification.
Successful performance in this subject requires an understanding of the "why", "where" and "how" of each biochemical test, so that it is easier to remember when to use it and what information it can provide.
If you do not pass this subject at the first opportunity, it is advisable to go to the exam review, because it will help you to identify the points with less mastery and that, therefore, need to be worked on more for the second opportunity.
It is also advisable to visit the virtual complement of this course in the Virtual Campus to access much of the information presented in the lectures. Any possible updates to the class schedule will be communicated through the Virtual Campus and/or MS Teams.
Proper knowledge of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Techniques are recommended, as well as an understanding of Biochemistry I and II, Human Physiology I and II, and also Physio-pathology.
Manuel Felix Camiña Darriba
Coordinador/a- Department
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Area
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Phone
- 881814933
- felix.camina [at] usc.es
- Category
- Professor: University Lecturer
Aurora Gomez Duran
- Department
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Area
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- aurora.gomez [at] usc.es
- Category
- Researcher: Ramón y Cajal
Sofia Sanchez Iglesias
- Department
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Area
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- sofia.sanchez [at] usc.es
- Category
- Professor: LOU (Organic Law for Universities) PhD Assistant Professor
Silvia Cobelo Gómez
- Department
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Area
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- silvia.cobelo.gomez [at] usc.es
- Category
- USC Pre-doctoral Contract
Ricardo Villa Bellosta
- Department
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Area
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Phone
- 881815370
- ricardo.villa [at] usc.es
- Category
- Researcher: Ramón y Cajal
André Pérez Potti
- Department
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Area
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- andre.perez [at] usc.es
- Category
- Researcher: Ramón y Cajal
| Monday | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 10:00-11:00 | Grupo B/CLE_02 | Galician | 5035 Classroom 6 Faculty of Law |
| 17:00-18:00 | Grupo A/CLE_01 | Galician | 5035 Classroom 6 Faculty of Law |
| Tuesday | |||
| 10:00-11:00 | Grupo B/CLE_02 | Galician | 5035 Classroom 6 Faculty of Law |
| 17:00-18:00 | Grupo A/CLE_01 | Galician | 5035 Classroom 6 Faculty of Law |
| Wednesday | |||
| 10:00-11:00 | Grupo B/CLE_02 | Galician | 5035 Classroom 6 Faculty of Law |
| 17:00-18:00 | Grupo A/CLE_01 | Galician | 5035 Classroom 6 Faculty of Law |
| Thursday | |||
| 10:00-11:00 | Grupo B/CLE_02 | Galician | 5035 Classroom 6 Faculty of Law |
| 17:00-18:00 | Grupo A/CLE_01 | Galician | 5035 Classroom 6 Faculty of Law |
| Friday | |||
| 10:00-11:00 | Grupo B/CLE_02 | Galician | 5035 Classroom 6 Faculty of Law |
| 17:00-18:00 | Grupo A/CLE_01 | Galician | 5035 Classroom 6 Faculty of Law |