Programa Vírate: Intervention aimed at minors who sexually assult.
Authorship
S.A.R.
Bachelor of Criminology
S.A.R.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
06.30.2025 11:30
06.30.2025 11:30
Summary
This Final Degree Project presents the design of a criminological intervention program aimed at minors serving a judicial measure for the commission of sexual offenses, as defined under Title VIII of the Spanish Penal Code (1995). The proposal arises from the low availability of specific interventions for this type of offense in the Galician region. The program is designed for implementation at this region with the objective to reduce the risk of recidivism through intervention on dynamic risk factors identified in criminology as precipitating elements of criminal behavior. To this end, a multisystemic approach is adopted, primarily based on the cognitive-behavioral model, addressing areas such as problem recognition, healthy sexuality, self-esteem, victim empathy, emotional self-regulation, and the identification of personal and social aspirations. The program is structured into seven modules, with weekly activities that combine group-based theoretical-practical dynamics with individualized work. In order to evaluate the program’s effectiveness, an intergroup assessment is proposed using an adapted version of the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II (J-SOAP-II), applying the intervention to an experimental group and comparing it to a control group. The aim is to obtain comparative results that support the validity of the intervention. Ultimately, it is expected that, following the program’s implementation, the experimental group will show significant reduction in risk factors associated with unlawful sexual behavior.
This Final Degree Project presents the design of a criminological intervention program aimed at minors serving a judicial measure for the commission of sexual offenses, as defined under Title VIII of the Spanish Penal Code (1995). The proposal arises from the low availability of specific interventions for this type of offense in the Galician region. The program is designed for implementation at this region with the objective to reduce the risk of recidivism through intervention on dynamic risk factors identified in criminology as precipitating elements of criminal behavior. To this end, a multisystemic approach is adopted, primarily based on the cognitive-behavioral model, addressing areas such as problem recognition, healthy sexuality, self-esteem, victim empathy, emotional self-regulation, and the identification of personal and social aspirations. The program is structured into seven modules, with weekly activities that combine group-based theoretical-practical dynamics with individualized work. In order to evaluate the program’s effectiveness, an intergroup assessment is proposed using an adapted version of the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II (J-SOAP-II), applying the intervention to an experimental group and comparing it to a control group. The aim is to obtain comparative results that support the validity of the intervention. Ultimately, it is expected that, following the program’s implementation, the experimental group will show significant reduction in risk factors associated with unlawful sexual behavior.
Direction
PICON PRADO, EDUARDO (Tutorships)
PICON PRADO, EDUARDO (Tutorships)
Court
PICON PRADO, EDUARDO (Student’s tutor)
PICON PRADO, EDUARDO (Student’s tutor)
Study on drug-facilitated sexual assault
Authorship
D.A.A.
Bachelor of Criminology
D.A.A.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:30
07.16.2025 12:30
Summary
In recent years, drug-facilitated sexual assaults have increased significantly, generating growing social alarm. The objective of this Final Degree Project is to examine the recent scientific literature on this type of facilitated sexual assaults, seeking to update existing knowledge on the subject and shed light on the status of the problem, as well as to guide its approach to achieve greater effectiveness in action protocols. A search was conducted in the Web of Science and PubMed databases for articles published between 2020 and 2025, both included. The search yielded a total of 236 documents, which were reduced to 19. Other documents and legislation obtained from other bibliographic sources were added. As a result, it was possible to identify that the most frequent victim profile is a young woman, while the perpetrator profile is usually a man with an average age of 33 years. Furthermore, the data analysed show that alcohol is the most used substance in these assaults. These tend to occur in nightlife settings and in private homes, demonstrating the existence of recurring patterns in the setting and circumstances in which these crimes occur. Recent legislative changes to the Penal Code have adapted criminal responses to these types of attacks. The Ministry of Justice's Guide to Good Practices for Forensic Action (2022) establishes guidelines for the proper assessment and documentation of injuries in cases of psychoactive substances-facilitated crimes. The SERGAS protocol (2025) coordinates the actions of the healthcare services, the on-call court, and the IMELGA to ensure comprehensive and specialized care for victims of chemical submission.
In recent years, drug-facilitated sexual assaults have increased significantly, generating growing social alarm. The objective of this Final Degree Project is to examine the recent scientific literature on this type of facilitated sexual assaults, seeking to update existing knowledge on the subject and shed light on the status of the problem, as well as to guide its approach to achieve greater effectiveness in action protocols. A search was conducted in the Web of Science and PubMed databases for articles published between 2020 and 2025, both included. The search yielded a total of 236 documents, which were reduced to 19. Other documents and legislation obtained from other bibliographic sources were added. As a result, it was possible to identify that the most frequent victim profile is a young woman, while the perpetrator profile is usually a man with an average age of 33 years. Furthermore, the data analysed show that alcohol is the most used substance in these assaults. These tend to occur in nightlife settings and in private homes, demonstrating the existence of recurring patterns in the setting and circumstances in which these crimes occur. Recent legislative changes to the Penal Code have adapted criminal responses to these types of attacks. The Ministry of Justice's Guide to Good Practices for Forensic Action (2022) establishes guidelines for the proper assessment and documentation of injuries in cases of psychoactive substances-facilitated crimes. The SERGAS protocol (2025) coordinates the actions of the healthcare services, the on-call court, and the IMELGA to ensure comprehensive and specialized care for victims of chemical submission.
Direction
SÁNCHEZ SELLERO, INÉS (Tutorships)
SÁNCHEZ SELLERO, INÉS (Tutorships)
Court
SÁNCHEZ SELLERO, INÉS (Student’s tutor)
SÁNCHEZ SELLERO, INÉS (Student’s tutor)
Rhetoric in the contemporary legal sistem
Authorship
G.A.A.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
G.A.A.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.20.2025 11:00
02.20.2025 11:00
Summary
Rhetoric is an art that has been practiced since the beginning of rational human existence. This art, which is rarely studied today, is a powerful tool for contemporary legal practitioners. This work seeks to understand the importance of rhetoric in the legal field. To achieve this goal, it is crucial to understand the fundamentals of the subject, as rhetoric is closely linked to legal argumentation, each needing the other to complement and achieve the ultimate goal, which must always be justice. This powerful tool, known as rhetoric, was studied in ancient Greece by great philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero, among others. However, even in the 20th century, philosophers like Charles Perelman and Robert Alexy continued to explore the subject. Today, legal philosophy is losing its presence within law schools. Legal argumentation and rhetoric, arts that have been practiced for centuries, are weakening because their study is no longer encouraged in university classrooms. However, when these two disciplines are combined, they possess a high persuasive power, some call it psychological manipulation, while others understand it as guiding the soul toward justice. Like everything in this world, rhetoric has both a positive and a negative side. The positive aspect, as mentioned, aims at the pursuit of truth and the application of justice. However, what happens if someone uses rhetoric for malicious purposes? This is why it is essential to recognize the intention behind its application
Rhetoric is an art that has been practiced since the beginning of rational human existence. This art, which is rarely studied today, is a powerful tool for contemporary legal practitioners. This work seeks to understand the importance of rhetoric in the legal field. To achieve this goal, it is crucial to understand the fundamentals of the subject, as rhetoric is closely linked to legal argumentation, each needing the other to complement and achieve the ultimate goal, which must always be justice. This powerful tool, known as rhetoric, was studied in ancient Greece by great philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero, among others. However, even in the 20th century, philosophers like Charles Perelman and Robert Alexy continued to explore the subject. Today, legal philosophy is losing its presence within law schools. Legal argumentation and rhetoric, arts that have been practiced for centuries, are weakening because their study is no longer encouraged in university classrooms. However, when these two disciplines are combined, they possess a high persuasive power, some call it psychological manipulation, while others understand it as guiding the soul toward justice. Like everything in this world, rhetoric has both a positive and a negative side. The positive aspect, as mentioned, aims at the pursuit of truth and the application of justice. However, what happens if someone uses rhetoric for malicious purposes? This is why it is essential to recognize the intention behind its application
Direction
OTERO PARGA, MILAGROS MARIA (Tutorships)
OTERO PARGA, MILAGROS MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
OTERO PARGA, MILAGROS MARIA (Student’s tutor)
OTERO PARGA, MILAGROS MARIA (Student’s tutor)
The production of evidence obtained by private parties in criminal proceedings
Authorship
N.A.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.A.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 13:15
06.26.2025 13:15
Summary
The purpose of this paper is limited to an analysis of the evidence that may be provided by individuals in criminal proceedings. Firstly, and in order to situate the reader, a brief outline is given of the guiding principles present in this area. Under these premises, the necessary theoretical notions of unlawfulness and the rule of evidential exclusion are set out. In order to help create a complete picture, we have studied the effects of this phenomenon and, in particular, the risk to which the fundamental rights and freedoms of both parties and third parties are exposed. On this basis of knowledge, we proceed to an examination of the diverse casuistry that has reached our courts: from the pioneering court rulings, to the well-known Falciani case, and up to the present day. We have observed the requirements demanded by the courts for the admissibility of this evidence in the process. Ultimately, we have collected the consequences derived from the changes in jurisprudential direction in the absence of an efficient and solid normative statement.
The purpose of this paper is limited to an analysis of the evidence that may be provided by individuals in criminal proceedings. Firstly, and in order to situate the reader, a brief outline is given of the guiding principles present in this area. Under these premises, the necessary theoretical notions of unlawfulness and the rule of evidential exclusion are set out. In order to help create a complete picture, we have studied the effects of this phenomenon and, in particular, the risk to which the fundamental rights and freedoms of both parties and third parties are exposed. On this basis of knowledge, we proceed to an examination of the diverse casuistry that has reached our courts: from the pioneering court rulings, to the well-known Falciani case, and up to the present day. We have observed the requirements demanded by the courts for the admissibility of this evidence in the process. Ultimately, we have collected the consequences derived from the changes in jurisprudential direction in the absence of an efficient and solid normative statement.
Direction
RODRIGUEZ ALVAREZ, ANA (Tutorships)
RODRIGUEZ ALVAREZ, ANA (Tutorships)
Court
RODRIGUEZ ALVAREZ, ANA (Student’s tutor)
RODRIGUEZ ALVAREZ, ANA (Student’s tutor)
Artificial Intelligence and automated decisions by the Public Administration in Spain
Authorship
N.A.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.A.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 11:00
07.18.2025 11:00
Summary
Artificial Intelligence es a scientific discipline that, through the use of algorithms and data, is capable, by means of AI systems, of analyzing the information provided, ordering it, filtering it and obtaining from it a solution for the achievement of a series of specific objectives. In this paper we will talk about the evolution of AI and its impact on society, economy and environment of the great powers. Specifically, the European Union and Spain. The aim of these AI systems is to benefit human begin by causing only those damages necessary to achieve this objective. The importance of the protection of fundamental rights and the values of the Union is highlighted when trying to achieve these objectives, as well as the protection of Democracy and the Rule of Law. It is well known that AI entails harm and risks, but the Member States of the Union must be prepared for any challenges that may arise and for this purpose, guidelines are created such as the Ethical Guidelines for a reliable AI, or the European Strategy for shaping a prosperous future in Europe as well as many others. The same happens with AI in Spain, where we will also talk about its regulatory framework as well as the AI Strategies that Spain has and ants to put in place to make AI, in line with the EU, reliable, ethical, legal and robust. In addition, in this work we will also analyze important cases such as BOSCO, COMPAS or Syri. These cases have been fundamental to understand the scope and dangers of AI in relation to the opacity and lack of transparency of AI systems such as the risks of automated decisions of Public Administrations and the lack of auditability and accountability
Artificial Intelligence es a scientific discipline that, through the use of algorithms and data, is capable, by means of AI systems, of analyzing the information provided, ordering it, filtering it and obtaining from it a solution for the achievement of a series of specific objectives. In this paper we will talk about the evolution of AI and its impact on society, economy and environment of the great powers. Specifically, the European Union and Spain. The aim of these AI systems is to benefit human begin by causing only those damages necessary to achieve this objective. The importance of the protection of fundamental rights and the values of the Union is highlighted when trying to achieve these objectives, as well as the protection of Democracy and the Rule of Law. It is well known that AI entails harm and risks, but the Member States of the Union must be prepared for any challenges that may arise and for this purpose, guidelines are created such as the Ethical Guidelines for a reliable AI, or the European Strategy for shaping a prosperous future in Europe as well as many others. The same happens with AI in Spain, where we will also talk about its regulatory framework as well as the AI Strategies that Spain has and ants to put in place to make AI, in line with the EU, reliable, ethical, legal and robust. In addition, in this work we will also analyze important cases such as BOSCO, COMPAS or Syri. These cases have been fundamental to understand the scope and dangers of AI in relation to the opacity and lack of transparency of AI systems such as the risks of automated decisions of Public Administrations and the lack of auditability and accountability
Direction
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
Court
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Student’s tutor)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Student’s tutor)
International contracts. Restrictions to the exercise of the freedom of choice under Article 3 of the Rome I Regulation: domestic and intra-EU contracts (Articles 3.3 and 3.4 of Rome I).
Authorship
P.A.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
P.A.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 12:00
06.26.2025 12:00
Summary
This work aims to analyze the scope of party autonomy in the context of the choice of applicable law in international contractual obligations, from the perspective of Articles 3.3 and 3.4 of the Rome I Regulation. To this end, the study first examines the scope of application of Article 3.3, placing special emphasis on identifying when a situation is considered domestic and when it is international, with particular attention to the recent CJEU judgment in Inkreal. It also seeks to explain the effects that may arise from a choice-of-law agreement in complex scenarios, such as references to non-State normative frameworks, the so-called lex mercatoria, and the role of substantive autonomy in such choices. Likewise, attention will also be given to clarifying the scope of application of Article 3.4, determining which countries can be considered Member States, and the nature of the Community law provisions that may qualify as overriding mandatory rules taking into account the issue posed by the article’s requirement to apply the lex fori, as well as its spatial relationship with other rules contained in EU legal instruments. Once the scope of application and the nature of the rules covered by both articles have been defined, the paper will examine the relationship between domestic overriding mandatory provisions and the lois de police set out in Article 9 of the Rome I Regulation.
This work aims to analyze the scope of party autonomy in the context of the choice of applicable law in international contractual obligations, from the perspective of Articles 3.3 and 3.4 of the Rome I Regulation. To this end, the study first examines the scope of application of Article 3.3, placing special emphasis on identifying when a situation is considered domestic and when it is international, with particular attention to the recent CJEU judgment in Inkreal. It also seeks to explain the effects that may arise from a choice-of-law agreement in complex scenarios, such as references to non-State normative frameworks, the so-called lex mercatoria, and the role of substantive autonomy in such choices. Likewise, attention will also be given to clarifying the scope of application of Article 3.4, determining which countries can be considered Member States, and the nature of the Community law provisions that may qualify as overriding mandatory rules taking into account the issue posed by the article’s requirement to apply the lex fori, as well as its spatial relationship with other rules contained in EU legal instruments. Once the scope of application and the nature of the rules covered by both articles have been defined, the paper will examine the relationship between domestic overriding mandatory provisions and the lois de police set out in Article 9 of the Rome I Regulation.
Direction
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Tutorships)
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Student’s tutor)
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Student’s tutor)
Copyright and Artificial Intelligence
Authorship
L.A.A.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.A.A.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 12:00
07.14.2025 12:00
Summary
The development of AI systems has impacted the functioning of societies on a global scale; in this context, copyright law has been particularly challenged. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the legal issues arising at each stage of an AI system's lifecycle: the inputs, concerning the use of protected material in training datasets without the consent of the intellectual property holder; the prompts, addressing the possibility that a user’s instruction may contain a level of creativity sufficient to warrant protection; and the outputs, which raise issues that go beyond merely recognizing a right and identifying its holder. This analysis is based on a systematic review of legal scholarship, case law, and state responses to this phenomenon, with a particular focus on Spain and the European Union. Among the main conclusions, it is identified that while a European legal framework exists regarding inputs, it requires further development; in contrast, there is currently no regulation addressing the prompt and output phases, either at the European or national level.
The development of AI systems has impacted the functioning of societies on a global scale; in this context, copyright law has been particularly challenged. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the legal issues arising at each stage of an AI system's lifecycle: the inputs, concerning the use of protected material in training datasets without the consent of the intellectual property holder; the prompts, addressing the possibility that a user’s instruction may contain a level of creativity sufficient to warrant protection; and the outputs, which raise issues that go beyond merely recognizing a right and identifying its holder. This analysis is based on a systematic review of legal scholarship, case law, and state responses to this phenomenon, with a particular focus on Spain and the European Union. Among the main conclusions, it is identified that while a European legal framework exists regarding inputs, it requires further development; in contrast, there is currently no regulation addressing the prompt and output phases, either at the European or national level.
Direction
GARCIA VIDAL, ANGEL (Tutorships)
GARCIA VIDAL, ANGEL (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA VIDAL, ANGEL (Student’s tutor)
GARCIA VIDAL, ANGEL (Student’s tutor)
Victims of human trafficking in European Union law: Analysis of reparation mechanisms
Authorship
C.A.E.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.A.E.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:30
07.15.2025 11:30
Summary
In May 2024, the Unión European legislation increased with the adoption of Directive (EU) 2024/1385 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 on combating violence against women and domestic violence. This directive, among other things, incorporates new rights and protection measures for these victims and also partially amends Directive 2011/36 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting victims, because it don´t fully address the specific needs of victims. The crime of human trafficking, the subject of this paper, is not only a serious violation of the human rights, but also a specific form of this violence. In light of the increase in the number of victims of trafficking, taking into account the negative consequences it generates for its victims and, taking advantage of the commitment that the European Union has expressed to their reparation, this work seeks to identify the specific reparation mechanisms that are provided in European Union legislation. Starting from the five modalities of reparation established by the UN at the beginning of this century in Resolution 60/147, both Directives provide for compensation, rehabilitation measures and guarantees of non-repetition. However, they do not do so with respect to satisfaction. Furthermore, only one of them refers to restitution. The two laws share the regulation of these measures, but when it comes to making comparisons, Directive (EU) 2024/1385, which has yet to be transposed into de majority of domestic legislation, offers a more extensive and detailed regulation. In addition, to maintaining the “traditional” modalities of reparation, it includes measures related to new technologies, especially those relating to online support, which are more relevant to the current context.
In May 2024, the Unión European legislation increased with the adoption of Directive (EU) 2024/1385 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 on combating violence against women and domestic violence. This directive, among other things, incorporates new rights and protection measures for these victims and also partially amends Directive 2011/36 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting victims, because it don´t fully address the specific needs of victims. The crime of human trafficking, the subject of this paper, is not only a serious violation of the human rights, but also a specific form of this violence. In light of the increase in the number of victims of trafficking, taking into account the negative consequences it generates for its victims and, taking advantage of the commitment that the European Union has expressed to their reparation, this work seeks to identify the specific reparation mechanisms that are provided in European Union legislation. Starting from the five modalities of reparation established by the UN at the beginning of this century in Resolution 60/147, both Directives provide for compensation, rehabilitation measures and guarantees of non-repetition. However, they do not do so with respect to satisfaction. Furthermore, only one of them refers to restitution. The two laws share the regulation of these measures, but when it comes to making comparisons, Directive (EU) 2024/1385, which has yet to be transposed into de majority of domestic legislation, offers a more extensive and detailed regulation. In addition, to maintaining the “traditional” modalities of reparation, it includes measures related to new technologies, especially those relating to online support, which are more relevant to the current context.
Direction
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Tutorships)
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Tutorships)
Court
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Student’s tutor)
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Student’s tutor)
Training contracts
Authorship
D.A.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
D.A.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 11:00
06.26.2025 11:00
Summary
This paper analyzes the evolution and regulation of training contracts in Spain, emphasizing their role in the labor market integration and professional, qualification of young people. Royal Decree-Law 32/2021 introduced key modifications to their regulation, establishing the training contract in two forms: alternating training and the acquisition of professional practice appropriate to the level of education. Historically, training contracts have evolved to adapt to the needs of the labor market and the education system. Previously, various types coexisted such as the internship contract and the training and apprenticeship contract which caused some confusion and segmentation. The reform aimed to simplify the legal framework and enhance the integration of education with work experience. The impact of this reform lies in the need to reduce job insecurity and improve youth employability. New conditions were established to ensure that the training purpose of these contracts is fulfilled, preventing their misuse as a source of cheap labor without real training. Furthermore, the reform encourages greater coordination between companies and educational institutions to improve the quality of the training provided. The new regulation represents progress in terms of protection and rights for workers in training, but it also highlights the administrative burden it places on companies and the need for effective supervision to prevent abuse. Therefore, the success of these contracts will depend on their proper implementation and the ability of institutions to promote their appropriate use, ensuring that they truly contribute to the professional qualification and job stability of young workers in Spain.
This paper analyzes the evolution and regulation of training contracts in Spain, emphasizing their role in the labor market integration and professional, qualification of young people. Royal Decree-Law 32/2021 introduced key modifications to their regulation, establishing the training contract in two forms: alternating training and the acquisition of professional practice appropriate to the level of education. Historically, training contracts have evolved to adapt to the needs of the labor market and the education system. Previously, various types coexisted such as the internship contract and the training and apprenticeship contract which caused some confusion and segmentation. The reform aimed to simplify the legal framework and enhance the integration of education with work experience. The impact of this reform lies in the need to reduce job insecurity and improve youth employability. New conditions were established to ensure that the training purpose of these contracts is fulfilled, preventing their misuse as a source of cheap labor without real training. Furthermore, the reform encourages greater coordination between companies and educational institutions to improve the quality of the training provided. The new regulation represents progress in terms of protection and rights for workers in training, but it also highlights the administrative burden it places on companies and the need for effective supervision to prevent abuse. Therefore, the success of these contracts will depend on their proper implementation and the ability of institutions to promote their appropriate use, ensuring that they truly contribute to the professional qualification and job stability of young workers in Spain.
Direction
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
Court
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Student’s tutor)
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Student’s tutor)
The Presumption of Innocence in Sexual Offense Cases
Authorship
C.A.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.A.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 12:00
07.15.2025 12:00
Summary
The presumption of innocence is a fundamental pillar of the modern Rule of Law. Its safeguard prevents inquisitorial proceedings typical of the Ancient Régime. However, there are criminal offenses, such as sexual assaults, that, due to their tendency to occur in private settings, often rely solely on the victim's testimony as the only evidence for the prosecution. For this testimony to be considered sufficient evidence, it must meet certain requirements established by case law: absence of spurious interest, absence of subjective incredibility, and consistency in the accusation. Although this may seem straightforward, there are various cases in which the issue becomes complex. For instance, there are situations in which the victim delays reporting the events, is in a personal situation that raises doubts about the credibility of their testimony or, due to their age, the reliability of their words is questioned. Furthermore, the boundaries of what constitutes a sexual assault are not always clearly defined. According to the Spanish Supreme Court (TS), a sexual assault occurs whenever two elements are present: an objective element, the commission of the acts, and a subjective element, the perpetrator’s lascivious intent. A paper of this nature cannot fail to mention the case of Dani Alves, in which the footballer was charged with sexual assault at a nightclub in Barcelona. The ruling, which was appealed twice, initially convicted Alves, who was later acquitted. In my view, the analysis of the evidence in the acquittal ruling is deficient, as it does not adequately consider the nature of the peripheral elements of the case. Therefore, I believe that the most appropriate outcome would have been to convict the player.
The presumption of innocence is a fundamental pillar of the modern Rule of Law. Its safeguard prevents inquisitorial proceedings typical of the Ancient Régime. However, there are criminal offenses, such as sexual assaults, that, due to their tendency to occur in private settings, often rely solely on the victim's testimony as the only evidence for the prosecution. For this testimony to be considered sufficient evidence, it must meet certain requirements established by case law: absence of spurious interest, absence of subjective incredibility, and consistency in the accusation. Although this may seem straightforward, there are various cases in which the issue becomes complex. For instance, there are situations in which the victim delays reporting the events, is in a personal situation that raises doubts about the credibility of their testimony or, due to their age, the reliability of their words is questioned. Furthermore, the boundaries of what constitutes a sexual assault are not always clearly defined. According to the Spanish Supreme Court (TS), a sexual assault occurs whenever two elements are present: an objective element, the commission of the acts, and a subjective element, the perpetrator’s lascivious intent. A paper of this nature cannot fail to mention the case of Dani Alves, in which the footballer was charged with sexual assault at a nightclub in Barcelona. The ruling, which was appealed twice, initially convicted Alves, who was later acquitted. In my view, the analysis of the evidence in the acquittal ruling is deficient, as it does not adequately consider the nature of the peripheral elements of the case. Therefore, I believe that the most appropriate outcome would have been to convict the player.
Direction
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Tutorships)
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Tutorships)
Court
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Student’s tutor)
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Student’s tutor)
The crime of murder: the hyper-aggravated murder of article 140.1 of the Criminal Code.
Authorship
H.A.Y.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
H.A.Y.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.30.2025 12:00
06.30.2025 12:00
Summary
Murder is the most serious of the crimes against life included in the Criminal Code. Despite having long been punishable by the harshest penalties, in 2015 the legislator introduced, through Article 140.1 of the Criminal Code, a hyper-aggravated type of crime, based on three circumstances that determine the imposition of permanent reviewable prison, which will be the main focus of this analysis. To do so, it is necessary to begin by studying the constituent elements of murder, since, as will be explained later, they are closely related to many of the problems posed by the application of Article 140.1 of the Criminal Code. Likewise, the other common aspects of the basic type, as well as the aggravated type, will be briefly analyzed. The most common problems related to the application and interpretation of the circumstances of Article 140.1 of the Criminal Code will then be addressed, especially in relation to its tendency to violate the principle of ne bis in idem, considering the solutions, generally lacking consensus, provided by case law and doctrine. Furthermore, through this individualized study of the different circumstances, the main and numerous criticisms highlighted by various authors regarding its introduction into the penal text will be reflected. Finally, the constitutionality problems that appear to surround the permanent reviewable prison will be presented, as well as the (again, numerous) criticisms to which it has been subjected.
Murder is the most serious of the crimes against life included in the Criminal Code. Despite having long been punishable by the harshest penalties, in 2015 the legislator introduced, through Article 140.1 of the Criminal Code, a hyper-aggravated type of crime, based on three circumstances that determine the imposition of permanent reviewable prison, which will be the main focus of this analysis. To do so, it is necessary to begin by studying the constituent elements of murder, since, as will be explained later, they are closely related to many of the problems posed by the application of Article 140.1 of the Criminal Code. Likewise, the other common aspects of the basic type, as well as the aggravated type, will be briefly analyzed. The most common problems related to the application and interpretation of the circumstances of Article 140.1 of the Criminal Code will then be addressed, especially in relation to its tendency to violate the principle of ne bis in idem, considering the solutions, generally lacking consensus, provided by case law and doctrine. Furthermore, through this individualized study of the different circumstances, the main and numerous criticisms highlighted by various authors regarding its introduction into the penal text will be reflected. Finally, the constitutionality problems that appear to surround the permanent reviewable prison will be presented, as well as the (again, numerous) criticisms to which it has been subjected.
Direction
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Tutorships)
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
Analysis of criminal sentences for child sexual assault crimes
Authorship
M.D.C.A.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
M.D.C.A.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:00
07.15.2025 11:00
Summary
Child sexual abuse includes any sexual activity involving a child who is not capable of giving free and informed consent. This study aims to examine the latest data on this type of crime through an analysis of judicial rulings. To this end, 100 random criminal court rulings from the year 2024 were analysed, specifically involving sexual assault crimes against minors under the age of 16, which included physical contact with the victim and resulted in a guilty verdict. The information obtained was analysed across four dimensions: judicial aspects, victim characteristics, offender characteristics, and crime-related variables. Chi-square, Pearson’s r, and Student’s t-test statistics were applied to analyse the relationships between variables.The results showed that 91% of the victims were female, while all of the offenders were male. The highest risk period for victimization is during childhood, with the victim-offender relationship most commonly being intrafamilial. The crime typically occurred in a residential setting, was committed in person, and involved coercion or abuse of power. Notably, the most frequently prosecuted type of assault was penetration, which was often repeated over time.
Child sexual abuse includes any sexual activity involving a child who is not capable of giving free and informed consent. This study aims to examine the latest data on this type of crime through an analysis of judicial rulings. To this end, 100 random criminal court rulings from the year 2024 were analysed, specifically involving sexual assault crimes against minors under the age of 16, which included physical contact with the victim and resulted in a guilty verdict. The information obtained was analysed across four dimensions: judicial aspects, victim characteristics, offender characteristics, and crime-related variables. Chi-square, Pearson’s r, and Student’s t-test statistics were applied to analyse the relationships between variables.The results showed that 91% of the victims were female, while all of the offenders were male. The highest risk period for victimization is during childhood, with the victim-offender relationship most commonly being intrafamilial. The crime typically occurred in a residential setting, was committed in person, and involved coercion or abuse of power. Notably, the most frequently prosecuted type of assault was penetration, which was often repeated over time.
Direction
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Tutorships)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Tutorships)
Court
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Student’s tutor)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Student’s tutor)
Occupational risk prevention in special employment regime in domestic service: a critical approach from a gender perspective.
Authorship
M.A.A.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
M.A.A.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
Defense date
07.14.2025 11:00
07.14.2025 11:00
Summary
This Final Degree Project presents a critical analysis of occupational risk prevention within the framework of the special employment regime in the domestic service sector, with particular attention to its unique characteristics. The study begins with a review of the legal framework that has historically governed this group up to the present day and explores the structural challenges that difficults the effectiveness of preventive policies in the sector. These challenges are related to the fact that the work is carried out within private households and from the legal and practical limits this involves. This analysis includes a gender perspective, as it is essential to understanding the feminization of the workforce and the multiple forms of vulnerability faced by domestic workers, most of whom are women and migrants. Lastly, the project examines the innovations introduced by Real Derecreto 893/2024, de 10 de septiembre, por el que se regula la protección de la seguridad. This regulation represents, at least on paper, a significant step forward in equalizing occupational health and safety rights for a group historically marked by precarious working conditions.
This Final Degree Project presents a critical analysis of occupational risk prevention within the framework of the special employment regime in the domestic service sector, with particular attention to its unique characteristics. The study begins with a review of the legal framework that has historically governed this group up to the present day and explores the structural challenges that difficults the effectiveness of preventive policies in the sector. These challenges are related to the fact that the work is carried out within private households and from the legal and practical limits this involves. This analysis includes a gender perspective, as it is essential to understanding the feminization of the workforce and the multiple forms of vulnerability faced by domestic workers, most of whom are women and migrants. Lastly, the project examines the innovations introduced by Real Derecreto 893/2024, de 10 de septiembre, por el que se regula la protección de la seguridad. This regulation represents, at least on paper, a significant step forward in equalizing occupational health and safety rights for a group historically marked by precarious working conditions.
Direction
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
Court
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Chairman)
TORRES GARCIA, BARBARA (Secretary)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Member)
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Chairman)
TORRES GARCIA, BARBARA (Secretary)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Member)
The Foreign Administration
Authorship
L.A.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.A.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.27.2025 11:00
06.27.2025 11:00
Summary
Within the framework of the Spanish Constitution, international relations are among the exclusive powers of the state. The government directs foreign policy, which makes its president a key figure. The formal importance of the King, to whom a representative role is attributed, is worth highlighting. The legislature is responsible for authorising some treaties and must be informed of the rest, while other treaties, which involve the transfer of the exercise of powers derived from the Constitution, require an organic law. Foreign policy is divided in several stages: elaboration, implementation, and control. The model of legislative control differs in different countries. However, it is important to consider that the foreign policy of the many autocracies that exist in the world cannot be analysed in the same terms, considering the functioning of the administration in totalitarian regimes and the marked personalism in decision-making in other cases. The interaction between domestic and foreign policy is also relevant. The principle of unity of action abroad is important to ensure good coordination. On a practical level, this means that different departments don’t act in a fully independent manner. The external action of Autonomous Communities is foreseen in several Statutes of Autonomy. The Constitutional Court has ruled on the case of Catalonia: The Communities may carry out activities outside of Spain in the exercise of their competences, but they cannot maintain relations between international subjects that are specific to international law. Regarding the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the work of the High Representative and the President of the European Council must be highlighted. Although foreign policy is a competence of the Member States, they must be loyal, which means not acting against the interests of the European Union.
Within the framework of the Spanish Constitution, international relations are among the exclusive powers of the state. The government directs foreign policy, which makes its president a key figure. The formal importance of the King, to whom a representative role is attributed, is worth highlighting. The legislature is responsible for authorising some treaties and must be informed of the rest, while other treaties, which involve the transfer of the exercise of powers derived from the Constitution, require an organic law. Foreign policy is divided in several stages: elaboration, implementation, and control. The model of legislative control differs in different countries. However, it is important to consider that the foreign policy of the many autocracies that exist in the world cannot be analysed in the same terms, considering the functioning of the administration in totalitarian regimes and the marked personalism in decision-making in other cases. The interaction between domestic and foreign policy is also relevant. The principle of unity of action abroad is important to ensure good coordination. On a practical level, this means that different departments don’t act in a fully independent manner. The external action of Autonomous Communities is foreseen in several Statutes of Autonomy. The Constitutional Court has ruled on the case of Catalonia: The Communities may carry out activities outside of Spain in the exercise of their competences, but they cannot maintain relations between international subjects that are specific to international law. Regarding the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the work of the High Representative and the President of the European Council must be highlighted. Although foreign policy is a competence of the Member States, they must be loyal, which means not acting against the interests of the European Union.
Direction
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
Court
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Student’s tutor)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Student’s tutor)
The Control of Public Subsidies and Aid.
Authorship
J.A.A.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
J.A.A.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 13:00
07.15.2025 13:00
Summary
This paper examines the legal framework governing the recovery of public subsidies in Spain, focusing on the General Subsidies Law as the main regulatory instrument. It analyzes how this mechanism allows for the recovery of public funds when the conditions justifying their award are altered, thereby safeguarding public assets. The research addresses both substantive and procedural aspects, offering a comprehensive view from the causes to the legal consequences of recovery. The methodology is based on doctrinal, jurisprudential, and regulatory analysis, classifying the grounds for recovery into two main categories: the invalidity of the initial administrative act (nullity and voidability) and revocation due to subsequent non-compliance, in accordance with Article 37 of the Law. Various causes are examined, ranging from unlawful procurement through falsification, lack of justification, and failure to meet objectives, to resistance to oversight and receipt of aid incompatible with European law. The study also explores the system for calculating recovery amounts, including the principal sum and late-payment interest, analyzing the evolution of the applicable interest rate and the rules for time computation. The obligated parties are identified, distinguishing between main beneficiaries and jointly or subsidiarily liable parties. Finally, the administrative procedure for recovery is analyzed, from initiation to resolution, with a review of safeguards, deadlines, precautionary measures such as payment withholdings, and judicial interpretation regarding motivation and proportionality in the determination of the recovery amount.
This paper examines the legal framework governing the recovery of public subsidies in Spain, focusing on the General Subsidies Law as the main regulatory instrument. It analyzes how this mechanism allows for the recovery of public funds when the conditions justifying their award are altered, thereby safeguarding public assets. The research addresses both substantive and procedural aspects, offering a comprehensive view from the causes to the legal consequences of recovery. The methodology is based on doctrinal, jurisprudential, and regulatory analysis, classifying the grounds for recovery into two main categories: the invalidity of the initial administrative act (nullity and voidability) and revocation due to subsequent non-compliance, in accordance with Article 37 of the Law. Various causes are examined, ranging from unlawful procurement through falsification, lack of justification, and failure to meet objectives, to resistance to oversight and receipt of aid incompatible with European law. The study also explores the system for calculating recovery amounts, including the principal sum and late-payment interest, analyzing the evolution of the applicable interest rate and the rules for time computation. The obligated parties are identified, distinguishing between main beneficiaries and jointly or subsidiarily liable parties. Finally, the administrative procedure for recovery is analyzed, from initiation to resolution, with a review of safeguards, deadlines, precautionary measures such as payment withholdings, and judicial interpretation regarding motivation and proportionality in the determination of the recovery amount.
Direction
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Tutorships)
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Tutorships)
Court
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Student’s tutor)
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Student’s tutor)
The SWAP contract: jurisprudential development of the presumption of error due to breach of information duties
Authorship
R.B.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
R.B.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 10:00
07.18.2025 10:00
Summary
The foundation of this work is to provide a general understanding of the concept of financial derivative instruments, particularly interest rate swap contracts, their legal classification, the socioeconomic function from which they arise, and a critical review of the case law development that has led to a presumption of error in contracting due to a breach of information duties. Preguntar a ChatGPT
The foundation of this work is to provide a general understanding of the concept of financial derivative instruments, particularly interest rate swap contracts, their legal classification, the socioeconomic function from which they arise, and a critical review of the case law development that has led to a presumption of error in contracting due to a breach of information duties. Preguntar a ChatGPT
Direction
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Student’s tutor)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Student’s tutor)
Legal analysis of the institutional response to gender-based violence: special reference to Organic Law 1/2004
Authorship
E.B.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
E.B.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 17:30
06.26.2025 17:30
Summary
Gender-based violence is a manifestation of structural inequality between men and women, exercised within the sphere of intimate relationships, where the woman is always the passive subject and the man the active subject. This form of violence, which remained hidden and normalized for a long time, has generated growing concern and social rejection, leading to the transformation of public and legal policies aimed at its eradication. In the legal sphere, this evolution has resulted in the enactment of laws that address gender-based violence from a comprehensive perspective, moving beyond a purely criminal approach to incorporate prevention, assistance, and protection measures for victims. Organic Law 1/2004 represents a turning point, establishing a cross-sectoral response involving various judicial and social bodies. In addition to legislation, there has also been significant doctrinal and jurisprudential development, with the participation of various legal and academic institutions contributing to the definition of the boundaries, challenges, and possibilities in combating this specific form of violence. Among the most notable measures are precautionary measures and the creation of specialized courts, which enable a swifter and more effective response. This paper focuses on the procedural treatment of such situations, analyzing the existing legal instruments, the rights recognized for victims, and the mechanisms activated to ensure their protection. It concludes by assessing the progress made and emphasizing the need to continue improving resources and professional training in order to achieve a more sensitive, accessible, and effective justice system.
Gender-based violence is a manifestation of structural inequality between men and women, exercised within the sphere of intimate relationships, where the woman is always the passive subject and the man the active subject. This form of violence, which remained hidden and normalized for a long time, has generated growing concern and social rejection, leading to the transformation of public and legal policies aimed at its eradication. In the legal sphere, this evolution has resulted in the enactment of laws that address gender-based violence from a comprehensive perspective, moving beyond a purely criminal approach to incorporate prevention, assistance, and protection measures for victims. Organic Law 1/2004 represents a turning point, establishing a cross-sectoral response involving various judicial and social bodies. In addition to legislation, there has also been significant doctrinal and jurisprudential development, with the participation of various legal and academic institutions contributing to the definition of the boundaries, challenges, and possibilities in combating this specific form of violence. Among the most notable measures are precautionary measures and the creation of specialized courts, which enable a swifter and more effective response. This paper focuses on the procedural treatment of such situations, analyzing the existing legal instruments, the rights recognized for victims, and the mechanisms activated to ensure their protection. It concludes by assessing the progress made and emphasizing the need to continue improving resources and professional training in order to achieve a more sensitive, accessible, and effective justice system.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
The consideration of suicide as an occupational accident
Authorship
C.B.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.B.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 12:30
07.17.2025 12:30
Summary
Suicide is one of the most pressing problems in our country. Numerous authors have conducted studies on the causes that lead individuals to exhibit and carry out self-harming behaviours. Self-inflicted death in the workplace arises as a result of the combination of individual vulnerabilities, job-related stress and personal life difficulties. In recent years, alarm bells have unfortunately been ringing following the emergence of cases such as the one from France Télécom telecommunications company or the worker who was victim of sexual harassment at the company Iveco. Moreover, self-inflicted death can be triggered by numerous factors, not only those linked to economic or business reasons, but also related to psychosocial risk factors such as workplace stress, burnout syndrome, moral or sexual harassment or other forms of violence. This “Trabajo de Fin de Grado” offers a review of the evolution of case law regarding the classification of suicide as a workplace accident. To this end, key court rulings will be analysed in order to identify the requirements that, to this day, our courts consider relevant for such classification. Among these the sentences from the Tribunal Supremo of September 25, 2007 and of February 27, 2023, stand out. Finally, the importance of mental health for employee well-being and the development of a healthy work environment will be emphasized as factors that are essential in preventing the risk of self-harming behaviours.
Suicide is one of the most pressing problems in our country. Numerous authors have conducted studies on the causes that lead individuals to exhibit and carry out self-harming behaviours. Self-inflicted death in the workplace arises as a result of the combination of individual vulnerabilities, job-related stress and personal life difficulties. In recent years, alarm bells have unfortunately been ringing following the emergence of cases such as the one from France Télécom telecommunications company or the worker who was victim of sexual harassment at the company Iveco. Moreover, self-inflicted death can be triggered by numerous factors, not only those linked to economic or business reasons, but also related to psychosocial risk factors such as workplace stress, burnout syndrome, moral or sexual harassment or other forms of violence. This “Trabajo de Fin de Grado” offers a review of the evolution of case law regarding the classification of suicide as a workplace accident. To this end, key court rulings will be analysed in order to identify the requirements that, to this day, our courts consider relevant for such classification. Among these the sentences from the Tribunal Supremo of September 25, 2007 and of February 27, 2023, stand out. Finally, the importance of mental health for employee well-being and the development of a healthy work environment will be emphasized as factors that are essential in preventing the risk of self-harming behaviours.
Direction
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
Court
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Student’s tutor)
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Student’s tutor)
The figure of the undercover agent in criminal proceedings: special reference to the undercover computer agent
Authorship
L.B.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.B.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 15:00
07.17.2025 15:00
Summary
This paper will focus on the concept of the undercover agent as a new investigative measure, with particular emphasis on the concept of the undercover computer agent. The emergence of new forms of crime has brought with it the need to seek new investigative means through which crime can be curbed more effectively, and it is precisely in this context that the concept of the undercover police officer emerges. Thus, the following pages will address topics such as the balance between the concept of the undercover agent and certain fundamental rights, the legal requirements and conditions that judicial authorization must meet, the duration and extension of the measure, as well as the evidentiary value and potential criminal liability of the agent. A significant portion of the paper will also be devoted to the concept of the undercover computer agent, a modality introduced by Organic Law 13/2015, which seeks to combat new forms of online crime, particularly focusing on cases of child pornography.
This paper will focus on the concept of the undercover agent as a new investigative measure, with particular emphasis on the concept of the undercover computer agent. The emergence of new forms of crime has brought with it the need to seek new investigative means through which crime can be curbed more effectively, and it is precisely in this context that the concept of the undercover police officer emerges. Thus, the following pages will address topics such as the balance between the concept of the undercover agent and certain fundamental rights, the legal requirements and conditions that judicial authorization must meet, the duration and extension of the measure, as well as the evidentiary value and potential criminal liability of the agent. A significant portion of the paper will also be devoted to the concept of the undercover computer agent, a modality introduced by Organic Law 13/2015, which seeks to combat new forms of online crime, particularly focusing on cases of child pornography.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
iability for damages caused to third parties during the execution pase of an administrative contract.
Authorship
S.B.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.B.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.27.2025 10:00
06.27.2025 10:00
Summary
Public Administrations frecuently use the different existing contractual formulas -among them, administrative contracts- for the management of public services under their ownership , for the construction and management of infrastructures, etc. During the execution of these public contracts, damage or prejudice may be caused to citizens. In such a situation, the legislation provides for a general rule of attribution liability to the contractor or concessionaire, as well as a series of exceptions according to which the liability falls on the contracting Administrarion. The applicable legal regime and the competent jurisdiction to hear any claims will differ depending on the subjects involved. How ever, there are no clear rules that allow a clear answer to the caustic that may be presnted. In this work, an attemp will be made to systematize the application criteria by analizyng the jurisprudential pronouncements and the doctrine of the administrative bodies in the field of public procurement.
Public Administrations frecuently use the different existing contractual formulas -among them, administrative contracts- for the management of public services under their ownership , for the construction and management of infrastructures, etc. During the execution of these public contracts, damage or prejudice may be caused to citizens. In such a situation, the legislation provides for a general rule of attribution liability to the contractor or concessionaire, as well as a series of exceptions according to which the liability falls on the contracting Administrarion. The applicable legal regime and the competent jurisdiction to hear any claims will differ depending on the subjects involved. How ever, there are no clear rules that allow a clear answer to the caustic that may be presnted. In this work, an attemp will be made to systematize the application criteria by analizyng the jurisprudential pronouncements and the doctrine of the administrative bodies in the field of public procurement.
Direction
Santiago Iglesias, Diana (Tutorships)
Santiago Iglesias, Diana (Tutorships)
Court
Santiago Iglesias, Diana (Student’s tutor)
Santiago Iglesias, Diana (Student’s tutor)
Opioid Substance Use Disorder
Authorship
L.C.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
L.C.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.01.2025 17:00
07.01.2025 17:00
Summary
Opioid Use Disorder manifests when an individual uses these drugs in an improper or dangerous manner, leading to habitual problematic use. This behavior significantly affects the person’s daily life, impacting their physical, emotional, social, and professional health. Instead of using the technical term opioid use disorder, words like dependence or addiction are often used to refer to this issue. Dependence is described as a condition in which the body has become accustomed to the drug; therefore, upon discontinuing its use, withdrawal symptoms may occur, which can be severe and difficult to endure. On the other hand, addiction is related to a chronic brain disorder in which the person feels a compulsive urge to use the substance, even while recognizing that it seriously harms their health and surroundings. The risk of developing this type of disorder increases significantly when opioids are misused. This includes taking higher doses than prescribed, using them more frequently than recommended, taking the medications for recreational purposes to seek a feeling of euphoria, or consuming opioids that were not prescribed to the person. With the growing prevalence of this issue in various parts of society, it is essential to raise awareness about its origins, effects, and ways to prevent it. Therefore, this work aims to highlight the seriousness of opioid use disorder and promote reflection on the responsible use of these medications, as well as the need for interventions in the legal, healthcare, and educational fields.
Opioid Use Disorder manifests when an individual uses these drugs in an improper or dangerous manner, leading to habitual problematic use. This behavior significantly affects the person’s daily life, impacting their physical, emotional, social, and professional health. Instead of using the technical term opioid use disorder, words like dependence or addiction are often used to refer to this issue. Dependence is described as a condition in which the body has become accustomed to the drug; therefore, upon discontinuing its use, withdrawal symptoms may occur, which can be severe and difficult to endure. On the other hand, addiction is related to a chronic brain disorder in which the person feels a compulsive urge to use the substance, even while recognizing that it seriously harms their health and surroundings. The risk of developing this type of disorder increases significantly when opioids are misused. This includes taking higher doses than prescribed, using them more frequently than recommended, taking the medications for recreational purposes to seek a feeling of euphoria, or consuming opioids that were not prescribed to the person. With the growing prevalence of this issue in various parts of society, it is essential to raise awareness about its origins, effects, and ways to prevent it. Therefore, this work aims to highlight the seriousness of opioid use disorder and promote reflection on the responsible use of these medications, as well as the need for interventions in the legal, healthcare, and educational fields.
Direction
VICENTE ALBA, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
VICENTE ALBA, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
TORRES IGLESIAS, ANGELA JUANA (Chairman)
ARROJO ROMERO, MANUEL (Secretary)
VIDAL MILLARES, MARIA (Member)
TORRES IGLESIAS, ANGELA JUANA (Chairman)
ARROJO ROMERO, MANUEL (Secretary)
VIDAL MILLARES, MARIA (Member)
The legal framework for wind energy production in Galicia. Between administrative simplification and environmental deregulation.
Authorship
R.C.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
R.C.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.01.2025 13:30
07.01.2025 13:30
Summary
The wind sector in Galicia is currently experiencing a halt in terms of the installation of new wind farms that allow progress in the production of this renewable energy. Despite legislative and business initiatives that seek to encourage the growth of this sector, the processing of projects is being compromised by a series of judicial decisions. The wind energy sector in Galicia is currently experiencing a slowdown in the installation of new wind farms that would allow for further development in the production of this renewable energy. Despite legislative and business initiatives that seek to encourage the growth of this sector, the processing of projects is being compromised by a series of judicial decisions, primarily by the Tribunal Superior de Xustiza de Galicia, and by opposition from certain sectors of society, which drive most of the judicial proceedings. The importance of the wind energy sector encompasses both material, economic and territorial impact; and environmental issues. In this work, we attempt to examine the regulatory framework governing wind energy production in Galicia, as well as a series of problematic legal, administrative, and legislative provisions that the galician govern has been promoting in response to these difficulties. A series of regulatory changes that in recent years have subjected this sector to continuous reforms and administrative simplification measures. In this context, we analyze whether the reforms introduced in the administrative procedures for authorizing wind energy projects reflect a desire to simplify and streamline procedures or, instead, conceal a trend toward deregulation, the elimination of guarantees for the protection of the general interest, the relaxation of environmental controls, or a reduction in public participation in administrative decision-making processes.
The wind sector in Galicia is currently experiencing a halt in terms of the installation of new wind farms that allow progress in the production of this renewable energy. Despite legislative and business initiatives that seek to encourage the growth of this sector, the processing of projects is being compromised by a series of judicial decisions. The wind energy sector in Galicia is currently experiencing a slowdown in the installation of new wind farms that would allow for further development in the production of this renewable energy. Despite legislative and business initiatives that seek to encourage the growth of this sector, the processing of projects is being compromised by a series of judicial decisions, primarily by the Tribunal Superior de Xustiza de Galicia, and by opposition from certain sectors of society, which drive most of the judicial proceedings. The importance of the wind energy sector encompasses both material, economic and territorial impact; and environmental issues. In this work, we attempt to examine the regulatory framework governing wind energy production in Galicia, as well as a series of problematic legal, administrative, and legislative provisions that the galician govern has been promoting in response to these difficulties. A series of regulatory changes that in recent years have subjected this sector to continuous reforms and administrative simplification measures. In this context, we analyze whether the reforms introduced in the administrative procedures for authorizing wind energy projects reflect a desire to simplify and streamline procedures or, instead, conceal a trend toward deregulation, the elimination of guarantees for the protection of the general interest, the relaxation of environmental controls, or a reduction in public participation in administrative decision-making processes.
Direction
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Tutorships)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Tutorships)
Court
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Chairman)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Secretary)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Member)
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Chairman)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Secretary)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Member)
Parallel trials on social media: a study of the case of Juana Rivas
Authorship
M.C.G.
Bachelor of Criminology
M.C.G.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
06.30.2025 13:00
06.30.2025 13:00
Summary
Parallel trials create polarized and radical opinions regarding media-mediated criminal proceedings and the parties involved, which can affect their fundamental rights. In this scenario, social media acts as a sounding board for these discourses, increasing their danger and potentially influencing the legal development of the proceedings. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the Juana Rivas case through content analysis, applying an analytical-descriptive methodology with different categories of analysis to a corpus of messages published on the social network X.
Parallel trials create polarized and radical opinions regarding media-mediated criminal proceedings and the parties involved, which can affect their fundamental rights. In this scenario, social media acts as a sounding board for these discourses, increasing their danger and potentially influencing the legal development of the proceedings. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the Juana Rivas case through content analysis, applying an analytical-descriptive methodology with different categories of analysis to a corpus of messages published on the social network X.
Direction
HAZ GOMEZ, FRANCISCO EDUARDO (Tutorships)
HAZ GOMEZ, FRANCISCO EDUARDO (Tutorships)
Court
HAZ GOMEZ, FRANCISCO EDUARDO (Student’s tutor)
HAZ GOMEZ, FRANCISCO EDUARDO (Student’s tutor)
Telephone Interceptions in Criminal Proceedings
Authorship
N.C.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.C.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 11:30
06.26.2025 11:30
Summary
The following work focuses on telephone interception measures as investigative actions carried out during criminal proceedings. It will address what these measures entail and the requirements established by the current Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal for their lawful implementation.
The following work focuses on telephone interception measures as investigative actions carried out during criminal proceedings. It will address what these measures entail and the requirements established by the current Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal for their lawful implementation.
Direction
Noya Ferreiro, Maria Lourdes (Tutorships)
Noya Ferreiro, Maria Lourdes (Tutorships)
Court
Noya Ferreiro, Maria Lourdes (Student’s tutor)
Noya Ferreiro, Maria Lourdes (Student’s tutor)
The influence of socialization and personality on juvenile delinquency
Authorship
N.C.P.
Bachelor of Criminology
N.C.P.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
06.30.2025 12:30
06.30.2025 12:30
Summary
This academic work analyzes the influence of socialization processes and personality traits on juvenile delinquency in Spain. Using a qualitative approach and statistical analysis of data from 2018 to 2023, it studies the profile of juvenile offenders and associated risk factors, such as family disruption, academic failure, drug use, and membership in antisocial groups. The work also examines the evolution of crimes committed by minors, the most frequent being injuries, robberies, and thefts, and highlights an increase in recidivism. It also analyzes the effectiveness of the judicial measures applied and proposes the Triple Risk Model as an explanatory framework for continued offending. The study concludes that a comprehensive prevention and intervention approach combining family, educational, and community support is necessary to reduce juvenile delinquency and promote social reintegration.
This academic work analyzes the influence of socialization processes and personality traits on juvenile delinquency in Spain. Using a qualitative approach and statistical analysis of data from 2018 to 2023, it studies the profile of juvenile offenders and associated risk factors, such as family disruption, academic failure, drug use, and membership in antisocial groups. The work also examines the evolution of crimes committed by minors, the most frequent being injuries, robberies, and thefts, and highlights an increase in recidivism. It also analyzes the effectiveness of the judicial measures applied and proposes the Triple Risk Model as an explanatory framework for continued offending. The study concludes that a comprehensive prevention and intervention approach combining family, educational, and community support is necessary to reduce juvenile delinquency and promote social reintegration.
Direction
Sobral Fernández, Jorge (Tutorships)
Sobral Fernández, Jorge (Tutorships)
Court
Sobral Fernández, Jorge (Student’s tutor)
Sobral Fernández, Jorge (Student’s tutor)
Unaccompanied Foreign Minors and Delinquency: A Current Review.
Authorship
N.C.V.
Bachelor of Criminology
N.C.V.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.15.2025 12:30
07.15.2025 12:30
Summary
The phenomenon of immigration continues to grow but, with the emergence of new social contexts, it adapts and changes, forcing administrations and societies to seek new solutions to meet the needs of such vulnerable groups as unaccompanied foreign minors, who face multiple challenges before and during the migration process, but also once they arrive in the host country. Therefore, we will try to explore, from a criminological perspective, the influence of these new migratory flows on delinquency, taking into account the role of migration and child protection policies, as well as the various factors that can influence their life trajectory and modulate the risk of developing deviant behavior.
The phenomenon of immigration continues to grow but, with the emergence of new social contexts, it adapts and changes, forcing administrations and societies to seek new solutions to meet the needs of such vulnerable groups as unaccompanied foreign minors, who face multiple challenges before and during the migration process, but also once they arrive in the host country. Therefore, we will try to explore, from a criminological perspective, the influence of these new migratory flows on delinquency, taking into account the role of migration and child protection policies, as well as the various factors that can influence their life trajectory and modulate the risk of developing deviant behavior.
Direction
GOMEZ FRAGUELA, Xosé Antón (Tutorships)
GOMEZ FRAGUELA, Xosé Antón (Tutorships)
Court
GOMEZ FRAGUELA, Xosé Antón (Student’s tutor)
GOMEZ FRAGUELA, Xosé Antón (Student’s tutor)
Mediation in the Family Sphere: A Special Focus on Custody After Separation or Divorce
Authorship
S.C.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.C.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 10:30
07.17.2025 10:30
Summary
This paper analyzes mediation in the family sphere, with special attention to custody and care following separation or divorce. It begins by recognizing conflict as an inherent element of human coexistence and presents mediation as an alternative, peaceful, and humanized route compared to judicial proceedings-particularly useful in family conflicts marked by a high emotional burden. The first part focuses on the foundations of family mediation: its concept, legal regulation (both at the national and regional levels, especially in Galicia) and guiding principles such as voluntariness, impartiality, confidentiality, good faith, and the best interests of the child. It also provides a detailed description of the mediation process and the new provisions introduced by Organic Law 1/2025 of January 2, on measures to improve the efficiency of the Public Justice Service. The second part addresses the concepts of parental responsibility, parental authority, and custody and care, distinguishing between their various forms and highlighting the role of the best interests of the child as the key criterion in decision-making. It also examines the impact of relationship breakdowns on children, their psychological and emotional consequences, and the relevance of mediation as a tool to minimize these effects. The importance of communication with minors, their indirect involvement in the process, and the maintenance of a healthy parental relationship after separation is emphasized. In conclusion, the paper advocates for family mediation as an effective and necessary instrument for reaching lasting, responsible, and respectful agreements that meet the needs of all parties involved, always prioritizing the well-being of the child.
This paper analyzes mediation in the family sphere, with special attention to custody and care following separation or divorce. It begins by recognizing conflict as an inherent element of human coexistence and presents mediation as an alternative, peaceful, and humanized route compared to judicial proceedings-particularly useful in family conflicts marked by a high emotional burden. The first part focuses on the foundations of family mediation: its concept, legal regulation (both at the national and regional levels, especially in Galicia) and guiding principles such as voluntariness, impartiality, confidentiality, good faith, and the best interests of the child. It also provides a detailed description of the mediation process and the new provisions introduced by Organic Law 1/2025 of January 2, on measures to improve the efficiency of the Public Justice Service. The second part addresses the concepts of parental responsibility, parental authority, and custody and care, distinguishing between their various forms and highlighting the role of the best interests of the child as the key criterion in decision-making. It also examines the impact of relationship breakdowns on children, their psychological and emotional consequences, and the relevance of mediation as a tool to minimize these effects. The importance of communication with minors, their indirect involvement in the process, and the maintenance of a healthy parental relationship after separation is emphasized. In conclusion, the paper advocates for family mediation as an effective and necessary instrument for reaching lasting, responsible, and respectful agreements that meet the needs of all parties involved, always prioritizing the well-being of the child.
Direction
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Tutorships)
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Tutorships)
Court
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Student’s tutor)
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Student’s tutor)
Inciting hatred and violence through social media: stigmatization of immigrants in X
Authorship
S.C.M.
Bachelor of Criminology
S.C.M.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.18.2025 10:00
07.18.2025 10:00
Summary
The main objectives of this study are to analyze how online hate speech directed at immigrants is configured and its possible link to violent behavior outside the digital environment. After providing a theoretical context on the phenomenon of migration, hate speech, racism, xenophobia, and the role of social media in spreading such discourse, it was found that, although there are indications of a relationship between online hate and offline violence, studies analyzing this link are still scarce. Subsequently, using a qualitative methodology and intentional sampling, 168 comments posted on social network X during the Ceuta migration crisis in May 2021 were analyzed. The analysis showed frequent patterns of stigmatization and dehumanization. Many of the messages describe immigration, in this context, as an invasion or a threat, using generalizations, derogatory terms, and symbolic oppositions between nationals and foreigners. Comments were also found that directly or indirectly incited violence and the expulsion of immigrants.
The main objectives of this study are to analyze how online hate speech directed at immigrants is configured and its possible link to violent behavior outside the digital environment. After providing a theoretical context on the phenomenon of migration, hate speech, racism, xenophobia, and the role of social media in spreading such discourse, it was found that, although there are indications of a relationship between online hate and offline violence, studies analyzing this link are still scarce. Subsequently, using a qualitative methodology and intentional sampling, 168 comments posted on social network X during the Ceuta migration crisis in May 2021 were analyzed. The analysis showed frequent patterns of stigmatization and dehumanization. Many of the messages describe immigration, in this context, as an invasion or a threat, using generalizations, derogatory terms, and symbolic oppositions between nationals and foreigners. Comments were also found that directly or indirectly incited violence and the expulsion of immigrants.
Direction
LABORA GONZALEZ, JUAN JOSE (Tutorships)
LABORA GONZALEZ, JUAN JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
LABORA GONZALEZ, JUAN JOSE (Student’s tutor)
LABORA GONZALEZ, JUAN JOSE (Student’s tutor)
Israeli military action against Gaza in 2023 as an act of genocide.
Authorship
A.C.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.C.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 12:00
07.14.2025 12:00
Summary
The study will focus on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, detailing the occupation since 1967, as well as settlement policies and the blockade of Gaza. It will also analyse the Israeli offensive following the Hamas attacks of 7 October 2023, assessing the effects on the civilian population, the proportionality of military responses and compliance with the rules of international humanitarian law. This paper will examine whether the current Israeli military offensive in the Gaza Strip can constitute an act of genocide under the rules of international law. Based on the definition provided by the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, it will examine the various elements required: the existence of criminalised acts and a specific intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. Through the analysis of international jurisprudence, pronouncements by different bodies, reports by human rights organisations and statements by political leaders, we can identify a number of elements that may constitute serious indications of genocidal intent.
The study will focus on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, detailing the occupation since 1967, as well as settlement policies and the blockade of Gaza. It will also analyse the Israeli offensive following the Hamas attacks of 7 October 2023, assessing the effects on the civilian population, the proportionality of military responses and compliance with the rules of international humanitarian law. This paper will examine whether the current Israeli military offensive in the Gaza Strip can constitute an act of genocide under the rules of international law. Based on the definition provided by the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, it will examine the various elements required: the existence of criminalised acts and a specific intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. Through the analysis of international jurisprudence, pronouncements by different bodies, reports by human rights organisations and statements by political leaders, we can identify a number of elements that may constitute serious indications of genocidal intent.
Direction
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Tutorships)
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Tutorships)
Court
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Student’s tutor)
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Student’s tutor)
Forensic and criminological analysis of gunshot wounds
Authorship
S.C.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
S.C.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 17:00
07.16.2025 17:00
Summary
Firearms are a key element in the criminological and forensic analysis of lethal violence. Their injury potential varies depending on the type of weapon, the ammunition used, and the context in which they are employed. The main objective of this study was to analyze the differences between handguns and long guns, as well as their relationship with injury patterns, while also considering the medico-legal implications in cases of suicide, homicide, and mass shootings. A comparative literature review was conducted between civilian and military contexts, and across different geographical regions, highlighting the higher incidence of firearm suicides in the United States compared to significantly lower figures in European countries. Furthermore, the technical evolution of weaponry was examined, revealing an increase in its lethality. These findings underscore the need to further regulate firearm availability and strengthen forensic training in the interpretation of their effects.
Firearms are a key element in the criminological and forensic analysis of lethal violence. Their injury potential varies depending on the type of weapon, the ammunition used, and the context in which they are employed. The main objective of this study was to analyze the differences between handguns and long guns, as well as their relationship with injury patterns, while also considering the medico-legal implications in cases of suicide, homicide, and mass shootings. A comparative literature review was conducted between civilian and military contexts, and across different geographical regions, highlighting the higher incidence of firearm suicides in the United States compared to significantly lower figures in European countries. Furthermore, the technical evolution of weaponry was examined, revealing an increase in its lethality. These findings underscore the need to further regulate firearm availability and strengthen forensic training in the interpretation of their effects.
Direction
Rodriguez Calvo, Maria Sol (Tutorships)
Rodriguez Calvo, Maria Sol (Tutorships)
Court
Rodriguez Calvo, Maria Sol (Student’s tutor)
Rodriguez Calvo, Maria Sol (Student’s tutor)
Jury Court in Spain: Legal and Social Analysis of Its Influences and Dysfunctions
Authorship
S.C.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.C.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:00
07.16.2025 12:00
Summary
This article analyzes the role of the Jury Tribunal in the Spanish legal system. It begins with an evolutionary and contextualized analysis of its origin as an institution and its incorporation into the Spanish legal system, protected by the Spanish Constitution. From there, its structure and content are developed in accordance with Organic Law 5/1995. On this basis, its main shortcomings and problems are presented in relation to the essential elements of its legal structure. Special emphasis is placed on the risks of manipulation by both internal and external influences, as well as its impact at the individual and collective levels. Factors such as fear, social pressure, and media influence are addressed in particularly sensitive cases, illustrated by current examples. Conscientious objection is also included as a possible element to consider in a future reform. Furthermore, graphs are included that attempt to reflect the potential punitive tendency of the jury tribunal based on empirical data. The aim of this work is to promote reflection on the current legal framework, providing both regulatory and practical information. The objective of this work is to offer a comprehensive and contrasting view of the popular jury in Spain, encompassing the social, psychological, and legal considerations that influence its functioning.
This article analyzes the role of the Jury Tribunal in the Spanish legal system. It begins with an evolutionary and contextualized analysis of its origin as an institution and its incorporation into the Spanish legal system, protected by the Spanish Constitution. From there, its structure and content are developed in accordance with Organic Law 5/1995. On this basis, its main shortcomings and problems are presented in relation to the essential elements of its legal structure. Special emphasis is placed on the risks of manipulation by both internal and external influences, as well as its impact at the individual and collective levels. Factors such as fear, social pressure, and media influence are addressed in particularly sensitive cases, illustrated by current examples. Conscientious objection is also included as a possible element to consider in a future reform. Furthermore, graphs are included that attempt to reflect the potential punitive tendency of the jury tribunal based on empirical data. The aim of this work is to promote reflection on the current legal framework, providing both regulatory and practical information. The objective of this work is to offer a comprehensive and contrasting view of the popular jury in Spain, encompassing the social, psychological, and legal considerations that influence its functioning.
Direction
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Tutorships)
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Tutorships)
Court
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Student’s tutor)
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Student’s tutor)
Undergraduate dissertation
Authorship
L.C.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.C.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 19:00
06.26.2025 19:00
Summary
This paper analyzes the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) in criminal proceedings, with a specific focus on evidence. It examines the effects of AI on the collection and analysis of criminal evidence, highlighting advantages such as increased efficiency and data processing capabilities, while also addressing risks such as evidence falsification, algorithmic opacity, potential discriminatory biases, and the infringement of procedural principles. These concerns are discussed alongside the main legal and ethical challenges stemming from the use of AI, such as the guarantee of due process, human oversight, system transparency, and the need for clear regulations that protect fundamental rights and ensure the legitimacy of automated judicial decisions. The study also explores the European and Spanish regulatory frameworks, including the recent adoption of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 on AI, as well as key legal instruments such as the GDPR, Spain’s LOPDGDD, and the Charter of Digital Rights. Finally, it assesses whether AI can improve the technical and operational aspects of criminal justice without allowing efficiency to override individual rights and the principles of the Rule of Law, concluding that AI can be a useful tool to support judicial work, but must be applied with caution.
This paper analyzes the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) in criminal proceedings, with a specific focus on evidence. It examines the effects of AI on the collection and analysis of criminal evidence, highlighting advantages such as increased efficiency and data processing capabilities, while also addressing risks such as evidence falsification, algorithmic opacity, potential discriminatory biases, and the infringement of procedural principles. These concerns are discussed alongside the main legal and ethical challenges stemming from the use of AI, such as the guarantee of due process, human oversight, system transparency, and the need for clear regulations that protect fundamental rights and ensure the legitimacy of automated judicial decisions. The study also explores the European and Spanish regulatory frameworks, including the recent adoption of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 on AI, as well as key legal instruments such as the GDPR, Spain’s LOPDGDD, and the Charter of Digital Rights. Finally, it assesses whether AI can improve the technical and operational aspects of criminal justice without allowing efficiency to override individual rights and the principles of the Rule of Law, concluding that AI can be a useful tool to support judicial work, but must be applied with caution.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Simulated psychological damage detection in traffic accident by cognition and recognition tasks
Authorship
V.C.M.
Bachelor of Criminology
V.C.M.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
06.30.2025 16:00
06.30.2025 16:00
Summary
Traffic accidents are a phenomenon that have a significant effect on the mental health of those who suffer from them, being a forensic-psychological task to determine if there is psychological damage. In the following study, this damage will be evaluated from a forensic psychological perspective. To do so, a legal and epidemiological approach to traffic accidents will be explained, as well as their consequences from a psychological point of view through a forensic evaluation. Then, an experimental study will be presented to find out the utility of the clinical-forensic interview, the SCL-90-R inventory and a questionnaire that addresses the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in cases of traffic accidents; as well as the relevance of the order of application of these instruments. The participats of the study (who should not have been victims of a serious traffic accident) were asked to simulate the psychological damage that a real victim would present.
Traffic accidents are a phenomenon that have a significant effect on the mental health of those who suffer from them, being a forensic-psychological task to determine if there is psychological damage. In the following study, this damage will be evaluated from a forensic psychological perspective. To do so, a legal and epidemiological approach to traffic accidents will be explained, as well as their consequences from a psychological point of view through a forensic evaluation. Then, an experimental study will be presented to find out the utility of the clinical-forensic interview, the SCL-90-R inventory and a questionnaire that addresses the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in cases of traffic accidents; as well as the relevance of the order of application of these instruments. The participats of the study (who should not have been victims of a serious traffic accident) were asked to simulate the psychological damage that a real victim would present.
Direction
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Tutorships)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Tutorships)
Court
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Student’s tutor)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Student’s tutor)
The impact of artificial intelligence and deepfake technology on fundamental rights. Effects on privacy and freedom of information
Authorship
S.C.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.C.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.30.2025 10:30
06.30.2025 10:30
Summary
This paper aims to provide a reflection on the response of the legal system to the rise of artificial intelligence and related technologies, whose expansion is rapidly and profoundly modifying the current economic, political and social context. After analyzing the concept of “artificial intelligence” and making special reference to deepfakes, we proceed to examine the ethical issues raised by their use and their impact on the structural principles of the social and democratic Rule of Law. Emphasizing the importance of having regulations that protect the democratic principles and fundamental rights of citizens in all aspects of their lives, this paper focuses mainly on the infringement of personal rights and the freedoms of speech and information by means of an in-depth study of current European and national legislation.
This paper aims to provide a reflection on the response of the legal system to the rise of artificial intelligence and related technologies, whose expansion is rapidly and profoundly modifying the current economic, political and social context. After analyzing the concept of “artificial intelligence” and making special reference to deepfakes, we proceed to examine the ethical issues raised by their use and their impact on the structural principles of the social and democratic Rule of Law. Emphasizing the importance of having regulations that protect the democratic principles and fundamental rights of citizens in all aspects of their lives, this paper focuses mainly on the infringement of personal rights and the freedoms of speech and information by means of an in-depth study of current European and national legislation.
Direction
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Tutorships)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Tutorships)
Court
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Student’s tutor)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Student’s tutor)
Comparative Analysis of the Jury Trial Procedure and the Abbreviated Criminal Procedure
Authorship
N.C.S.
Bachelor of Criminology
N.C.S.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
06.26.2025 12:30
06.26.2025 12:30
Summary
The institution of the Jury has been widely recognised in our legal history as a symbol of freedom and direct participation of citizens in the judiciary. The Organic Law that develops the constitutional mandate of article 125, relating to this participation, was enacted in 1995, and is therefore based on the foundations of a common ordinary process that is nowadays replaced by a more expeditious and efficient abbreviated procedure, although without sacrificing fundamental procedural guarantees. This paper focuses, through a review of various bibliographical sources, on analysing the main aspects in which the two procedures differ, paying special attention to the different procedural phases that make up each one. Despite being based on the same foundation, the treatment of each procedural phase and the implications they have on the guarantees and rights of the accused are substantially different.
The institution of the Jury has been widely recognised in our legal history as a symbol of freedom and direct participation of citizens in the judiciary. The Organic Law that develops the constitutional mandate of article 125, relating to this participation, was enacted in 1995, and is therefore based on the foundations of a common ordinary process that is nowadays replaced by a more expeditious and efficient abbreviated procedure, although without sacrificing fundamental procedural guarantees. This paper focuses, through a review of various bibliographical sources, on analysing the main aspects in which the two procedures differ, paying special attention to the different procedural phases that make up each one. Despite being based on the same foundation, the treatment of each procedural phase and the implications they have on the guarantees and rights of the accused are substantially different.
Direction
Varela Gomez, Bernardino (Tutorships)
Varela Gomez, Bernardino (Tutorships)
Court
Varela Gomez, Bernardino (Student’s tutor)
Varela Gomez, Bernardino (Student’s tutor)
Digital inheritance
Authorship
M.C.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.C.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.17.2025 11:00
02.17.2025 11:00
Summary
This study is dedicated to the analysys of the definition and posible transmission methods of the digital inheritance. It is motivated by the growing interest in the subject, given the rapid upward trend in the creation of digital content and assets resulting from online interactions across multiple aspects of our daily lives. This study is based on the extensive bibliographic review of legal regulations and various publications and legal texts by specialists and experts in this field. Additionally, it includes assesments and comments published on websites and blogs of practicing lawyers and notaries, offering more diverse points of view on this evolving topic. Throughout this study, we will explore what digital inheritance is, what assets consists of, the crucial concept of digital identity and the increasing relevance of the digital components wich make it up. I will try to explain what happens to all these digital assets upon the death of the deceased, wich theirs are entitled to take care of them and those instructions left by the deceased for after his or her death. In addition, a primary focus will be on analyzing how digital inheritance is transfered and all the problems raised by the controversial term of digital will.
This study is dedicated to the analysys of the definition and posible transmission methods of the digital inheritance. It is motivated by the growing interest in the subject, given the rapid upward trend in the creation of digital content and assets resulting from online interactions across multiple aspects of our daily lives. This study is based on the extensive bibliographic review of legal regulations and various publications and legal texts by specialists and experts in this field. Additionally, it includes assesments and comments published on websites and blogs of practicing lawyers and notaries, offering more diverse points of view on this evolving topic. Throughout this study, we will explore what digital inheritance is, what assets consists of, the crucial concept of digital identity and the increasing relevance of the digital components wich make it up. I will try to explain what happens to all these digital assets upon the death of the deceased, wich theirs are entitled to take care of them and those instructions left by the deceased for after his or her death. In addition, a primary focus will be on analyzing how digital inheritance is transfered and all the problems raised by the controversial term of digital will.
Direction
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Tutorships)
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Tutorships)
Court
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
Abuse of Dominant Position in Digital Markets: Analysis of the Apple Case (At.40437)
Authorship
S.E.C.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.E.C.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 10:00
07.16.2025 10:00
Summary
The growing development of digital markets and the platforms that interact within them has brought about a significant shift in the structure and functioning of the global economic system. These markets present unique characteristics that make them considerably different from traditional markets, resulting in an ideal environment for the proliferation of anticompetitive behavior. In this sense, antitrust law faces new challenges in mitigating potentially abusive conduct by companies that hold an advantageous market position. Thus, this thesis focuses on the analysis of this phenomenon, taking as a reference the Apple v. Spotify case (AT 40437), which represents a relevant and recent example of how a large technology company can distort market functioning by abusing its privileged position.
The growing development of digital markets and the platforms that interact within them has brought about a significant shift in the structure and functioning of the global economic system. These markets present unique characteristics that make them considerably different from traditional markets, resulting in an ideal environment for the proliferation of anticompetitive behavior. In this sense, antitrust law faces new challenges in mitigating potentially abusive conduct by companies that hold an advantageous market position. Thus, this thesis focuses on the analysis of this phenomenon, taking as a reference the Apple v. Spotify case (AT 40437), which represents a relevant and recent example of how a large technology company can distort market functioning by abusing its privileged position.
Direction
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
Court
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Student’s tutor)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Student’s tutor)
The position in the Galician successión of the surviving spouse and the de facto partner registered
Authorship
M.C.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.C.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 09:30
07.15.2025 09:30
Summary
This work presents the possibilities available to a testator to delegate decisions regarding their own inheritance to their partner, specific features of Galician law in contrast to the general principle of personal nature of wills in state law. In turn, we will also analyze the protection that the post-nuptial community itself grants to the spouse, as well as the protection that the testator can provide in favor of the partner in a will or in succession agreements.
This work presents the possibilities available to a testator to delegate decisions regarding their own inheritance to their partner, specific features of Galician law in contrast to the general principle of personal nature of wills in state law. In turn, we will also analyze the protection that the post-nuptial community itself grants to the spouse, as well as the protection that the testator can provide in favor of the partner in a will or in succession agreements.
Direction
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Tutorships)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Tutorships)
Court
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Student’s tutor)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Student’s tutor)
Undergraduate Dissertation
Authorship
C.C.V.
Bachelor of Criminology
C.C.V.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
06.30.2025 16:30
06.30.2025 16:30
Summary
The comorbidity between bipolar disorder and drugs consumption disorder presents a complex challence in the criminal law domain, particularly concerning the decision of the defendant´s criminal responsability. The absence of specific legal regulation forces courts to act by the way of jurisprudential constructions which, despite the fact that allows for the application of exempt or mitingating circumstances depending on the degree of mental impairment, reveals a significant interpretative disparity. This situation underscores the need of interdisciplinary approach which progress towards to the consolidation of uniform criteria which ensures a coherent and technically response, compliant with the defendant´s clinical reality.
The comorbidity between bipolar disorder and drugs consumption disorder presents a complex challence in the criminal law domain, particularly concerning the decision of the defendant´s criminal responsability. The absence of specific legal regulation forces courts to act by the way of jurisprudential constructions which, despite the fact that allows for the application of exempt or mitingating circumstances depending on the degree of mental impairment, reveals a significant interpretative disparity. This situation underscores the need of interdisciplinary approach which progress towards to the consolidation of uniform criteria which ensures a coherent and technically response, compliant with the defendant´s clinical reality.
Direction
VICENTE ALBA, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
VICENTE ALBA, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
VICENTE ALBA, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Student’s tutor)
VICENTE ALBA, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Student’s tutor)
Sexual violence among university students: a study of risk perception
Authorship
N.C.I.
Bachelor of Criminology
N.C.I.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.15.2025 10:00
07.15.2025 10:00
Summary
Sexual violence is a serious health and persistent social problem that disproportionately affects women and girls, causing physical, psychological and social consequences. In the university context, where factors such as alcohol consumption and an active social life converge, the risk of suffering this type of aggression is accentuated. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyse how university students perceive sexual violence, focusing on three key aspects: perceived fear in certain situations, the perception of being a potential victim and the relationship between risk and alcohol consumption. It also collects real testimonies of students who have suffered this type of violence. The research is based on a sample of 292 university students, mostly women. An anonymous online questionnaire was used, including questions about personal experiences, alcohol consumption and situations that could lead to sexual aggression. The results indicate that women have significantly higher levels of fear and risk perception than men, especially in situations involving alcohol or drugs. There is also a positive correlation between alcohol consumption and increased risk perception. The study highlights the vulnerability perceived by university women and the need to take preventive and educational measures. It also shows how factors such as alcohol consumption and the environment influence the occurrence and perception of these crimes.
Sexual violence is a serious health and persistent social problem that disproportionately affects women and girls, causing physical, psychological and social consequences. In the university context, where factors such as alcohol consumption and an active social life converge, the risk of suffering this type of aggression is accentuated. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyse how university students perceive sexual violence, focusing on three key aspects: perceived fear in certain situations, the perception of being a potential victim and the relationship between risk and alcohol consumption. It also collects real testimonies of students who have suffered this type of violence. The research is based on a sample of 292 university students, mostly women. An anonymous online questionnaire was used, including questions about personal experiences, alcohol consumption and situations that could lead to sexual aggression. The results indicate that women have significantly higher levels of fear and risk perception than men, especially in situations involving alcohol or drugs. There is also a positive correlation between alcohol consumption and increased risk perception. The study highlights the vulnerability perceived by university women and the need to take preventive and educational measures. It also shows how factors such as alcohol consumption and the environment influence the occurrence and perception of these crimes.
Direction
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Tutorships)
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Tutorships)
Court
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Student’s tutor)
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Student’s tutor)
Current usefulness of legal argumentation
Authorship
E.C.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
E.C.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.19.2025 12:00
02.19.2025 12:00
Summary
This Bachelor's Thesis examines the evolution and contemporary relevance of legal argumentation, a central element in the practice of law from antiquity to the present day. Throughout history, legal argumentation has evolved from its roots in classical rhetoric, with significant contributions from authors such as Aristotle, Cicero, and more recently, Ronald Dworkin and Robert Alexy. Despite technological advancements and the growing influence of artificial intelligence in the legal field, the ability to argue remains irreplaceable for the interpretation, application, and defense of the law. The study highlights how legal argumentation continues to be a fundamental pillar in ensuring fair and equitable decisions in an increasingly complex and technologically advanced global context. Additionally, it explores its role in the protection of fundamental rights, emphasizing the importance of a humanistic and ethical approach in the practice of law.
This Bachelor's Thesis examines the evolution and contemporary relevance of legal argumentation, a central element in the practice of law from antiquity to the present day. Throughout history, legal argumentation has evolved from its roots in classical rhetoric, with significant contributions from authors such as Aristotle, Cicero, and more recently, Ronald Dworkin and Robert Alexy. Despite technological advancements and the growing influence of artificial intelligence in the legal field, the ability to argue remains irreplaceable for the interpretation, application, and defense of the law. The study highlights how legal argumentation continues to be a fundamental pillar in ensuring fair and equitable decisions in an increasingly complex and technologically advanced global context. Additionally, it explores its role in the protection of fundamental rights, emphasizing the importance of a humanistic and ethical approach in the practice of law.
Direction
OTERO PARGA, MILAGROS MARIA (Tutorships)
OTERO PARGA, MILAGROS MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
OTERO PARGA, MILAGROS MARIA (Student’s tutor)
OTERO PARGA, MILAGROS MARIA (Student’s tutor)
Intersectional discrimination in law labor
Authorship
U.C.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
U.C.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:00
07.16.2025 12:00
Summary
The aim of this End of Degree work is consider on the existence of the intersectional discrimination (being a different figure of the multiple discrimination) in the field of labor law. The study begins with a route by the evolution of the normative frame in Europe, continuing with the development in the Spanish juridical legislation ,in state level and in autonomic level, standing out the importance of the Law 15/2022, of 12 July, integral for the equality of deal and the no discrimination, that for the first time defines both concepts. To continue, this work analyses the origin and evolution of the term from his beginnings in the black feminism, showing the conceptual differences between the multiple and intersectional terms, signalling how a part of the doctrine still tends to employ them like synonymous. Next, comes the analyse of the distinct forms of discriminatory concurrence in the labour relations, such as the combination of etnia and gender or people LGTBI with disability, standing out the disccrimination caused by the combination of being a woman and another factor. In this line, also analyses the jurisprudential answer in front of this type of situations,warning that his application keeps on being scarce at present, and as there are cases in which it could have resorted to the approach intersectional without this happended. The study concludes signalling the need of a more effective application of the interseccionality in the public politics, including this in the equality plans of the companies and how is the control by the Inspection of Work.
The aim of this End of Degree work is consider on the existence of the intersectional discrimination (being a different figure of the multiple discrimination) in the field of labor law. The study begins with a route by the evolution of the normative frame in Europe, continuing with the development in the Spanish juridical legislation ,in state level and in autonomic level, standing out the importance of the Law 15/2022, of 12 July, integral for the equality of deal and the no discrimination, that for the first time defines both concepts. To continue, this work analyses the origin and evolution of the term from his beginnings in the black feminism, showing the conceptual differences between the multiple and intersectional terms, signalling how a part of the doctrine still tends to employ them like synonymous. Next, comes the analyse of the distinct forms of discriminatory concurrence in the labour relations, such as the combination of etnia and gender or people LGTBI with disability, standing out the disccrimination caused by the combination of being a woman and another factor. In this line, also analyses the jurisprudential answer in front of this type of situations,warning that his application keeps on being scarce at present, and as there are cases in which it could have resorted to the approach intersectional without this happended. The study concludes signalling the need of a more effective application of the interseccionality in the public politics, including this in the equality plans of the companies and how is the control by the Inspection of Work.
Direction
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Tutorships)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Tutorships)
Court
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Student’s tutor)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Student’s tutor)
liability for defective products in the digital age
Authorship
J.D.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
J.D.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 10:30
06.26.2025 10:30
Summary
We are living in an era in which society is undergoing numerous and recurring changes due to the digitalisation of services and the way in which society itself is organised. This means that certain legal fields are being forced to update their objectives and the way they regulate situations or conflicts that arise within those areas. This is precisely what is happening in the field of liability for defective products. It is a constitutionally protected right. Specifically, Article 51 of the Spanish Constitution establishes that public authorities must protect consumers and users. Consumer protection also falls within the competence of the European Union, as set out in various provisions of the TFEU and the TEU, namely Article 4.2(f) of the TFEU and Article 3.3 of the TEU. Among the extensive body of EU consumer legislation, one of the most recent and significant acts is Directive (EU) 2024/2853 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on liability for damage caused by defective products, which repeals Council Directive 85/374/EEC (hereinafter, the Directive). Its objective is to address the new realities of this field by updating the previous provisions governing the matter, especially in light of the new challenges posed by technological advancements. This paper will focus primarily on the analysis of this Directive and the changes it has introduced in comparison with the previous legal frameworks governing this subject; on how it modifies the liability regime for producers and importers arising from this new way of using artificial intelligence to manufacture products that will later be placed on the market and acquired by consumers; and, where applicable, on how they will be held liable for any damage such products may cause to those consumers or to third parties.
We are living in an era in which society is undergoing numerous and recurring changes due to the digitalisation of services and the way in which society itself is organised. This means that certain legal fields are being forced to update their objectives and the way they regulate situations or conflicts that arise within those areas. This is precisely what is happening in the field of liability for defective products. It is a constitutionally protected right. Specifically, Article 51 of the Spanish Constitution establishes that public authorities must protect consumers and users. Consumer protection also falls within the competence of the European Union, as set out in various provisions of the TFEU and the TEU, namely Article 4.2(f) of the TFEU and Article 3.3 of the TEU. Among the extensive body of EU consumer legislation, one of the most recent and significant acts is Directive (EU) 2024/2853 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on liability for damage caused by defective products, which repeals Council Directive 85/374/EEC (hereinafter, the Directive). Its objective is to address the new realities of this field by updating the previous provisions governing the matter, especially in light of the new challenges posed by technological advancements. This paper will focus primarily on the analysis of this Directive and the changes it has introduced in comparison with the previous legal frameworks governing this subject; on how it modifies the liability regime for producers and importers arising from this new way of using artificial intelligence to manufacture products that will later be placed on the market and acquired by consumers; and, where applicable, on how they will be held liable for any damage such products may cause to those consumers or to third parties.
Direction
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Student’s tutor)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Student’s tutor)
The International Law Commission's Work on State Responsibility in Situations of State Succession: A Study on the Current Status
Authorship
D.D.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
D.D.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 13:00
06.26.2025 13:00
Summary
The present degree dissertation analyzes, from a legal perspective, the work carried out by the International Law Commission (ILC) and its Working Groups concerning the responsibility for internationally wrongful acts in cases involving a succession of States. Firstly, the study presents the considerations taken into account by the Commission in its work on the topic, including the delimitations of its scope and the preliminarily agreed principles. Subsequently, it outlines the results of the work from its inception in 2017 to the present, analyzing the articles that have been provisionally adopted and those key issues still pending development. Finally, the thesis discusses the topics and reasons assessed by this body to project the future challenges on its agenda and also examines the implications of the different viewpoints expressed by national delegations, reflecting the ongoing debates within an ununified state practice.
The present degree dissertation analyzes, from a legal perspective, the work carried out by the International Law Commission (ILC) and its Working Groups concerning the responsibility for internationally wrongful acts in cases involving a succession of States. Firstly, the study presents the considerations taken into account by the Commission in its work on the topic, including the delimitations of its scope and the preliminarily agreed principles. Subsequently, it outlines the results of the work from its inception in 2017 to the present, analyzing the articles that have been provisionally adopted and those key issues still pending development. Finally, the thesis discusses the topics and reasons assessed by this body to project the future challenges on its agenda and also examines the implications of the different viewpoints expressed by national delegations, reflecting the ongoing debates within an ununified state practice.
Direction
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Tutorships)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Tutorships)
Court
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Student’s tutor)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Student’s tutor)
The undercover agent in the criminal process
Authorship
N.D.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.D.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 18:00
06.26.2025 18:00
Summary
In recent decades, the rise of new forms of crime, especially organized crime, drug trafficking, human trafficking, and terrorism, has required a profound transformation of criminal and procedural law. These types of crime, characterized by their structural complexity, high degree of planning and concealment, as well as their transnational reach, have exposed the limits of traditional investigative methods. Faced with increasingly sophisticated crimes, the procedural system has had to deploy extraordinary intervention tools, among which the figure of the undercover agent stands out, regulated in Article 282 bis of the LECrim (Ley Criminal) (Spanish Civil Code). This figure is subject to a series of strict legal requirements due to its pronounced restriction on fundamental rights. In a state governed by the rule of law such as ours, this requires the application of the appropriate proportionality test, which is not without its problems.
In recent decades, the rise of new forms of crime, especially organized crime, drug trafficking, human trafficking, and terrorism, has required a profound transformation of criminal and procedural law. These types of crime, characterized by their structural complexity, high degree of planning and concealment, as well as their transnational reach, have exposed the limits of traditional investigative methods. Faced with increasingly sophisticated crimes, the procedural system has had to deploy extraordinary intervention tools, among which the figure of the undercover agent stands out, regulated in Article 282 bis of the LECrim (Ley Criminal) (Spanish Civil Code). This figure is subject to a series of strict legal requirements due to its pronounced restriction on fundamental rights. In a state governed by the rule of law such as ours, this requires the application of the appropriate proportionality test, which is not without its problems.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Liquidation of joint property: conflicting assumptions in the formation of inventory assets
Authorship
C.D.D.D.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.D.D.D.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 10:00
07.15.2025 10:00
Summary
This Final Degree Project deals with the difficulties that may exist when it comes to drawing up the assets of the inventory of the community property company. Initially, and by way of introducing the central theme of the work, the steps to be followed in a procedure for the dissolution and liquidation of the community property company are detailed, also giving importance to the presumption of community property and the peculiarity of the case of a de facto separation with respect to the moment at which the legal community property company must be understood to be dissolved. Thus, the central core of the work lies in the identification and the corresponding explanation of those cases that are conflictive in practice due to the difficulties that exist regarding whether or not the assets or rights that form part of the community of property are considered to be community property or separate property and whether or not they should be included in the assets of the marital partnership inventory; these are cases such as the opening of joint current accounts, the case of who owns the family home and in what percentage, the possible compensation that one of the spouses may receive due to dismissal or sick leave, the different improvements or increases in assets that occur in accordance with article 1359 CC, the professional or business activity of one or both spouses and the formalisation of pension or retirement plans.
This Final Degree Project deals with the difficulties that may exist when it comes to drawing up the assets of the inventory of the community property company. Initially, and by way of introducing the central theme of the work, the steps to be followed in a procedure for the dissolution and liquidation of the community property company are detailed, also giving importance to the presumption of community property and the peculiarity of the case of a de facto separation with respect to the moment at which the legal community property company must be understood to be dissolved. Thus, the central core of the work lies in the identification and the corresponding explanation of those cases that are conflictive in practice due to the difficulties that exist regarding whether or not the assets or rights that form part of the community of property are considered to be community property or separate property and whether or not they should be included in the assets of the marital partnership inventory; these are cases such as the opening of joint current accounts, the case of who owns the family home and in what percentage, the possible compensation that one of the spouses may receive due to dismissal or sick leave, the different improvements or increases in assets that occur in accordance with article 1359 CC, the professional or business activity of one or both spouses and the formalisation of pension or retirement plans.
Direction
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Tutorships)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Tutorships)
Court
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Student’s tutor)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Student’s tutor)
Freedom of expression in the digital environment: from classical limits to contemporary ones
Authorship
A.D.T.
Bachelor of Criminology
A.D.T.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 11:00
07.16.2025 11:00
Summary
Freedom of expression is one of the fundamental pillars of any democratic state, as it allows citizens to communicate ideas, opinions, and criticism, this contributing to pluralism and the public debate necessary for social and political development. However, for this freedom not to become a tool for disorder or a source of harm, it is essential to promote a responsible and appropriate use of this right, thereby ensuring social order and peace. Throughout this article, we will analyse the classical limits that have traditionally been applied to freedom of expression, such as the prohibition of hate speech, slander, and libel, and how these limits have evolved and been redefined in response to the new challenges posed by social media. These digital platforms have transformed the way in which freedom of expression is exercised, generating complex debates on content regulation, the responsibility of intermediaries, in this case, the serviceproviding platforms, and the protection of related rights. We are witnessing new conceptual boundaries to freedom of expression due to the spread of cultural movements such as the woke culture and cancel culture, as well as other problems that arise in the digital environment, such as fake news, deepfakes, and haters. The focus will be primarily on the Spanish and European legal frameworks, while also examining the international context, with special reference to the United States' conception of freedom of expression, as most of these platforms originate there. From this point, we can observe how few limits are imposed on this right in the U.S., whereas in the rest of the world, more balanced models are pursued, or even approaches more inclined toward censorship of the content being shared.
Freedom of expression is one of the fundamental pillars of any democratic state, as it allows citizens to communicate ideas, opinions, and criticism, this contributing to pluralism and the public debate necessary for social and political development. However, for this freedom not to become a tool for disorder or a source of harm, it is essential to promote a responsible and appropriate use of this right, thereby ensuring social order and peace. Throughout this article, we will analyse the classical limits that have traditionally been applied to freedom of expression, such as the prohibition of hate speech, slander, and libel, and how these limits have evolved and been redefined in response to the new challenges posed by social media. These digital platforms have transformed the way in which freedom of expression is exercised, generating complex debates on content regulation, the responsibility of intermediaries, in this case, the serviceproviding platforms, and the protection of related rights. We are witnessing new conceptual boundaries to freedom of expression due to the spread of cultural movements such as the woke culture and cancel culture, as well as other problems that arise in the digital environment, such as fake news, deepfakes, and haters. The focus will be primarily on the Spanish and European legal frameworks, while also examining the international context, with special reference to the United States' conception of freedom of expression, as most of these platforms originate there. From this point, we can observe how few limits are imposed on this right in the U.S., whereas in the rest of the world, more balanced models are pursued, or even approaches more inclined toward censorship of the content being shared.
Direction
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Tutorships)
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Tutorships)
Court
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Student’s tutor)
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Student’s tutor)
The Emergence of the Constitutional Court in the Interwar Period and Its Reception in Spain and Portugal
Authorship
C.D.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.D.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 14:00
07.18.2025 14:00
Summary
The research addresses the genesis, evolution and contemporary projection of constitutional courts in Europe, from the Kelsenian codification of 1920 to the institutionalization of the Iberian Cortes; the Spanish Constitutional Court (1979) and the Portuguese Constitutional Court (1982). Starting from Roberto L. Blanco Valdés thesis on the failure of normative constitutionalism in the interwar period, it is shown that constitutional justice only takes root where there is a stable democratic culture. After reviewing North American precedents and the Austrian laboratory, the lack of jurisdictional control in the authoritarian experiences of Weimar and Italy is analyzed and it is argued that Spain and Portugal internalized those lessons during their democratic transitions. The work compares the architecture, powers and social legitimacy of both courts, highlighting their design differences (4-4-2-2 system versus 10+3 formula) and their responses to recent crises —decentralization, austerity and digital rights. It is concluded that, despite politicization and procedural overload, both models continue to be key pieces of the Rule of Law. However, growing political polarization requires strengthening its independence, transparency and procedural agility to preserve its legitimacy.
The research addresses the genesis, evolution and contemporary projection of constitutional courts in Europe, from the Kelsenian codification of 1920 to the institutionalization of the Iberian Cortes; the Spanish Constitutional Court (1979) and the Portuguese Constitutional Court (1982). Starting from Roberto L. Blanco Valdés thesis on the failure of normative constitutionalism in the interwar period, it is shown that constitutional justice only takes root where there is a stable democratic culture. After reviewing North American precedents and the Austrian laboratory, the lack of jurisdictional control in the authoritarian experiences of Weimar and Italy is analyzed and it is argued that Spain and Portugal internalized those lessons during their democratic transitions. The work compares the architecture, powers and social legitimacy of both courts, highlighting their design differences (4-4-2-2 system versus 10+3 formula) and their responses to recent crises —decentralization, austerity and digital rights. It is concluded that, despite politicization and procedural overload, both models continue to be key pieces of the Rule of Law. However, growing political polarization requires strengthening its independence, transparency and procedural agility to preserve its legitimacy.
Direction
BLANCO VALDES, ROBERTO LUIS (Tutorships)
BLANCO VALDES, ROBERTO LUIS (Tutorships)
Court
BLANCO VALDES, ROBERTO LUIS (Student’s tutor)
BLANCO VALDES, ROBERTO LUIS (Student’s tutor)
Tax benefits for maternity in the Personal Income Tax Law
Authorship
A.D.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.D.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 13:00
06.26.2025 13:00
Summary
This Final Degree Project aims to study the various tax benefits for maternity within the framework of the Personal Income Tax Law, which constitute a fundamental tool for supporting families and encouraging births. Family protection is a constitutional mandate articulated through social and fiscal policies. Public measures to support and protect maternity are framed within policies supporting the family, children, and gender equality. The various tax benefits, economic benefits, and various aids will be examined. One of the main tax benefits for maternity is the maternity deduction for Personal Income Tax, which will be the subject of a detailed study. In addition, the following will be analyzed: how these measures contribute to improving the economic situation of families, encouraging births, supporting gender equality, and what benefits they bring to society as a whole. Maternity tax benefits in Spain represent a set of measures aimed at easing the financial burden on families, promoting birth rates, and facilitating work-life balance. The availability of personal income tax deductions, financial benefits, and assistance contribute to a more equitable and inclusive society.
This Final Degree Project aims to study the various tax benefits for maternity within the framework of the Personal Income Tax Law, which constitute a fundamental tool for supporting families and encouraging births. Family protection is a constitutional mandate articulated through social and fiscal policies. Public measures to support and protect maternity are framed within policies supporting the family, children, and gender equality. The various tax benefits, economic benefits, and various aids will be examined. One of the main tax benefits for maternity is the maternity deduction for Personal Income Tax, which will be the subject of a detailed study. In addition, the following will be analyzed: how these measures contribute to improving the economic situation of families, encouraging births, supporting gender equality, and what benefits they bring to society as a whole. Maternity tax benefits in Spain represent a set of measures aimed at easing the financial burden on families, promoting birth rates, and facilitating work-life balance. The availability of personal income tax deductions, financial benefits, and assistance contribute to a more equitable and inclusive society.
Direction
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Tutorships)
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Student’s tutor)
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Student’s tutor)
The EU Morocco Agreements and Western Sahara: A Legal Analysis
Authorship
S.V.D.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.V.D.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 10:00
07.14.2025 10:00
Summary
Since the Spanish decolonization in 1975, the legal, political, and economic situation of Western Sahara has been surrounded by controversy. The designation of Western Sahara as a non-self-governing territory has led to a series of issues affecting its rights, primarily the right to self-determination of peoples, recognized by the United Nations in its Charter, as well as permanent sovereignty over its territory and the exploitation of its resources, or the principle of the relative effect of treaties. This situation stems from the occupation carried out by Morocco, which claims the territory as its own despite the opposition of Western Sahara´s representative, the Polisario Front. As a result, the Kingdom of Morocco, disregarding the principle of the relative effect of treaties, has entered into a series of agreements with the European Union that directly affect parts of Western Sahara. The root of the problem lies in the lack of consultation with the Sahrawi people and the Polisario Front, as their representative, regarding the adoption of these agreements involving their territory. In response, the Polisario Front has challenged the decisions approving such agreements and has engaged in a legal battle against the European institutions, Morocco, and Moroccan fishing cooperatives in favor of continuing the agreements. This has led to a lengthy period of proceedings before the judicial bodies of the European Union in an attempt to resolve a conflict that, to this day, remains unresolved.
Since the Spanish decolonization in 1975, the legal, political, and economic situation of Western Sahara has been surrounded by controversy. The designation of Western Sahara as a non-self-governing territory has led to a series of issues affecting its rights, primarily the right to self-determination of peoples, recognized by the United Nations in its Charter, as well as permanent sovereignty over its territory and the exploitation of its resources, or the principle of the relative effect of treaties. This situation stems from the occupation carried out by Morocco, which claims the territory as its own despite the opposition of Western Sahara´s representative, the Polisario Front. As a result, the Kingdom of Morocco, disregarding the principle of the relative effect of treaties, has entered into a series of agreements with the European Union that directly affect parts of Western Sahara. The root of the problem lies in the lack of consultation with the Sahrawi people and the Polisario Front, as their representative, regarding the adoption of these agreements involving their territory. In response, the Polisario Front has challenged the decisions approving such agreements and has engaged in a legal battle against the European institutions, Morocco, and Moroccan fishing cooperatives in favor of continuing the agreements. This has led to a lengthy period of proceedings before the judicial bodies of the European Union in an attempt to resolve a conflict that, to this day, remains unresolved.
Direction
TEIJO GARCIA, CARLOS (Tutorships)
TEIJO GARCIA, CARLOS (Tutorships)
Court
TEIJO GARCIA, CARLOS (Student’s tutor)
TEIJO GARCIA, CARLOS (Student’s tutor)
The notion of conformity in the contract for the supply of digital content and services
Authorship
Y.D.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Y.D.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 12:00
07.18.2025 12:00
Summary
This paper deals with the contract as a key legal figure in private law. It analyzes its evolution over time and how it adapts to social and technological changes, as well as to electronic commerce, with special attention to the protection of the consumer, considered the weaker party in the contractual relationship. The parties involved in the contract (consumers and businesses) are identified, along with the content of the obligations undertaken and the legal effects that arise from the contract. A central point is the analysis of non-conformity, distinguishing between subjective and objective requirements for a good or service to be considered in accordance with the agreement. The study also reviews consumer rights, such as data protection and the possibility of terminating the contract, as well as the obligations of businesses, including the delivery of conforming goods and service updates. Finally, it examines the legal remedies available in cases of non-conformity, both those established at the European level and those under national law, as well as their hierarchy.
This paper deals with the contract as a key legal figure in private law. It analyzes its evolution over time and how it adapts to social and technological changes, as well as to electronic commerce, with special attention to the protection of the consumer, considered the weaker party in the contractual relationship. The parties involved in the contract (consumers and businesses) are identified, along with the content of the obligations undertaken and the legal effects that arise from the contract. A central point is the analysis of non-conformity, distinguishing between subjective and objective requirements for a good or service to be considered in accordance with the agreement. The study also reviews consumer rights, such as data protection and the possibility of terminating the contract, as well as the obligations of businesses, including the delivery of conforming goods and service updates. Finally, it examines the legal remedies available in cases of non-conformity, both those established at the European level and those under national law, as well as their hierarchy.
Direction
LETE ACHIRICA, JAVIER (Tutorships)
LETE ACHIRICA, JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Chairman)
Herrero Oviedo, Margarita Cristina (Secretary)
DIAZ MARTINEZ, ANA (Member)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Chairman)
Herrero Oviedo, Margarita Cristina (Secretary)
DIAZ MARTINEZ, ANA (Member)
SCL-90-R sensitivity for evaluating simulation in Temporary Disability
Authorship
A.E.R.
Bachelor of Criminology
A.E.R.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
06.30.2025 17:00
06.30.2025 17:00
Summary
The aim of this study is to analyze the ability of a non-psychiatric population to simulate symptoms of a mental disorder to obtain Temporary Disability status. To achieve this, the SCL-90-R questionnaire was administered on two occasions: the first with instructions to respond honestly, and the second simulating the presence of a psychological disorder. The analysis of the results revealed that the evaluated population demonstrated a notable ability to simulate psychopathological symptoms. The most used simulation strategy was the exaggeration or accumulation of symptoms, which led to significantly higher scores than those of the general population, as well as a clinical reference group with psychiatric diagnoses. However, the validity indices of the instrument successfully identified most participants as simulators, suggesting that the SCL-90-R questionnaire is not entirely suitable for reliably distinguishing between genuine and simulated responses in all cases.
The aim of this study is to analyze the ability of a non-psychiatric population to simulate symptoms of a mental disorder to obtain Temporary Disability status. To achieve this, the SCL-90-R questionnaire was administered on two occasions: the first with instructions to respond honestly, and the second simulating the presence of a psychological disorder. The analysis of the results revealed that the evaluated population demonstrated a notable ability to simulate psychopathological symptoms. The most used simulation strategy was the exaggeration or accumulation of symptoms, which led to significantly higher scores than those of the general population, as well as a clinical reference group with psychiatric diagnoses. However, the validity indices of the instrument successfully identified most participants as simulators, suggesting that the SCL-90-R questionnaire is not entirely suitable for reliably distinguishing between genuine and simulated responses in all cases.
Direction
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Tutorships)
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Tutorships)
Court
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Student’s tutor)
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Student’s tutor)
Analysis of the Constitutional Court’s Doctrine Regarding the Tax on the Increase in Value of Urban Land
Authorship
A.M.F.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.M.F.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 11:30
07.18.2025 11:30
Summary
The Tax on the Increase in Value of Urban Land, commonly known as the “municipal capital gains tax” (plusvalía municipal), is a local, optional, direct, real, objective, and instantaneous tax that levies the increase in value of urban land arising from legal transactions, whether for consideration or gratuitous, and whether inter vivos or mortis causa. It represents a significant portion of municipal revenue, historically accounting for between 6% and 8% of the total tax revenues of local authorities in Spain, amounting to over €2.6 billion in 2018. However, following several rulings of the Constitutional Court and their legal consequences, the total amount of revenue has steadily declined according to official data, falling to €2.075 billion in 2021, with projections of only €85 million for 2023. Thus, this matter constitutes a controversy of considerable economic importance, as it directly affects the financial resources through which municipalities implement and execute their budgets. In recent years, there has been a fundamental transformation of this tax due to the Constitutional Court's rulings declaring several provisions of the Consolidated Text of the Law Regulating Local Treasuries-its foundational legal framework-to be unconstitutional. Compliance with the constitutional principles of economic capacity and the prohibition of confiscatory taxation, enshrined in Article 31.1 of the Spanish Constitution, serves as the cornerstone for all legislative amendments concerning this tax. This paper will examine the legal consequences of the Constitutional Court’s judgments, which ultimately led to the enactment of Royal Decree-Law 26/2021, of 8 November, which adapted the Consolidated Text of the Law Regulating Local Treasuries (TRLHL) to constitutional jurisprudence.
The Tax on the Increase in Value of Urban Land, commonly known as the “municipal capital gains tax” (plusvalía municipal), is a local, optional, direct, real, objective, and instantaneous tax that levies the increase in value of urban land arising from legal transactions, whether for consideration or gratuitous, and whether inter vivos or mortis causa. It represents a significant portion of municipal revenue, historically accounting for between 6% and 8% of the total tax revenues of local authorities in Spain, amounting to over €2.6 billion in 2018. However, following several rulings of the Constitutional Court and their legal consequences, the total amount of revenue has steadily declined according to official data, falling to €2.075 billion in 2021, with projections of only €85 million for 2023. Thus, this matter constitutes a controversy of considerable economic importance, as it directly affects the financial resources through which municipalities implement and execute their budgets. In recent years, there has been a fundamental transformation of this tax due to the Constitutional Court's rulings declaring several provisions of the Consolidated Text of the Law Regulating Local Treasuries-its foundational legal framework-to be unconstitutional. Compliance with the constitutional principles of economic capacity and the prohibition of confiscatory taxation, enshrined in Article 31.1 of the Spanish Constitution, serves as the cornerstone for all legislative amendments concerning this tax. This paper will examine the legal consequences of the Constitutional Court’s judgments, which ultimately led to the enactment of Royal Decree-Law 26/2021, of 8 November, which adapted the Consolidated Text of the Law Regulating Local Treasuries (TRLHL) to constitutional jurisprudence.
Direction
NIETO MONTERO, JUAN JOSE (Tutorships)
NIETO MONTERO, JUAN JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
NIETO MONTERO, JUAN JOSE (Student’s tutor)
NIETO MONTERO, JUAN JOSE (Student’s tutor)
Analysis of the Supreme Court's case law on scabbing
Authorship
C.A.F.D.L.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.A.F.D.L.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.30.2025 11:00
06.30.2025 11:00
Summary
This paper contains a jurisprudential analysis in the field of labor law on the issue of scabbing, a practice prohibited by law only in its external aspect, but which both doctrine and jurisprudence have been responsible for preventing also in its internal and technological aspects. Before this analysis, a study of its concept and legal restrictions is offered. The practice of scabbing takes place when workers exercise their fundamental right to strike recognized in art. 28.2 of the Spanish Constitution, more specifically, when striking workers are replaced by external or internal workers or by technological elements, which is why it is so important to see how the Supreme Court reacts to these situations.
This paper contains a jurisprudential analysis in the field of labor law on the issue of scabbing, a practice prohibited by law only in its external aspect, but which both doctrine and jurisprudence have been responsible for preventing also in its internal and technological aspects. Before this analysis, a study of its concept and legal restrictions is offered. The practice of scabbing takes place when workers exercise their fundamental right to strike recognized in art. 28.2 of the Spanish Constitution, more specifically, when striking workers are replaced by external or internal workers or by technological elements, which is why it is so important to see how the Supreme Court reacts to these situations.
Direction
GARATE CASTRO, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
GARATE CASTRO, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
MELLA MENDEZ, LOURDES (Chairman)
MIRANDA BOTO, JOSE MARIA (Secretary)
MANEIRO VAZQUEZ, YOLANDA (Member)
MELLA MENDEZ, LOURDES (Chairman)
MIRANDA BOTO, JOSE MARIA (Secretary)
MANEIRO VAZQUEZ, YOLANDA (Member)
Legal Person, Criminal Compliance and Exemption from Criminal Liability in Spain
Authorship
I.F.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
I.F.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 11:30
07.17.2025 11:30
Summary
This final degree project focuses on the criminal liability of legal entities and on the criminal risk prevention program (criminal compliance) in its threefold role: as a instrument for adapting to a culture of compliance and for exempting or mitigating criminal liability. After briefly summarizing the key aspects of the regulatory framework governing the criminal liability of legal entities in the Spanish Penal Code, particularly, the essential requirements for attributing criminal responsibility to a legal entity for an offense committed by a natural person, the project then analyzes the requirements that compliance programs must meet in order to be considered effective and suitable for excluding such criminal liability. Finally, the figure of the compliance officer is addressed.
This final degree project focuses on the criminal liability of legal entities and on the criminal risk prevention program (criminal compliance) in its threefold role: as a instrument for adapting to a culture of compliance and for exempting or mitigating criminal liability. After briefly summarizing the key aspects of the regulatory framework governing the criminal liability of legal entities in the Spanish Penal Code, particularly, the essential requirements for attributing criminal responsibility to a legal entity for an offense committed by a natural person, the project then analyzes the requirements that compliance programs must meet in order to be considered effective and suitable for excluding such criminal liability. Finally, the figure of the compliance officer is addressed.
Direction
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Tutorships)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Tutorships)
Court
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Student’s tutor)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Student’s tutor)
Greenwashing as a barrier to the ecological transition in the textile sector: the need for effective regulation.
Authorship
L.F.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.F.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 14:00
07.18.2025 14:00
Summary
Based on the concern for environmental impact and misleading communications, the phenomenon of greenwashing is studied, especially in the textile sector, one of the most affected by the use of unfair environmental claims as a commercial advantage. To do this, the first step is to understand and describe the essential characteristics of the concept, identifying the most common practices and their environmental and social impact. Next, attention is focused on the current regulatory framework, analyzing its real capacity to deal with this type of behavior. In this regard, the Directive (UE) 2024/825, stands out with special emphasis, which complements and reinforces the provisions particularly in Law 3/1991 on Unfair Competition. Through the review, as well as the assessment of practical cases, the aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of these standards, both in the international and national contexts. Finally, complementary measures, both binding and voluntary, are addressed, which can contribute to a more solid regulation and the transformation of the production model. In conclusion, it is worth highlighting the need to strengthen institutional control, promote corporate responsibility and encourage critical thinking among consumers.
Based on the concern for environmental impact and misleading communications, the phenomenon of greenwashing is studied, especially in the textile sector, one of the most affected by the use of unfair environmental claims as a commercial advantage. To do this, the first step is to understand and describe the essential characteristics of the concept, identifying the most common practices and their environmental and social impact. Next, attention is focused on the current regulatory framework, analyzing its real capacity to deal with this type of behavior. In this regard, the Directive (UE) 2024/825, stands out with special emphasis, which complements and reinforces the provisions particularly in Law 3/1991 on Unfair Competition. Through the review, as well as the assessment of practical cases, the aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of these standards, both in the international and national contexts. Finally, complementary measures, both binding and voluntary, are addressed, which can contribute to a more solid regulation and the transformation of the production model. In conclusion, it is worth highlighting the need to strengthen institutional control, promote corporate responsibility and encourage critical thinking among consumers.
Direction
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Tutorships)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Tutorships)
Court
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Chairman)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Secretary)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Member)
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Chairman)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Secretary)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Member)
Fentanyl in Forensic Toxicology
Authorship
D.F.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
D.F.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.17.2025 12:20
07.17.2025 12:20
Summary
Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid up to one hundred times more potent than morphine, whose global proliferation has triggered a public health crisis in several countries. This thesis explores its impact from a forensic toxicology perspective, analyzing its pharmacological properties, detection methods, legal implications, and involvement in criminal cases such as drug-facilitated sexual assault. Through a comprehensive review of scientific literature, the main analytical techniques for its detection are examined, along with the challenges in post-mortem interpretation and the legal difficulties posed by the emergence of unregulated analogs. Furthermore, real forensic cases and the broader societal impact are discussed, proposing preventive strategies and improvements in detection protocols. The study concludes that fentanyl represents a multidimensional threat that demands a coordinated, multidisciplinary, and institutional response.
Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid up to one hundred times more potent than morphine, whose global proliferation has triggered a public health crisis in several countries. This thesis explores its impact from a forensic toxicology perspective, analyzing its pharmacological properties, detection methods, legal implications, and involvement in criminal cases such as drug-facilitated sexual assault. Through a comprehensive review of scientific literature, the main analytical techniques for its detection are examined, along with the challenges in post-mortem interpretation and the legal difficulties posed by the emergence of unregulated analogs. Furthermore, real forensic cases and the broader societal impact are discussed, proposing preventive strategies and improvements in detection protocols. The study concludes that fentanyl represents a multidimensional threat that demands a coordinated, multidisciplinary, and institutional response.
Direction
BERMEJO BARRERA, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
BERMEJO BARRERA, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
BERMEJO BARRERA, ANA MARIA (Student’s tutor)
BERMEJO BARRERA, ANA MARIA (Student’s tutor)
The out-of-court resolution of individual labor disputes: its evolution.
Authorship
A.F.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.F.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 11:30
07.16.2025 11:30
Summary
This final project aims to study the out-of-court resolution of individual labor disputes, with especial attention to its evolution. Firstly, it analyzes the legal foundations of out-of-court resolution in Spanish labor law, addressing the different stages of the constitutional period. Next, the concept of labor conflict is defined, drawing a distinction between individual, collective and plural conflicts. The project then delves into a detailed analysis of the methods of out-of- court resolution. It begins with a study of the historical background of extrajudicial procedures in Spain and focuses on their development at the national level and on the various interprofessional agreements development by the Autonomous Communities. Within this research, further attention is given to those Autonomous Communities that were pioneers in implementing their own systems of out-court dispute resolution, as well as to how each of the seventeen communities addresses the inclusion or exclusion of individual conflicts in their respective agreements. Finally, the project concludes with a critical study of the limitations of mandatory pre-ligation conciliation, especially in highly relevant disputes such as dismissal, setting out the reasons why we consider that this pre-procedural requirement, despite its mandatory nature, fails to achieve effective practica results.
This final project aims to study the out-of-court resolution of individual labor disputes, with especial attention to its evolution. Firstly, it analyzes the legal foundations of out-of-court resolution in Spanish labor law, addressing the different stages of the constitutional period. Next, the concept of labor conflict is defined, drawing a distinction between individual, collective and plural conflicts. The project then delves into a detailed analysis of the methods of out-of- court resolution. It begins with a study of the historical background of extrajudicial procedures in Spain and focuses on their development at the national level and on the various interprofessional agreements development by the Autonomous Communities. Within this research, further attention is given to those Autonomous Communities that were pioneers in implementing their own systems of out-court dispute resolution, as well as to how each of the seventeen communities addresses the inclusion or exclusion of individual conflicts in their respective agreements. Finally, the project concludes with a critical study of the limitations of mandatory pre-ligation conciliation, especially in highly relevant disputes such as dismissal, setting out the reasons why we consider that this pre-procedural requirement, despite its mandatory nature, fails to achieve effective practica results.
Direction
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Tutorships)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Tutorships)
Court
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Student’s tutor)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Student’s tutor)
Proposals for improving police attention to intimate-partner violence victims from a Therapeutic Jurisprudence perspective
Authorship
C.F.B.
Bachelor of Criminology
C.F.B.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:00
07.16.2025 12:00
Summary
Intimate-Partner Violence has been recognized at both the national and international levels as a complex social issue and a form of discrimination with far-reaching consequences that affects the lives, rights, and freedoms of women. Therefore, it must be addressed comprehensively and urgently. In Spain, the high number of reports filed each year highlights the need for a coordinated, effective, and victim-centered institutional response. Most of these reports are filed with the Law Enforcement Agencies, at National Police stations and Guardia Civil posts, positioning these bodies as essential actors not only in immediate response but also in ongoing support and monitoring tasks, in which local police forces are also involved. This study introduces the Spanish legal and policing framework regarding Intimate-Partner Violence. From the perspective of Therapeutic Jurisprudence, which posits that laws and their implementation should maximize therapeutic outcomes and minimize those that may be iatrogenic, the paper reflects on the importance of police intervention that not only meets legal requirements but also considers the psychological impact of institutional action on victims. Beyond risk management, police attention should also consider the psychological and emotional dimensions of victims. The need to design and implement police protocols oriented toward Therapeutic Jurisprudence is proposed, as they may contribute to the psychological well-being of victims.
Intimate-Partner Violence has been recognized at both the national and international levels as a complex social issue and a form of discrimination with far-reaching consequences that affects the lives, rights, and freedoms of women. Therefore, it must be addressed comprehensively and urgently. In Spain, the high number of reports filed each year highlights the need for a coordinated, effective, and victim-centered institutional response. Most of these reports are filed with the Law Enforcement Agencies, at National Police stations and Guardia Civil posts, positioning these bodies as essential actors not only in immediate response but also in ongoing support and monitoring tasks, in which local police forces are also involved. This study introduces the Spanish legal and policing framework regarding Intimate-Partner Violence. From the perspective of Therapeutic Jurisprudence, which posits that laws and their implementation should maximize therapeutic outcomes and minimize those that may be iatrogenic, the paper reflects on the importance of police intervention that not only meets legal requirements but also considers the psychological impact of institutional action on victims. Beyond risk management, police attention should also consider the psychological and emotional dimensions of victims. The need to design and implement police protocols oriented toward Therapeutic Jurisprudence is proposed, as they may contribute to the psychological well-being of victims.
Direction
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Tutorships)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Tutorships)
Court
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Chairman)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Secretary)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Member)
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Chairman)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Secretary)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Member)
Reacting in self-defence against non-state actors: an analysis of international practice
Authorship
A.F.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.F.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 11:30
07.14.2025 11:30
Summary
This paper seeks to analyse the evolution of the applicability of the right to self-defence from a doctrinal, jurisprudential and practical perspective, analysing its change from a tool of reaction to inter-state aggression to its appeal to threats from non-state armed groups, in circumstances such as international terrorism. It will study the interpretative tensions that have arisen as a result of these new threats. It will also describe and analyse its development from the initial wording of Article 51 of the UN Charter to the most recent practice, as well as its current legal and jurisprudential configuration. The emergence of new forms of global terrorism has highlighted the need to restructure the EU security system. The seriousness of attacks perpetrated by non-state actors has encouraged victim states to exercise force against them, which has led to a rethinking of certain legal structures already consolidated in the international legal order, such as the right to legitimate self-defence, an institution that has often been used by states to destroy the territorial bases of terrorist groups.The study also analyses emblematic cases, such as the International Court of Justice's judgement in Nicaragua v. United States, and addresses the legitimacy of doctrines such as preventive self-defence and the theory of the ‘unwilling or unable state’. The uneven response of the international community to these practices and the ambiguity in the development of customary norms highlight the fragility of the legal consensus on the use of force.
This paper seeks to analyse the evolution of the applicability of the right to self-defence from a doctrinal, jurisprudential and practical perspective, analysing its change from a tool of reaction to inter-state aggression to its appeal to threats from non-state armed groups, in circumstances such as international terrorism. It will study the interpretative tensions that have arisen as a result of these new threats. It will also describe and analyse its development from the initial wording of Article 51 of the UN Charter to the most recent practice, as well as its current legal and jurisprudential configuration. The emergence of new forms of global terrorism has highlighted the need to restructure the EU security system. The seriousness of attacks perpetrated by non-state actors has encouraged victim states to exercise force against them, which has led to a rethinking of certain legal structures already consolidated in the international legal order, such as the right to legitimate self-defence, an institution that has often been used by states to destroy the territorial bases of terrorist groups.The study also analyses emblematic cases, such as the International Court of Justice's judgement in Nicaragua v. United States, and addresses the legitimacy of doctrines such as preventive self-defence and the theory of the ‘unwilling or unable state’. The uneven response of the international community to these practices and the ambiguity in the development of customary norms highlight the fragility of the legal consensus on the use of force.
Direction
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Tutorships)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Tutorships)
Court
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Student’s tutor)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Student’s tutor)
The praetor´s interdicts: A manifestation of his Imperium
Authorship
N.F.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.F.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 12:00
07.14.2025 12:00
Summary
Among all the magistracies that constitutes the cursus honorum, the praetorship stands out for its leading role within private law. The figure of the praetor; vested with the imperium mixtum (this is a reinforced power linked to civil iurisdictio) has the duty to safeguard the proper conduct of litigation. To achieve this, it makes use of a broad range of resources, such as the stipulatio or the missio, being the interdictum the most relevant of them all. The interdictal order allows the praetor not only to prohibit certain behaviors, but also to require the restitution or exhibition of certain goods. All of this aims to provide an effective solution to disputes between private individuals. It is in practice, however, where it truly reveals its full potential. Being instruments in continuous evolution, they seek to adapt to the needs of legal reality. As a result, they became the cornerstone for the protection of institutions, such as the possession, which, without interdicts like unde vi or uti possidetis, would be completely unprotected. But their effectiveness also extends to other areas, playing a fundamental role in disputes between neighboring estates. They serve to protect not only the physical integrity of the estates but also the legal integrity of those rights arising from the coexistence of properties, as is the case with servitudes.
Among all the magistracies that constitutes the cursus honorum, the praetorship stands out for its leading role within private law. The figure of the praetor; vested with the imperium mixtum (this is a reinforced power linked to civil iurisdictio) has the duty to safeguard the proper conduct of litigation. To achieve this, it makes use of a broad range of resources, such as the stipulatio or the missio, being the interdictum the most relevant of them all. The interdictal order allows the praetor not only to prohibit certain behaviors, but also to require the restitution or exhibition of certain goods. All of this aims to provide an effective solution to disputes between private individuals. It is in practice, however, where it truly reveals its full potential. Being instruments in continuous evolution, they seek to adapt to the needs of legal reality. As a result, they became the cornerstone for the protection of institutions, such as the possession, which, without interdicts like unde vi or uti possidetis, would be completely unprotected. But their effectiveness also extends to other areas, playing a fundamental role in disputes between neighboring estates. They serve to protect not only the physical integrity of the estates but also the legal integrity of those rights arising from the coexistence of properties, as is the case with servitudes.
Direction
GONZALEZ BUSTELO, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
GONZALEZ BUSTELO, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
GONZALEZ BUSTELO, ANA MARIA (Student’s tutor)
GONZALEZ BUSTELO, ANA MARIA (Student’s tutor)
Analysis of cybercrime: cracking, hacking and computer fraud
Authorship
C.F.R.
Bachelor of Criminology
C.F.R.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
06.27.2025 12:00
06.27.2025 12:00
Summary
Currently, most people live in digital societies in such a way that their activities, whether personal, professional, leisure, etc., are carried out through cyberspace. This has created a new and attractive opportunity for criminals to commit fraudulent conduct. These subjects use increasingly sophisticated techniques, taking advantage of existing weaknesses in the prosecution of cybercrime and the inadequacy of security measures implemented in computer systems. In the present work, cybercrime, its characteristics and categorizations will be analyzed in depth. In addition, the regulations in force both in the international and national context will be examined, as well as the figure of the offender and the victim. In particular, attention will be paid to the crime of cracking, hacking and computer fraud. Finally, formal social control mechanisms and relevant security measures will be briefly discussed.
Currently, most people live in digital societies in such a way that their activities, whether personal, professional, leisure, etc., are carried out through cyberspace. This has created a new and attractive opportunity for criminals to commit fraudulent conduct. These subjects use increasingly sophisticated techniques, taking advantage of existing weaknesses in the prosecution of cybercrime and the inadequacy of security measures implemented in computer systems. In the present work, cybercrime, its characteristics and categorizations will be analyzed in depth. In addition, the regulations in force both in the international and national context will be examined, as well as the figure of the offender and the victim. In particular, attention will be paid to the crime of cracking, hacking and computer fraud. Finally, formal social control mechanisms and relevant security measures will be briefly discussed.
Direction
CASTRO CORREDOIRA, MARIA (Tutorships)
CASTRO CORREDOIRA, MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
CASTRO CORREDOIRA, MARIA (Student’s tutor)
CASTRO CORREDOIRA, MARIA (Student’s tutor)
Penal process and proof
Authorship
M.G.A.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.G.A.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 15:30
07.17.2025 15:30
Summary
Proof is one of the fundamental pillars of the penal process as it garantees that judicial decisions are based on the veracity of the facts and on an objective and rational evaluation of the evidentiary facts presented. Its proper practice and assessment mean the rights of the victims and accused are weighed up thus promoting procedural equity. In accordance with constitutional and legal provisions, in the absence of any legitimate evidentiary proof, the penal process loses its essential nature of impartiality, legitimacy and effectiveness. Technical evolution has brought about a significant transformation in the evidentiary domain with the incorporation of new tools like digital proof and the progressive use of artificial intelligence in the judicial sphere. Due to these advances, procedures have speeded up and new sources of evidence are available which contribute to significant progress. However, its implementation presents ethnic and judicial challenges which have to do with the protection of fundamental rights. Likewise, the contemporary penal process should integrate gender perspective in a transversal manner in order to ensure an effective and inclusive justice which is sensitive to the structural inequalities which disproportionally affect women.
Proof is one of the fundamental pillars of the penal process as it garantees that judicial decisions are based on the veracity of the facts and on an objective and rational evaluation of the evidentiary facts presented. Its proper practice and assessment mean the rights of the victims and accused are weighed up thus promoting procedural equity. In accordance with constitutional and legal provisions, in the absence of any legitimate evidentiary proof, the penal process loses its essential nature of impartiality, legitimacy and effectiveness. Technical evolution has brought about a significant transformation in the evidentiary domain with the incorporation of new tools like digital proof and the progressive use of artificial intelligence in the judicial sphere. Due to these advances, procedures have speeded up and new sources of evidence are available which contribute to significant progress. However, its implementation presents ethnic and judicial challenges which have to do with the protection of fundamental rights. Likewise, the contemporary penal process should integrate gender perspective in a transversal manner in order to ensure an effective and inclusive justice which is sensitive to the structural inequalities which disproportionally affect women.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
The public takeover bid
Authorship
A.G.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.G.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.30.2025 11:00
06.30.2025 11:00
Summary
In the following paper, an in-depth and well-founded examination will be conducted on a classic economic concept: the Public Takeover Bid. The work will begin by introducing and framing the concept, followed by an explanation of what it entails, as well as its historical and legal context, providing a general overview and defining the legal framework to which it is subject, both within the European Union and at the national level. Subsequently, and to facilitate better understanding, the different types of Public Takeover Bids that exist will be explained, along with how they are addressed in Spanish legislation, the current process required to properly carry out a TOB and the various regulatory bodies that must oversee and approve it in order for it to have full legal effect. Next, there will be a brief discussion of the rights of shareholders in the target company, in addition to a short critique of both Spanish and European regulations. The paper will also outline the existing legal mechanisms that allow companies to protect themselves from takeover bids, whether before or after the bid is launched, and the legality of using such defensive measures. Finally, some practical aspects of takeovers will be briefly presented through real-life cases that have occurred in Spain, concluding with what is arguably the most significant Public Takeover Bid at the national level: the 2005 Endesa case anda BBVA-Sabadell case.
In the following paper, an in-depth and well-founded examination will be conducted on a classic economic concept: the Public Takeover Bid. The work will begin by introducing and framing the concept, followed by an explanation of what it entails, as well as its historical and legal context, providing a general overview and defining the legal framework to which it is subject, both within the European Union and at the national level. Subsequently, and to facilitate better understanding, the different types of Public Takeover Bids that exist will be explained, along with how they are addressed in Spanish legislation, the current process required to properly carry out a TOB and the various regulatory bodies that must oversee and approve it in order for it to have full legal effect. Next, there will be a brief discussion of the rights of shareholders in the target company, in addition to a short critique of both Spanish and European regulations. The paper will also outline the existing legal mechanisms that allow companies to protect themselves from takeover bids, whether before or after the bid is launched, and the legality of using such defensive measures. Finally, some practical aspects of takeovers will be briefly presented through real-life cases that have occurred in Spain, concluding with what is arguably the most significant Public Takeover Bid at the national level: the 2005 Endesa case anda BBVA-Sabadell case.
Direction
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
Court
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Student’s tutor)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Student’s tutor)
Intelligence as evidence in social proceedings
Authorship
X.G.T.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
X.G.T.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
Defense date
07.01.2025 10:00
07.01.2025 10:00
Summary
Intelligence activity is no longer an exclusive activity of the States, as technological evolution and cultural changes have expanded the use of intelligence to business organizations. It finds great utility in evidentiary activities, with traditional intelligence gathering activities being included in business control, giving rise to a constant generation of evidentiary information, especially thanks to the use of technology; and which are reclassified to the traditional forms of evidence regulated by our LEC, despite their ineffectiveness, or difficulties in fitting, given the notable differences in their characteristics, intensity or mode of production, being notable the possible systematic violation of fundamental rights, and the extensive use of new technologies; for this reason, the importance of intelligence in the world of work is analyzed, as well as the conditions of procedural validity, in the social order, of intelligence activities adopted in the form of business control, and the creation of a new type of evidence is proposed, which allows for a more guaranteeing procedural regulation.
Intelligence activity is no longer an exclusive activity of the States, as technological evolution and cultural changes have expanded the use of intelligence to business organizations. It finds great utility in evidentiary activities, with traditional intelligence gathering activities being included in business control, giving rise to a constant generation of evidentiary information, especially thanks to the use of technology; and which are reclassified to the traditional forms of evidence regulated by our LEC, despite their ineffectiveness, or difficulties in fitting, given the notable differences in their characteristics, intensity or mode of production, being notable the possible systematic violation of fundamental rights, and the extensive use of new technologies; for this reason, the importance of intelligence in the world of work is analyzed, as well as the conditions of procedural validity, in the social order, of intelligence activities adopted in the form of business control, and the creation of a new type of evidence is proposed, which allows for a more guaranteeing procedural regulation.
Direction
MANEIRO VAZQUEZ, YOLANDA (Tutorships)
MANEIRO VAZQUEZ, YOLANDA (Tutorships)
Court
MANEIRO VAZQUEZ, YOLANDA (Student’s tutor)
MANEIRO VAZQUEZ, YOLANDA (Student’s tutor)
Precontractual liability in the Proposal for the modernisation of the Civil Code
Authorship
L.G.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.G.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:00
07.16.2025 12:00
Summary
This paper deals with pre-contractual liability, which arises when the parties to a negotiation prior to the conclusion of a contract do not behave in accordance with the requirements of good faith, causing damage to the other party. The regime of this liability is not regulated in Spain, but attention in the subject is growing. The main cases that generate pre-contractual liability are dealt with, as well as the grey areas of this legal figure, within the framework of the proposal for the modernisation of the Civil Code drawn up by the General Codification Commission of the Ministry of Justice in 2023.
This paper deals with pre-contractual liability, which arises when the parties to a negotiation prior to the conclusion of a contract do not behave in accordance with the requirements of good faith, causing damage to the other party. The regime of this liability is not regulated in Spain, but attention in the subject is growing. The main cases that generate pre-contractual liability are dealt with, as well as the grey areas of this legal figure, within the framework of the proposal for the modernisation of the Civil Code drawn up by the General Codification Commission of the Ministry of Justice in 2023.
Direction
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
Court
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Chairman)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Chairman)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
The right of the accused not to testify against himself: scope and consequences in criminal proceedings.
Authorship
N.G.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.G.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 16:00
07.17.2025 16:00
Summary
Through this work, we try to give a broad vision of the right not to declare against oneself, as well as, putting it in relation to others that derive from the same, located in article 24.2 of the Spanish Constitution and in article 118 of the Criminal Procedure Act. We also deal with its application both in the penitentiary sphere and in the administrative sanctioning sphere, underlining its progressive extension to other procedures with a punitive nature. We also mention diverse jurisprudence, both national and international, which offers distinctive answers on the repercussions, limits and possibilities of exercising this right in its different versions, such as: the right to remain silent and the right to lie. With respect to the right to remain silent, we will work on how this silence should be evaluated in a specific case, thus causing a limitation in the defence of the person under investigation, if this alternative is chosen. Along the same lines is the right to lie, since, until the notorious Marta de Castillo case, a passive subject was never punished for not telling the truth about the whereabouts of the corpse or simply about his or her statement. Finally, we develop the statement of the investigated person, as a means of proof or defence, its value and the importance it has within a process and in police proceedings. Likewise, the possibility of admitting or not the confession as a result of obtaining evidence contrary to the law.
Through this work, we try to give a broad vision of the right not to declare against oneself, as well as, putting it in relation to others that derive from the same, located in article 24.2 of the Spanish Constitution and in article 118 of the Criminal Procedure Act. We also deal with its application both in the penitentiary sphere and in the administrative sanctioning sphere, underlining its progressive extension to other procedures with a punitive nature. We also mention diverse jurisprudence, both national and international, which offers distinctive answers on the repercussions, limits and possibilities of exercising this right in its different versions, such as: the right to remain silent and the right to lie. With respect to the right to remain silent, we will work on how this silence should be evaluated in a specific case, thus causing a limitation in the defence of the person under investigation, if this alternative is chosen. Along the same lines is the right to lie, since, until the notorious Marta de Castillo case, a passive subject was never punished for not telling the truth about the whereabouts of the corpse or simply about his or her statement. Finally, we develop the statement of the investigated person, as a means of proof or defence, its value and the importance it has within a process and in police proceedings. Likewise, the possibility of admitting or not the confession as a result of obtaining evidence contrary to the law.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Blood transfusions in Jehovah's Witnesses: a legal-ethical analysis.
Authorship
V.A.G.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
V.A.G.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.21.2025 12:00
02.21.2025 12:00
Summary
Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood transfusions on the basis of a biblical interpretation, in conflict with their right to life. This position is controversial, especially when it affects minors, and refers to situations of serious health risk. This paper analyzes the rights affected, weighing which one prevails in each situation and the extent to which its exercise can be limited, mainly based on the criterion of the autonomy of freedom. Guaranteeing freedom is the preferential criterion; however, when dealing with minors at serious risk, their best interests must be prioritized, with the right to life and health care of the minor prevailing over religious convictions.
Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood transfusions on the basis of a biblical interpretation, in conflict with their right to life. This position is controversial, especially when it affects minors, and refers to situations of serious health risk. This paper analyzes the rights affected, weighing which one prevails in each situation and the extent to which its exercise can be limited, mainly based on the criterion of the autonomy of freedom. Guaranteeing freedom is the preferential criterion; however, when dealing with minors at serious risk, their best interests must be prioritized, with the right to life and health care of the minor prevailing over religious convictions.
Direction
OTERO PARGA, MILAGROS MARIA (Tutorships)
OTERO PARGA, MILAGROS MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
OTERO PARGA, MILAGROS MARIA (Student’s tutor)
OTERO PARGA, MILAGROS MARIA (Student’s tutor)
Criminological analysis of prostitution and human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation
Authorship
M.G.C.
Bachelor of Criminology
M.G.C.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
06.26.2025 13:00
06.26.2025 13:00
Summary
The present bachelor thesis approaches a criminological analysis about prostitution and human trafficking for sexual exploitation purposes, differentiating both phenomena to avoid conceptual confusion. Through a bibliographical review, it examines the various typologies of prostitution, including new digital forms, as well as the complex causal factors that drive both supply and demand. It gets depth on the legal models for regulating prostitution (prohibitionist, abolitionist, regulationist). The study emphasizes the severe violation of fundamental human rights inherent in sexual exploitation, and delves into the profile of victims, primarily women and girls, as well as traffickers and pimps. Finally, it evaluates the main prevention and intervention measures, highlighting the need for a comprehensive approach that includes education, social awareness, and vigorous prosecution of organised crime.
The present bachelor thesis approaches a criminological analysis about prostitution and human trafficking for sexual exploitation purposes, differentiating both phenomena to avoid conceptual confusion. Through a bibliographical review, it examines the various typologies of prostitution, including new digital forms, as well as the complex causal factors that drive both supply and demand. It gets depth on the legal models for regulating prostitution (prohibitionist, abolitionist, regulationist). The study emphasizes the severe violation of fundamental human rights inherent in sexual exploitation, and delves into the profile of victims, primarily women and girls, as well as traffickers and pimps. Finally, it evaluates the main prevention and intervention measures, highlighting the need for a comprehensive approach that includes education, social awareness, and vigorous prosecution of organised crime.
Direction
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Tutorships)
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Tutorships)
Court
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Student’s tutor)
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Student’s tutor)
Forensic assesment of malingered psychological damage from rape using the PAI
Authorship
C.G.F.
Bachelor of Criminology
C.G.F.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.08.2025 11:30
07.08.2025 11:30
Summary
Sexual violence, particularly rape, is one of the most severe crimes due to its devastating impact on victims. Its criminological and psychological study is key to protect victims and detect possible feigning that may undermine the reliability of the system. The aim of this empirical study was to assess the usefulness of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) in the forensic evaluation of psychological harm resulting from rape. A simulation design was employed in which 50 women completed the PAI under two different conditions: malingering and honest responding. In the malingering condition, participants were instructed to respond as if they were simulating psychological harm resulting from rape, whereas in the reality condition, they were asked to respond truthfully. Analysis of the responses revealed that participants were capable of feigning symptoms they did not experience and attributing them to rape. Moreover, they were able to portray symptoms typically associated with the psychological impact of this form of sexual violence (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety). To achieve this, participants employed two primary feigning strategies: the indiscriminant symptom endorsement and symptom severity. However, the PAI validity scales (IMN, SIM, FDR) displayed low sensitivity in detecting malingerers. Consequently, in professional practice, when using the PAI in this type of evaluation, it should always be integrated within a multi-method and multi-measure assessment protocol. Future research should continue to explore the sensitivity of the PAI for detecting malingering and incorporate the study of its specificity as well.
Sexual violence, particularly rape, is one of the most severe crimes due to its devastating impact on victims. Its criminological and psychological study is key to protect victims and detect possible feigning that may undermine the reliability of the system. The aim of this empirical study was to assess the usefulness of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) in the forensic evaluation of psychological harm resulting from rape. A simulation design was employed in which 50 women completed the PAI under two different conditions: malingering and honest responding. In the malingering condition, participants were instructed to respond as if they were simulating psychological harm resulting from rape, whereas in the reality condition, they were asked to respond truthfully. Analysis of the responses revealed that participants were capable of feigning symptoms they did not experience and attributing them to rape. Moreover, they were able to portray symptoms typically associated with the psychological impact of this form of sexual violence (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety). To achieve this, participants employed two primary feigning strategies: the indiscriminant symptom endorsement and symptom severity. However, the PAI validity scales (IMN, SIM, FDR) displayed low sensitivity in detecting malingerers. Consequently, in professional practice, when using the PAI in this type of evaluation, it should always be integrated within a multi-method and multi-measure assessment protocol. Future research should continue to explore the sensitivity of the PAI for detecting malingering and incorporate the study of its specificity as well.
Direction
VILARIÑO VAZQUEZ, MANUEL (Tutorships)
VILARIÑO VAZQUEZ, MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
Sobral Fernández, Jorge (Chairman)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Secretary)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Member)
Sobral Fernández, Jorge (Chairman)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Secretary)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Member)
Natural disasters and the computation of procedural deadlines
Authorship
L.G.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.G.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 10:00
07.17.2025 10:00
Summary
The present work analyzes the impact of different disasters on the functioning of the Spanish judicial system, based on the premise that this branch of the State cannot remain unaffected by the consequences of exceptional situations. To this end, it analyzes three cases that marked a turning point in judicial crisis management: the COVID-19 pandemic, the Isolated Depression at High Levels (DANA) that severely affected the Valencian Community in 2024, and the earthquake in Lorca in 2011. Through the study of each of these events, it addresses how procedural deadlines were managed, the paralysis of judicial bodies, the impact on material resources and infrastructure, and the regulatory measures adopted. The analysis highlights that these events not only represented significant interruptions in the normal operation of justice, but also acted as catalysts for improving the response and adaptation capabilities of the judicial system in emergency situations. It also examines the evolution of procedural and organizational regulations following these experiences, with special attention given to the Judicial Action Protocol in Cases of Major Disasters approved in 2011, as well as the urgent measures adopted during the state of emergency due to the pandemic. Finally, a brief mention is made of the massive blackout that occurred in 2025 as a recent example of a threat that, although different in nature, highlights the need for anticipation, digitalization, and flexibility in the face of future crises. All of this demonstrates that the judicial system needs to be better prepared for this type of crisis. Good planning, real digitalization, clear protocols, and trained personnel are key to ensuring that justice does not come to a halt when it is most needed.
The present work analyzes the impact of different disasters on the functioning of the Spanish judicial system, based on the premise that this branch of the State cannot remain unaffected by the consequences of exceptional situations. To this end, it analyzes three cases that marked a turning point in judicial crisis management: the COVID-19 pandemic, the Isolated Depression at High Levels (DANA) that severely affected the Valencian Community in 2024, and the earthquake in Lorca in 2011. Through the study of each of these events, it addresses how procedural deadlines were managed, the paralysis of judicial bodies, the impact on material resources and infrastructure, and the regulatory measures adopted. The analysis highlights that these events not only represented significant interruptions in the normal operation of justice, but also acted as catalysts for improving the response and adaptation capabilities of the judicial system in emergency situations. It also examines the evolution of procedural and organizational regulations following these experiences, with special attention given to the Judicial Action Protocol in Cases of Major Disasters approved in 2011, as well as the urgent measures adopted during the state of emergency due to the pandemic. Finally, a brief mention is made of the massive blackout that occurred in 2025 as a recent example of a threat that, although different in nature, highlights the need for anticipation, digitalization, and flexibility in the face of future crises. All of this demonstrates that the judicial system needs to be better prepared for this type of crisis. Good planning, real digitalization, clear protocols, and trained personnel are key to ensuring that justice does not come to a halt when it is most needed.
Direction
CATALINA BENAVENTE, MARIA DE LOS ANGELES (Tutorships)
CATALINA BENAVENTE, MARIA DE LOS ANGELES (Tutorships)
Court
CATALINA BENAVENTE, MARIA DE LOS ANGELES (Student’s tutor)
CATALINA BENAVENTE, MARIA DE LOS ANGELES (Student’s tutor)
The Tax System in the Models of Regional Financing: A Comparative Analysis Between the Common and Foral Regimes
Authorship
R.G.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
R.G.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 10:30
07.18.2025 10:30
Summary
The Spanish fiscal system, with respect to its territorial particularities, has always been and continues to be a subject of political, legal, and economic debate, both due to the reasons justifying its existence and its possible modification or expansion. This work addresses the origins of the foral regimes of both territories up to their culmination in the current Concierto Económico of the País Vasco and Convenio Económico of Navarra. Additionally, it analyzes and contrasts the different models of autonomous financing currently present in Spain, comparing the common regime, applied to the majority of autonomous communities, with the specific fiscal systems of the foral territories. To this end, it delves into the regulatory competencies regarding ceded or concerted taxes, the competencies in collection, review, inspection, or management, and provides a general overview of the fiscal decentralization of the State. It also examines the Cupo as the central axis of the mechanism of the Concierto Económico and the Aportación in the Convenio, their calculation, and the implications they entail in relation to interterritorial solidarity, as well as the pending challenges for the future.
The Spanish fiscal system, with respect to its territorial particularities, has always been and continues to be a subject of political, legal, and economic debate, both due to the reasons justifying its existence and its possible modification or expansion. This work addresses the origins of the foral regimes of both territories up to their culmination in the current Concierto Económico of the País Vasco and Convenio Económico of Navarra. Additionally, it analyzes and contrasts the different models of autonomous financing currently present in Spain, comparing the common regime, applied to the majority of autonomous communities, with the specific fiscal systems of the foral territories. To this end, it delves into the regulatory competencies regarding ceded or concerted taxes, the competencies in collection, review, inspection, or management, and provides a general overview of the fiscal decentralization of the State. It also examines the Cupo as the central axis of the mechanism of the Concierto Económico and the Aportación in the Convenio, their calculation, and the implications they entail in relation to interterritorial solidarity, as well as the pending challenges for the future.
Direction
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Tutorships)
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Student’s tutor)
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Student’s tutor)
The non-punishment clause in article 177 bis.11 of the criminal code: case law analysis.
Authorship
C.G.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.G.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 13:00
07.15.2025 13:00
Summary
This Bachelor’s Thesis examines Article 177 bis.11 of the Spanish Criminal Code (commonly referred to as the non-punishment clause) through legal, jurisprudential, and human rights lenses, with special emphasis on case law analysis. That provision grants a criminal immunity to victims of human trafficking who have committed offenses as a direct result of their exploitation. The thesis begins by framing human trafficking as a modern form of slavery that undermines human dignity. It then reviews the international framework supporting the non-punishment principle, highlighting instruments such as the Palermo Protocol, Directive 2011/36/EU, and the Council of Europe’s Warsaw Convention, as well as their gradual incorporation into domestic law. Next, the work analyzes Article 177 bis (especially section 11) which introduces an exculpatory clause that courts have often interpreted narrowly. It compares three key judgments: SAP Barcelona 183/2020 and STSJ Cataluña 315/2021, which adopt a protective application of the clause, and STS 960/2023, which takes a restrictive stance. The Supreme Court’s approach has been legally questioned and criticized for undermining fundamental rights, as noted in a dissenting opinion. The thesis also evaluates the reforms introduced by Directive (EU) 2024/1712, which broadens the definition of exploitative practices constituting trafficking, extends the non- punishment principle to administrative offenses, and strengthens victim protection through an intersectional, victim-centered approach. Finally, the thesis criticizes the institutional revictimization that stems from a formalistic application of criminal law and calls for a gender-sensitive, victim-focused paradigm. In conclusion, it advocates for an interpretation of Article 177 bis.11 that aligns with international obligations and upholds human rights.
This Bachelor’s Thesis examines Article 177 bis.11 of the Spanish Criminal Code (commonly referred to as the non-punishment clause) through legal, jurisprudential, and human rights lenses, with special emphasis on case law analysis. That provision grants a criminal immunity to victims of human trafficking who have committed offenses as a direct result of their exploitation. The thesis begins by framing human trafficking as a modern form of slavery that undermines human dignity. It then reviews the international framework supporting the non-punishment principle, highlighting instruments such as the Palermo Protocol, Directive 2011/36/EU, and the Council of Europe’s Warsaw Convention, as well as their gradual incorporation into domestic law. Next, the work analyzes Article 177 bis (especially section 11) which introduces an exculpatory clause that courts have often interpreted narrowly. It compares three key judgments: SAP Barcelona 183/2020 and STSJ Cataluña 315/2021, which adopt a protective application of the clause, and STS 960/2023, which takes a restrictive stance. The Supreme Court’s approach has been legally questioned and criticized for undermining fundamental rights, as noted in a dissenting opinion. The thesis also evaluates the reforms introduced by Directive (EU) 2024/1712, which broadens the definition of exploitative practices constituting trafficking, extends the non- punishment principle to administrative offenses, and strengthens victim protection through an intersectional, victim-centered approach. Finally, the thesis criticizes the institutional revictimization that stems from a formalistic application of criminal law and calls for a gender-sensitive, victim-focused paradigm. In conclusion, it advocates for an interpretation of Article 177 bis.11 that aligns with international obligations and upholds human rights.
Direction
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
Historical crimes committed by women in the spanish criminological history and their forensic psychiatric cataloging
Authorship
N.G.F.
Bachelor of Criminology
N.G.F.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.01.2025 17:30
07.01.2025 17:30
Summary
This work, through a review of different scientific and legal sources, focused on the study of female offenders, more specifically female homicides, in the history of Spain from the late twentieth century to the present, identifying historical, social and legal patterns that have influenced the perception of female criminality in our country. In addition, an analysis of their psychiatric-forensic cataloguing was carried out, relating the different assumptions with the history of psychiatry and the different contributions of criminological theories. A clear difference was observed between the social perception of a crime committed by a man and one committed by a woman, attributing to the latter a biological and psychological disorder that predisposed her to criminal behavior. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the importance of this topic due to the increase in female criminality and its lack of scientific approach throughout history.
This work, through a review of different scientific and legal sources, focused on the study of female offenders, more specifically female homicides, in the history of Spain from the late twentieth century to the present, identifying historical, social and legal patterns that have influenced the perception of female criminality in our country. In addition, an analysis of their psychiatric-forensic cataloguing was carried out, relating the different assumptions with the history of psychiatry and the different contributions of criminological theories. A clear difference was observed between the social perception of a crime committed by a man and one committed by a woman, attributing to the latter a biological and psychological disorder that predisposed her to criminal behavior. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the importance of this topic due to the increase in female criminality and its lack of scientific approach throughout history.
Direction
TORRES IGLESIAS, ANGELA JUANA (Tutorships)
TORRES IGLESIAS, ANGELA JUANA (Tutorships)
Court
TORRES IGLESIAS, ANGELA JUANA (Student’s tutor)
TORRES IGLESIAS, ANGELA JUANA (Student’s tutor)
Option to purchase real estate
Authorship
C.I.G.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.I.G.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 13:00
07.17.2025 13:00
Summary
This paper addresses the legal concept of the option to purchase real, analysing, first, the concept and nature of the option right and the contract of the same name. Regarding the former, it highlights its characterization as a real or personal right, depending on the agreement between the parties. Regarding the latter, it highlights its atypical nature in common civil law, despite its importance in traffic as a preparatory contract, especially in the real estate field. Next, the subjective and objective elements of the contract are studied: on the one hand, the parties involved (grantor and option holder), and, on the other, the identification of the property, the purchase price, the possible existence of a premium, and the period for exercising the option. It also examines its configuration as an independent legal transaction or as an ancillary clause to other contracts, focusing specifically on the lease with purchase option. Even though it does not fulfil the typical purpose of the contract, the option based on security, whose validity has traditionally been much debated due to the prohibition of pacts forfeiture, deserves special mention. This paper devotes a section to differentiating the purchase option from other related legal instruments to avoid confusion. The different phases of the option right are discussed, from its inception and exercise to its consummation, as well as the potential transferability of the right. Regarding registration matters, the registration regime for the purchase option and its effects on third parties are analysed. Finally, the grounds for the extinction of this right are addressed. This paper aims to offer a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of a relevant legal concept in real estate transactions, with significant practical implications for both individuals and other legal entities.
This paper addresses the legal concept of the option to purchase real, analysing, first, the concept and nature of the option right and the contract of the same name. Regarding the former, it highlights its characterization as a real or personal right, depending on the agreement between the parties. Regarding the latter, it highlights its atypical nature in common civil law, despite its importance in traffic as a preparatory contract, especially in the real estate field. Next, the subjective and objective elements of the contract are studied: on the one hand, the parties involved (grantor and option holder), and, on the other, the identification of the property, the purchase price, the possible existence of a premium, and the period for exercising the option. It also examines its configuration as an independent legal transaction or as an ancillary clause to other contracts, focusing specifically on the lease with purchase option. Even though it does not fulfil the typical purpose of the contract, the option based on security, whose validity has traditionally been much debated due to the prohibition of pacts forfeiture, deserves special mention. This paper devotes a section to differentiating the purchase option from other related legal instruments to avoid confusion. The different phases of the option right are discussed, from its inception and exercise to its consummation, as well as the potential transferability of the right. Regarding registration matters, the registration regime for the purchase option and its effects on third parties are analysed. Finally, the grounds for the extinction of this right are addressed. This paper aims to offer a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of a relevant legal concept in real estate transactions, with significant practical implications for both individuals and other legal entities.
Direction
DIAZ MARTINEZ, ANA (Tutorships)
DIAZ MARTINEZ, ANA (Tutorships)
Court
DIAZ MARTINEZ, ANA (Student’s tutor)
DIAZ MARTINEZ, ANA (Student’s tutor)
Presumption of innocence and parallel trials: Impact on the Jury Court.
Authorship
C.G.N.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.G.N.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 15:30
06.26.2025 15:30
Summary
This paper examines the impact of parallel trials and media justice on the presumption of innocence, particularly in jury trials. It highlights how media coverage, often sensationalist, can influence public perception and even compromise judicial impartiality. The main difference between state justice and media justice lies in adherence to legal procedures and timing: while formal justice relies on evidence and guarantees, media justice often delivers verdicts before a final ruling. The study explores the content and legal framework of the presumption of innocence, both within the Spanish Constitution and international treaties, and how this right can be jeopardized by media pressure. It also addresses the need for valid and sufficient evidence to override the presumption of innocence, and the impact of illegally obtained evidence in criminal proceedings. One section focuses on the role of the media in shaping “parallel trials” and how these can distort judicial narratives and infringe on fundamental rights. The work also considers the particular vulnerability of jury members to external influence, citing cases like that of Dolores Vázquez as an example of a verdict affected by non-legal factors. The study concludes with a call to protect the criminal process from media interference, strengthen journalistic ethics, and ensure a balance between freedom of information and respect for fundamental rights.
This paper examines the impact of parallel trials and media justice on the presumption of innocence, particularly in jury trials. It highlights how media coverage, often sensationalist, can influence public perception and even compromise judicial impartiality. The main difference between state justice and media justice lies in adherence to legal procedures and timing: while formal justice relies on evidence and guarantees, media justice often delivers verdicts before a final ruling. The study explores the content and legal framework of the presumption of innocence, both within the Spanish Constitution and international treaties, and how this right can be jeopardized by media pressure. It also addresses the need for valid and sufficient evidence to override the presumption of innocence, and the impact of illegally obtained evidence in criminal proceedings. One section focuses on the role of the media in shaping “parallel trials” and how these can distort judicial narratives and infringe on fundamental rights. The work also considers the particular vulnerability of jury members to external influence, citing cases like that of Dolores Vázquez as an example of a verdict affected by non-legal factors. The study concludes with a call to protect the criminal process from media interference, strengthen journalistic ethics, and ensure a balance between freedom of information and respect for fundamental rights.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Analysis of legal communication on social networks: study of the X platform
Authorship
I.G.O.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
I.G.O.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 09:30
07.14.2025 09:30
Summary
Social networks play a key role in today's society, offering users the opportunity to exchange experiences, express opinions and even learn about new opportunities at work. These online platforms have evolved significantly since their beginnings in the 1990s, when websites such as classmates.com and sixdegrees.com appeared. Today, the development of social networks is so great that we can find various categories, each of them specialized in a specific purpose, so that general social networks, professional social networks and social networks specialized in specific objectives and with a series of their own characteristics appear. To analyze legal communication within the X platform, we used a mixed methodology, consisting of a descriptive section, constructing a theoretical and conceptual framework for bibliographic and documentary research, accompanied by an analytical section comprising the collection, analysis, and classification of data that would lead to the primary source of the research. After further analyzing the recorded information, we observed several results, such as a predominance of males among the disseminators of legal information within X; they were of a similar age; only half of their publications contained legal material; and communication predominated from members of the Judiciary and Prosecutor's Office. Like other branches of knowledge, the legal field is also counting on communicators on the new platforms that the Internet offers us, but this fact also brings challenges regarding the protection of information and personal data. Addressing all these issues is key to building a more reliable virtual space for all users.
Social networks play a key role in today's society, offering users the opportunity to exchange experiences, express opinions and even learn about new opportunities at work. These online platforms have evolved significantly since their beginnings in the 1990s, when websites such as classmates.com and sixdegrees.com appeared. Today, the development of social networks is so great that we can find various categories, each of them specialized in a specific purpose, so that general social networks, professional social networks and social networks specialized in specific objectives and with a series of their own characteristics appear. To analyze legal communication within the X platform, we used a mixed methodology, consisting of a descriptive section, constructing a theoretical and conceptual framework for bibliographic and documentary research, accompanied by an analytical section comprising the collection, analysis, and classification of data that would lead to the primary source of the research. After further analyzing the recorded information, we observed several results, such as a predominance of males among the disseminators of legal information within X; they were of a similar age; only half of their publications contained legal material; and communication predominated from members of the Judiciary and Prosecutor's Office. Like other branches of knowledge, the legal field is also counting on communicators on the new platforms that the Internet offers us, but this fact also brings challenges regarding the protection of information and personal data. Addressing all these issues is key to building a more reliable virtual space for all users.
Direction
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
The hyper aggravated form of murder: a theoretical and jurisprudential analysis.
Authorship
C.G.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.G.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 12:00
07.17.2025 12:00
Summary
The reform introduced by Organic Law 1/2015 of March 30th amending Organic Law 10/1995 of November 23rd, of the Criminal Code, unquestionably marked a turning point in the evolution of contemporary Criminal Law in Spain. It emerged during a period of intense social upheaval, incorporating the reviewable permanent prison sentence as the maximum penal response to crimes considered by the legislator to be of extreme gravity, aiming to provide a firm punitive response. In the present work, we will first study the regulatory framework for murder, as well as the circumstances that aggravate or severely aggravate its commission. Key legal figures such as treachery, cruelty, murder for payment or to conceal other crimes are examined, and an in-depth analysis is conducted of the four circumstances that allow the application of the reviewable permanent prison sentence under Article 140 of the Criminal Code. Furthermore, a comparative approach is taken with other European legal systems, and a brief reflection is offered on the proportionality of the reviewable permanent prison sentence in relation to the principles of the rule of law. Subsequently, a detailed jurisprudential analysis is carried out on a selection of high-profile cases in Spain: the Moaña parricide, the murders of Gabriel Cruz and Diana Quer, and the triple murder in Valga, all of which have contributed to shaping the judicial understanding of the concept of aggravated murder. Special attention is given to the interpretative challenges arising from the coexistence of the traditional aggravating factors set out in Article 139.1 and the new circumstances introduced in Article 140.
The reform introduced by Organic Law 1/2015 of March 30th amending Organic Law 10/1995 of November 23rd, of the Criminal Code, unquestionably marked a turning point in the evolution of contemporary Criminal Law in Spain. It emerged during a period of intense social upheaval, incorporating the reviewable permanent prison sentence as the maximum penal response to crimes considered by the legislator to be of extreme gravity, aiming to provide a firm punitive response. In the present work, we will first study the regulatory framework for murder, as well as the circumstances that aggravate or severely aggravate its commission. Key legal figures such as treachery, cruelty, murder for payment or to conceal other crimes are examined, and an in-depth analysis is conducted of the four circumstances that allow the application of the reviewable permanent prison sentence under Article 140 of the Criminal Code. Furthermore, a comparative approach is taken with other European legal systems, and a brief reflection is offered on the proportionality of the reviewable permanent prison sentence in relation to the principles of the rule of law. Subsequently, a detailed jurisprudential analysis is carried out on a selection of high-profile cases in Spain: the Moaña parricide, the murders of Gabriel Cruz and Diana Quer, and the triple murder in Valga, all of which have contributed to shaping the judicial understanding of the concept of aggravated murder. Special attention is given to the interpretative challenges arising from the coexistence of the traditional aggravating factors set out in Article 139.1 and the new circumstances introduced in Article 140.
Direction
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Tutorships)
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Student’s tutor)
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Student’s tutor)
The crime of gender-based persecution under the Taliban regime: an analysis based on international criminal law
Authorship
B.G.T.
Bachelor of Criminology
B.G.T.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.17.2025 10:00
07.17.2025 10:00
Summary
In Afghanistan, the policies and actions of the Taliban regime have raised questions as to whether they qualify as a gender-based crime under the Rome Statute and other international criminal law instruments. This paper examines the fundamental elements of this crime, starting from article 7.1.h of the Statute, and contextualizes the situation of Afghan women, who face severe restrictions in education, employment and public life, This shows a discriminatory intention which reinforces their social exclusion. The study assesses the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Afghanistan, highlighting the importance of the principle of complementarity and the unwillingness of the Afghan judicial system to address these crimes. It also points out how the Taliban regime’s rejection of the authority of the Court represents a challenge to international justice. In addition, specific barriers associated with gender crimes are identified, including cultural and social barriers that hinder victims' access to justice. Finally, measures are proposed to strengthen international mechanisms, improve victim protection and promote effective accountability
In Afghanistan, the policies and actions of the Taliban regime have raised questions as to whether they qualify as a gender-based crime under the Rome Statute and other international criminal law instruments. This paper examines the fundamental elements of this crime, starting from article 7.1.h of the Statute, and contextualizes the situation of Afghan women, who face severe restrictions in education, employment and public life, This shows a discriminatory intention which reinforces their social exclusion. The study assesses the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Afghanistan, highlighting the importance of the principle of complementarity and the unwillingness of the Afghan judicial system to address these crimes. It also points out how the Taliban regime’s rejection of the authority of the Court represents a challenge to international justice. In addition, specific barriers associated with gender crimes are identified, including cultural and social barriers that hinder victims' access to justice. Finally, measures are proposed to strengthen international mechanisms, improve victim protection and promote effective accountability
Direction
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Tutorships)
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Tutorships)
Court
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Student’s tutor)
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Student’s tutor)
An Approach to the Complex Relationship Between Administrative and Criminal Sanctions: The Principle of Ne Bis in Idem
Authorship
C.G.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.G.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 11:30
06.26.2025 11:30
Summary
This paper addresses the problematic relationship between administrative punitive law and criminal law, focusing on the limits of the State’s punitive power and the principle of ne bis in idem, which prevents double punishment for the same acts. Firstly, it explores the differences between the two sanctioning systems, reviewing various doctrinal theories: qualitative ones, which argue that criminal and administrative law protect different legal interests; quantitative ones, which distinguish them based on the severity of the sanctions; formal theories, which focus on the authority that imposes the sanction; and mixed theories, which combine the previous criteria. The work also analyzes the views of leading authors and the role of the European Court of Human Rights, which uses criteria such as the nature of the offense and the severity of the sanction to determine whether a procedure is of a criminal nature. The paper then examines the procedural differences between the two systems, such as the sanctioning authority, impartiality, the right to defense, or the presumption of innocence. Regarding substantive differences, it highlights issues such as the principle of legality, culpability, authorship, and the imposition of custodial sanctions. The second part of the paper focuses on the study of ne bis in idem, explaining its evolution, recognition in case law, and current legal regulation. It develops the theory of triple identity (subject, facts, and legal grounds), necessary for its application, and discusses scenarios where it does not apply, such as when sanctions protect different legal interests or in contexts of special subjection. Finally, it concludes that the distinction between the two sanctioning branches lacks a solid dogmatic foundation and that the current system requires reform to clarify its principles, safeguard fundamental rights, and prevent both double punishment and impunity.
This paper addresses the problematic relationship between administrative punitive law and criminal law, focusing on the limits of the State’s punitive power and the principle of ne bis in idem, which prevents double punishment for the same acts. Firstly, it explores the differences between the two sanctioning systems, reviewing various doctrinal theories: qualitative ones, which argue that criminal and administrative law protect different legal interests; quantitative ones, which distinguish them based on the severity of the sanctions; formal theories, which focus on the authority that imposes the sanction; and mixed theories, which combine the previous criteria. The work also analyzes the views of leading authors and the role of the European Court of Human Rights, which uses criteria such as the nature of the offense and the severity of the sanction to determine whether a procedure is of a criminal nature. The paper then examines the procedural differences between the two systems, such as the sanctioning authority, impartiality, the right to defense, or the presumption of innocence. Regarding substantive differences, it highlights issues such as the principle of legality, culpability, authorship, and the imposition of custodial sanctions. The second part of the paper focuses on the study of ne bis in idem, explaining its evolution, recognition in case law, and current legal regulation. It develops the theory of triple identity (subject, facts, and legal grounds), necessary for its application, and discusses scenarios where it does not apply, such as when sanctions protect different legal interests or in contexts of special subjection. Finally, it concludes that the distinction between the two sanctioning branches lacks a solid dogmatic foundation and that the current system requires reform to clarify its principles, safeguard fundamental rights, and prevent both double punishment and impunity.
Direction
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Tutorships)
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Tutorships)
Court
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Student’s tutor)
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Student’s tutor)
The European Union and Climate Change: The Green Deal
Authorship
V.G.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
V.G.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.27.2025 12:30
06.27.2025 12:30
Summary
In this paper, we will analyze the participation of the EU in the international legal regime on climate change from a legal and historical perspective. It explains how the 1992 UNFCCC gave rise to the international legal and historical perspective. It explains how the 1992 UNFCCC gave rise to the international legal framework in this field. Subsequently, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol represented the first legally binding commitment, although with significant limitations, such as the non- ratification by the United States and the exclusion of developing countries from quantified obligations. However, the 2015 Paris Agreement introduced a new, more inclusive and flexible strategy, requiring developing countries to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). On the other hand, we will also consider EU´s leadership in the fight against climate change, promoting agreements such as the Paris Agreement and developing its own initiatives and regulations despite obstacles posed by US and other key emitters.initiatives the paper addresses the EU´s initiatives to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, the European Green Deal stands out, with targets such as reducing emissions by 55% by 2030. It includes the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and the adoption of the European Climate Law, which makes these targets legally binding. To achieve them, the Green Deal multiple strategies aimed at steering Europe toward ecological recovery, transforming the food system, transitioning mobility to a sustainable model, decarbonizing the energy system, mobilizing industry in favor of a clean and circular economy, addressing energy efficiency in construction, and proposing zero pollution for an environment free of toxic substances. In addition, the Green Deal envisions financing through the Just Transition Fund, which will mobilize up to €260 billion annually until 2030, with the collaboration of the private sector being essential.
In this paper, we will analyze the participation of the EU in the international legal regime on climate change from a legal and historical perspective. It explains how the 1992 UNFCCC gave rise to the international legal and historical perspective. It explains how the 1992 UNFCCC gave rise to the international legal framework in this field. Subsequently, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol represented the first legally binding commitment, although with significant limitations, such as the non- ratification by the United States and the exclusion of developing countries from quantified obligations. However, the 2015 Paris Agreement introduced a new, more inclusive and flexible strategy, requiring developing countries to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). On the other hand, we will also consider EU´s leadership in the fight against climate change, promoting agreements such as the Paris Agreement and developing its own initiatives and regulations despite obstacles posed by US and other key emitters.initiatives the paper addresses the EU´s initiatives to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, the European Green Deal stands out, with targets such as reducing emissions by 55% by 2030. It includes the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and the adoption of the European Climate Law, which makes these targets legally binding. To achieve them, the Green Deal multiple strategies aimed at steering Europe toward ecological recovery, transforming the food system, transitioning mobility to a sustainable model, decarbonizing the energy system, mobilizing industry in favor of a clean and circular economy, addressing energy efficiency in construction, and proposing zero pollution for an environment free of toxic substances. In addition, the Green Deal envisions financing through the Just Transition Fund, which will mobilize up to €260 billion annually until 2030, with the collaboration of the private sector being essential.
Direction
LIROLA DELGADO, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
LIROLA DELGADO, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
Court
LIROLA DELGADO, MARIA ISABEL (Student’s tutor)
LIROLA DELGADO, MARIA ISABEL (Student’s tutor)
The Improvement Pact in the Galician Civil Law.
Authorship
M.D.L.I.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.D.L.I.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.30.2025 12:00
06.30.2025 12:00
Summary
In this Final Degree Project, a typical figure of Galician Civil Law will be analyzed: the improvement pact. This is a succession agreement that allows a person with Galician civil neighborhood to transfer assets or rights to their descendants during their lifetime, benefiting from a significant reduction in tax burden. Unlike traditional inheritance, the improvement pact enables the transfer of assets before the owner's death, although it can be established that the acquisition becomes effective after their passing. This pact is regulated by Law 2/2006, of June 14, on Galician Civil Law, making it a very relevant figure in Galicia, as this type of legal arrangement is prohibited in most of Spain. Throughout this project, a detailed study will be conducted on the objective and subjective characteristics of the improvement pact, as well as the causes and consequences of its ineffectiveness. Moreover, the analysis will delve into aspects that have been less developed by legislation to provide a more comprehensive and peripheral understanding of this highly significant legal figure in our Autonomous Community.
In this Final Degree Project, a typical figure of Galician Civil Law will be analyzed: the improvement pact. This is a succession agreement that allows a person with Galician civil neighborhood to transfer assets or rights to their descendants during their lifetime, benefiting from a significant reduction in tax burden. Unlike traditional inheritance, the improvement pact enables the transfer of assets before the owner's death, although it can be established that the acquisition becomes effective after their passing. This pact is regulated by Law 2/2006, of June 14, on Galician Civil Law, making it a very relevant figure in Galicia, as this type of legal arrangement is prohibited in most of Spain. Throughout this project, a detailed study will be conducted on the objective and subjective characteristics of the improvement pact, as well as the causes and consequences of its ineffectiveness. Moreover, the analysis will delve into aspects that have been less developed by legislation to provide a more comprehensive and peripheral understanding of this highly significant legal figure in our Autonomous Community.
Direction
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Tutorships)
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Tutorships)
Court
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
The demand for international criminal responsibility in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Authorship
Z.I.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Z.I.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:00
07.16.2025 12:00
Summary
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, despite being a long-standing and widely debated reality, is a highly topical and constantly evolving issue, involving debate on matters of public international law, becoming necessary the establishment of a legal framework. To this end, it is important to begin with a brief historical context, laying the background for the subsequent determination of legal issues. Specifically, the application of international humanitarian law will be adressed, with the aim of determining the obligations of the conflicting parties. Other controversial matters will then be approached, such as Palestinian statehood, a topic which analysis is essential to reach the ultimate goal of this study: determining the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and the requirement for international criminal accountability before it.
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, despite being a long-standing and widely debated reality, is a highly topical and constantly evolving issue, involving debate on matters of public international law, becoming necessary the establishment of a legal framework. To this end, it is important to begin with a brief historical context, laying the background for the subsequent determination of legal issues. Specifically, the application of international humanitarian law will be adressed, with the aim of determining the obligations of the conflicting parties. Other controversial matters will then be approached, such as Palestinian statehood, a topic which analysis is essential to reach the ultimate goal of this study: determining the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and the requirement for international criminal accountability before it.
Direction
LIROLA DELGADO, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
LIROLA DELGADO, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
Court
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Chairman)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Secretary)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Member)
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Chairman)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Secretary)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Member)
Commercial Premises in the Horizontal Property Regime: A Jurisprudential Approach
Authorship
E.I.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
E.I.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 12:30
07.17.2025 12:30
Summary
This paper analyzes the legal regime of commercial premises within the framework of horizontal property in Spain, based on Law 49/1960 of July 21. It examines the works permitted inside the premises and their impact on the common elements of the building, with special attention to the installation of smoke vents, independent accesses, and other actions necessary for the development of economic activities. The study also addresses cases of division, aggregation, and segregation of premises, along with the legal requirements for carrying them out. Another core aspect of the paper is the contribution of commercial premises to the building’s common expenses. It analyzes the exemption clauses established in the bylaws, their legal validity, and the restrictive approach applied by case law, especially concerning accessibility works, elevators, and general services. A section is also dedicated to the change of use of commercial premises, especially their conversion into residential dwellings or their use as tourist accommodations, in accordance with the reform introduced by Organic Law 1/2025. It discusses statutory restrictions and the legal procedure required for such authorization. Regarding the use of common elements, it distinguishes between common use and exclusive or private use by the premises, addressing the most contentious situations and the possibility of acquiring rights through adverse possession. Finally, the paper examines the regime for the cessation of annoying, unhealthy, or dangerous activities under Article 7.2 of the Horizontal Property Law, as well as civil liability for damages between the community and the owners of commercial premises.
This paper analyzes the legal regime of commercial premises within the framework of horizontal property in Spain, based on Law 49/1960 of July 21. It examines the works permitted inside the premises and their impact on the common elements of the building, with special attention to the installation of smoke vents, independent accesses, and other actions necessary for the development of economic activities. The study also addresses cases of division, aggregation, and segregation of premises, along with the legal requirements for carrying them out. Another core aspect of the paper is the contribution of commercial premises to the building’s common expenses. It analyzes the exemption clauses established in the bylaws, their legal validity, and the restrictive approach applied by case law, especially concerning accessibility works, elevators, and general services. A section is also dedicated to the change of use of commercial premises, especially their conversion into residential dwellings or their use as tourist accommodations, in accordance with the reform introduced by Organic Law 1/2025. It discusses statutory restrictions and the legal procedure required for such authorization. Regarding the use of common elements, it distinguishes between common use and exclusive or private use by the premises, addressing the most contentious situations and the possibility of acquiring rights through adverse possession. Finally, the paper examines the regime for the cessation of annoying, unhealthy, or dangerous activities under Article 7.2 of the Horizontal Property Law, as well as civil liability for damages between the community and the owners of commercial premises.
Direction
DIAZ MARTINEZ, ANA (Tutorships)
DIAZ MARTINEZ, ANA (Tutorships)
Court
DIAZ MARTINEZ, ANA (Student’s tutor)
DIAZ MARTINEZ, ANA (Student’s tutor)
The renewal of the CGPJ in a context of political polarisation
Authorship
S.I.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.I.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 11:30
07.16.2025 11:30
Summary
The Spanish Constitution of 1978 introduces the CGPJ as the governing body of the Judicial Power with the objective of ensuring its independence. The French and Italian High Councils of the Judiciary established after the Second World War will serve as models for our CGPJ. The Spanish CGPJ is formed by members of judicial origin and jurists of recognised competence, but the Constitution only regulates the election system of the latter. Currently all members of the CGPJ are elected by the Parliament and, consequently, the political confrontation has resulted in a six-year blockage of the CGPJ’s renewal. In this paper, after introducing the principle of the separation of powers, we will analyse the European models that inspire our CGPJ, the regulation of the CGPJ in the Spanish legal system and the development of the election system of members of judicial origin, focusing on the difficulties in the last renewal of the CGPJ and the national and international recommendations and reform proposals.
The Spanish Constitution of 1978 introduces the CGPJ as the governing body of the Judicial Power with the objective of ensuring its independence. The French and Italian High Councils of the Judiciary established after the Second World War will serve as models for our CGPJ. The Spanish CGPJ is formed by members of judicial origin and jurists of recognised competence, but the Constitution only regulates the election system of the latter. Currently all members of the CGPJ are elected by the Parliament and, consequently, the political confrontation has resulted in a six-year blockage of the CGPJ’s renewal. In this paper, after introducing the principle of the separation of powers, we will analyse the European models that inspire our CGPJ, the regulation of the CGPJ in the Spanish legal system and the development of the election system of members of judicial origin, focusing on the difficulties in the last renewal of the CGPJ and the national and international recommendations and reform proposals.
Direction
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Tutorships)
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Tutorships)
Court
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Student’s tutor)
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Student’s tutor)
The digitization of notarial and registration procedures: regulatory developments, European momentum, and analysis of Law 11/2023
Authorship
A.I.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.I.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 13:30
07.16.2025 13:30
Summary
This paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the digitization process of notaries and registries in Spain, culminating in the publication of Law 11/2023 of May 8 as the regulatory framework for structural transformation in notarial activity. This law did not arise in isolation, but is the result of regulatory, technical, and social developments that have taken place in Spain over more than two decades. It is therefore also placed in its historical and spatial context, studying European law and how it has driven this law. It presents a review of how digitization has progressed from its early stages, going back to the beginning of the computerization of notaries and the creation of the Single Computerized Index, to the implementation of systems such as SIGNO and qualified electronic signatures. A section is also devoted to an in-depth analysis of Law 11/2023 and the tools it introduces: electronic protocol, notarial videoconferencing, the issuance of authorized electronic copies, advanced digital identification, and the telematic incorporation of companies. It also focuses on the transitional regime and the phased application of the Law, the main challenges identified in its implementation, such as territorial inequality, technical limitations, and the need for organizational adaptation. Finally, it includes the main criticisms of the limits of the reform and a mention of the remaining challenges, which by extension could not be addressed. It concludes with an assessment of the future of digital notary services in a more interconnected and citizen-centered context. Translated with DeepL.com (free version)
This paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the digitization process of notaries and registries in Spain, culminating in the publication of Law 11/2023 of May 8 as the regulatory framework for structural transformation in notarial activity. This law did not arise in isolation, but is the result of regulatory, technical, and social developments that have taken place in Spain over more than two decades. It is therefore also placed in its historical and spatial context, studying European law and how it has driven this law. It presents a review of how digitization has progressed from its early stages, going back to the beginning of the computerization of notaries and the creation of the Single Computerized Index, to the implementation of systems such as SIGNO and qualified electronic signatures. A section is also devoted to an in-depth analysis of Law 11/2023 and the tools it introduces: electronic protocol, notarial videoconferencing, the issuance of authorized electronic copies, advanced digital identification, and the telematic incorporation of companies. It also focuses on the transitional regime and the phased application of the Law, the main challenges identified in its implementation, such as territorial inequality, technical limitations, and the need for organizational adaptation. Finally, it includes the main criticisms of the limits of the reform and a mention of the remaining challenges, which by extension could not be addressed. It concludes with an assessment of the future of digital notary services in a more interconnected and citizen-centered context. Translated with DeepL.com (free version)
Direction
Trigo García, María Belén (Tutorships)
Trigo García, María Belén (Tutorships)
Court
Trigo García, María Belén (Student’s tutor)
Trigo García, María Belén (Student’s tutor)
Bullying and mental health: depressive disorders as a psychosocial consequence
Authorship
L.J.A.
Bachelor of Criminology
L.J.A.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.01.2025 17:00
07.01.2025 17:00
Summary
Bullying is a phenomenon that is increasingly present in our society, raising questions about why it occurs and what consequences it causes. This paper will address the multiple factors surrounding bullying in order to shed light on the topic. To this end, a literature review will be conducted to address the relationship between having experienced some type of bullying and suffering from depressive disorders and other pathologies as a result. It also seeks to contextualize this phenomenon and understand its causes, types, and the main agents involved. An analysis of the criminal response to these types of situations will also be conducted, along with a comparison between the action protocols applied in schools in Galicia and the País Vasco, and the KiVa and Zero programs, which will be analyzed to determine their effectiveness.
Bullying is a phenomenon that is increasingly present in our society, raising questions about why it occurs and what consequences it causes. This paper will address the multiple factors surrounding bullying in order to shed light on the topic. To this end, a literature review will be conducted to address the relationship between having experienced some type of bullying and suffering from depressive disorders and other pathologies as a result. It also seeks to contextualize this phenomenon and understand its causes, types, and the main agents involved. An analysis of the criminal response to these types of situations will also be conducted, along with a comparison between the action protocols applied in schools in Galicia and the País Vasco, and the KiVa and Zero programs, which will be analyzed to determine their effectiveness.
Direction
BRAÑAS GONZALEZ, ANTIA (Tutorships)
BRAÑAS GONZALEZ, ANTIA (Tutorships)
Court
BRAÑAS GONZALEZ, ANTIA (Student’s tutor)
BRAÑAS GONZALEZ, ANTIA (Student’s tutor)
The special penitentiary employment relationship
Authorship
L.L.A.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.L.A.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 12:00
07.17.2025 12:00
Summary
This undergraduate thesis addresses the legal framework under which an inmate in a penitentiary institution can, and in some way must, engage in work activity as part of their treatment for future social reintegration. Following a brief historical overview of its paradoxical evolution, from being a method of torture to being recognized as an inmate's right, the current legal framework of prison labor is analyzed. This analysis begins with its recognition in the Workers’ Statute as a special type of employment relationship and, consequently, its regulatory development through a specific legislative instrument: Royal Decree 782/2001 of July 6. The study examines, based on the full or partial fulfillment of the essential elements of voluntariness, remuneration, subordination and alienation, which types of prison labor available to inmates fall within the scope of this special employment relationship and what consequences its application entails, including the rights, duties, remuneration regime and labor protections to which the subjects of the employment relationship will be subject. Through judicial rulings that supplement the limited legal regulation, the thesis aims to clarify the similarities and differences, whether justified or unjustified, between the penitentiary regime and the ordinary employment relationship, and to analyze whether a true employment relationship exists or, given the inherent peculiarities of the inmate’s situation, it is merely a legal fiction.
This undergraduate thesis addresses the legal framework under which an inmate in a penitentiary institution can, and in some way must, engage in work activity as part of their treatment for future social reintegration. Following a brief historical overview of its paradoxical evolution, from being a method of torture to being recognized as an inmate's right, the current legal framework of prison labor is analyzed. This analysis begins with its recognition in the Workers’ Statute as a special type of employment relationship and, consequently, its regulatory development through a specific legislative instrument: Royal Decree 782/2001 of July 6. The study examines, based on the full or partial fulfillment of the essential elements of voluntariness, remuneration, subordination and alienation, which types of prison labor available to inmates fall within the scope of this special employment relationship and what consequences its application entails, including the rights, duties, remuneration regime and labor protections to which the subjects of the employment relationship will be subject. Through judicial rulings that supplement the limited legal regulation, the thesis aims to clarify the similarities and differences, whether justified or unjustified, between the penitentiary regime and the ordinary employment relationship, and to analyze whether a true employment relationship exists or, given the inherent peculiarities of the inmate’s situation, it is merely a legal fiction.
Direction
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Tutorships)
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Student’s tutor)
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Student’s tutor)
The relationship between young people and public administration
Authorship
M.L.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.L.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 10:00
06.26.2025 10:00
Summary
This thesis analyzes the relationship between youth and public administration , with special emphasis on the role played by information and communication technologies (ICT) in the active participation and access to public services by the new people. Starting from a characterization of youth as a specific social group , we study the administrative competences in the field of youth, the current regulations , and the organizational structure dedicated to this area. It then examines how the use of ICTs has transformed the way in which youth relate to the administration, both in terms of democratic participation and access to rights and services. It also analyzes European data on digital skills and Internet use among young people aged 16 to 24, establishing correlations that evidence gaps in access or digital exclusion. The work addresses the right and duty to relate electronically with public administrations second laws 39/2015 and 40/2015, as well as the impact of jurisprudence in this area, with a special and important mention to the Galician university context. By last, the main barriers faced by youth in their relationship with the administration are identified and illustrated through case studies such as the cultural voucher, the aids to rent in Galicia and the Minimum Living Income. The aim of this analysis is to provide a critical view of the situation in order to understand to what extent current public policies respond to the real needs of young people, as well as to detect the factors that hinder an effective link between this group and the administration. In addition, this analysis proposes some solutions to improve this situation, offering a basis for future proposals that favor greater accessibility, inclusion and participation of young people in public affairs.
This thesis analyzes the relationship between youth and public administration , with special emphasis on the role played by information and communication technologies (ICT) in the active participation and access to public services by the new people. Starting from a characterization of youth as a specific social group , we study the administrative competences in the field of youth, the current regulations , and the organizational structure dedicated to this area. It then examines how the use of ICTs has transformed the way in which youth relate to the administration, both in terms of democratic participation and access to rights and services. It also analyzes European data on digital skills and Internet use among young people aged 16 to 24, establishing correlations that evidence gaps in access or digital exclusion. The work addresses the right and duty to relate electronically with public administrations second laws 39/2015 and 40/2015, as well as the impact of jurisprudence in this area, with a special and important mention to the Galician university context. By last, the main barriers faced by youth in their relationship with the administration are identified and illustrated through case studies such as the cultural voucher, the aids to rent in Galicia and the Minimum Living Income. The aim of this analysis is to provide a critical view of the situation in order to understand to what extent current public policies respond to the real needs of young people, as well as to detect the factors that hinder an effective link between this group and the administration. In addition, this analysis proposes some solutions to improve this situation, offering a basis for future proposals that favor greater accessibility, inclusion and participation of young people in public affairs.
Direction
Nogueira López, María da Alba (Tutorships)
Nogueira López, María da Alba (Tutorships)
Court
Nogueira López, María da Alba (Student’s tutor)
Nogueira López, María da Alba (Student’s tutor)
The protection of the informant in law 2/2023: analysis of the spanish legal system after the transposition of directive (EU) 2019/1937
Authorship
R.L.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
R.L.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 19:00
07.15.2025 19:00
Summary
This paper analyses Law 2/2023, of 20 February, regulating the protection of whistleblowers and the fight against corruption. The law transposes Directive (EU) 2019/1937 into Spanish law and establishes a legal framework aimed at encouraging whistleblowing by protecting the whistleblower from retaliation. Firstly, the regulatory background to the adoption of the Law is studied, as well as it main purpose and complementary objectives. Next, its personal, material and temporal scope of application is delimited. The analysis continues with the internal information systems and their legal regime. The external information channel, which is managed by independent authorities, is then addressed. Its particularities and procedures are also described. A section is devoted to the Independent Authority for the Protection of Whistleblowers, which discusses how it is set up and its powers. Public disclosure as an extraordinary means of reporting infringements is also examined. The work concludes by analysing the whistleblower protection measures, as well as the sanctioning regime envisaged by the Law, which classifies infringements and determines the applicable sanctions.
This paper analyses Law 2/2023, of 20 February, regulating the protection of whistleblowers and the fight against corruption. The law transposes Directive (EU) 2019/1937 into Spanish law and establishes a legal framework aimed at encouraging whistleblowing by protecting the whistleblower from retaliation. Firstly, the regulatory background to the adoption of the Law is studied, as well as it main purpose and complementary objectives. Next, its personal, material and temporal scope of application is delimited. The analysis continues with the internal information systems and their legal regime. The external information channel, which is managed by independent authorities, is then addressed. Its particularities and procedures are also described. A section is devoted to the Independent Authority for the Protection of Whistleblowers, which discusses how it is set up and its powers. Public disclosure as an extraordinary means of reporting infringements is also examined. The work concludes by analysing the whistleblower protection measures, as well as the sanctioning regime envisaged by the Law, which classifies infringements and determines the applicable sanctions.
Direction
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Tutorships)
BETETOS AGRELO, NOELIA (Co-tutorships)
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Tutorships)
BETETOS AGRELO, NOELIA (Co-tutorships)
Court
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Student’s tutor)
BETETOS AGRELO, NOELIA (Student’s tutor)
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Student’s tutor)
BETETOS AGRELO, NOELIA (Student’s tutor)
The complexity of legal language: analysis and proposal for improvement
Authorship
F.J.L.J.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
F.J.L.J.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 10:00
07.17.2025 10:00
Summary
This paper analyses the language used by the public administration and the law, focusing on its complexity and the consequences it has for citizens. It examines the particularities of legal-administrative language, highlighting how the use of technical terms, complex structures and unusual expressions makes it difficult to understand rules and procedures. It also addresses the challenges faced by citizens when dealing with administrative procedures, underlining the importance of clear and accessible institutional communication to ensure the effective exercise of rights. The study reviews recent initiatives aimed at simplifying and modernising administrative language, as well as the impact of these measures on transparency and public trust. Finally, it concludes that moving towards a more comprehensible administration is fundamental to strengthen citizen participation and the legitimacy of institutions, proposing recommendations to achieve simpler and closer communication between the administration and society.
This paper analyses the language used by the public administration and the law, focusing on its complexity and the consequences it has for citizens. It examines the particularities of legal-administrative language, highlighting how the use of technical terms, complex structures and unusual expressions makes it difficult to understand rules and procedures. It also addresses the challenges faced by citizens when dealing with administrative procedures, underlining the importance of clear and accessible institutional communication to ensure the effective exercise of rights. The study reviews recent initiatives aimed at simplifying and modernising administrative language, as well as the impact of these measures on transparency and public trust. Finally, it concludes that moving towards a more comprehensible administration is fundamental to strengthen citizen participation and the legitimacy of institutions, proposing recommendations to achieve simpler and closer communication between the administration and society.
Direction
Nogueira López, María da Alba (Tutorships)
Nogueira López, María da Alba (Tutorships)
Court
Nogueira López, María da Alba (Student’s tutor)
Nogueira López, María da Alba (Student’s tutor)
Analysis of the attitudes of spanish society and institutions towards immigration.
Authorship
J.L.S.
Bachelor of Criminology
J.L.S.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
02.17.2025 12:00
02.17.2025 12:00
Summary
The substantial increase in the immigrant population in Spain has generated a variety of reactions in the spanish society, both of acceptance and rejection. To understand the reasons underlying the existence of a typology of five attitudinal profiles, in this review a panoramic study of the existing literature is carried out in order to analyze whether they are based on empirically demonstrated facts or if, on the contrary, they are based on a full range of false or distorted ideas of social reality. Within the framework of the object of study, it is also relevant to pay attention to the influential role of the media in public opinion, migration policies in Spain and the European Union, and inclusion and social integration models that exist in our country.
The substantial increase in the immigrant population in Spain has generated a variety of reactions in the spanish society, both of acceptance and rejection. To understand the reasons underlying the existence of a typology of five attitudinal profiles, in this review a panoramic study of the existing literature is carried out in order to analyze whether they are based on empirically demonstrated facts or if, on the contrary, they are based on a full range of false or distorted ideas of social reality. Within the framework of the object of study, it is also relevant to pay attention to the influential role of the media in public opinion, migration policies in Spain and the European Union, and inclusion and social integration models that exist in our country.
Direction
ALLONES PEREZ, CARLOS ANTONIO J (Tutorships)
ALLONES PEREZ, CARLOS ANTONIO J (Tutorships)
Court
ALLONES PEREZ, CARLOS ANTONIO J (Student’s tutor)
ALLONES PEREZ, CARLOS ANTONIO J (Student’s tutor)
Undergraduate dissertation
Authorship
M.M.L.J.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.M.L.J.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 10:00
06.26.2025 10:00
Summary
This undergraduate thesis addresses the concept of non-traditional trademarks, a highly relevant topic today due to its impact on industrial property and its connection to current technological and sensory market trends. The main objective is to analyze how these trademarks, which go beyond conventional distinctive signs, are transforming the legal and commercial landscape. The historical evolution of trademarks provides the framework for understanding how approaches to distinctive signs have changed over time, highlighting the significance of industrial property law. The legal context and the definition of trademarks are then examined, distinguishing between traditional and non-traditional types. The work delves into the exclusive rights and the absolute and relative grounds for refusal that influence the legal protection process of trademarks. The core of the study focuses on non-traditional trademarks, dividing them into visual and non-visual categories. The former include three-dimensional, color, pattern, and position marks, while the latter encompass olfactory, sound, taste, and texture marks. Each type is analyzed in detail, considering its characteristics, legal challenges, and relevant case law. Finally, the thesis explores the new era of non-traditional trademarks, emphasizing how technological innovation is driving the need to adapt the legal framework. In conclusion, the study highlights how non-traditional trademarks are shaping the future of industrial property, challenging current regulations and demanding updates in legal norms to address these emerging issues.
This undergraduate thesis addresses the concept of non-traditional trademarks, a highly relevant topic today due to its impact on industrial property and its connection to current technological and sensory market trends. The main objective is to analyze how these trademarks, which go beyond conventional distinctive signs, are transforming the legal and commercial landscape. The historical evolution of trademarks provides the framework for understanding how approaches to distinctive signs have changed over time, highlighting the significance of industrial property law. The legal context and the definition of trademarks are then examined, distinguishing between traditional and non-traditional types. The work delves into the exclusive rights and the absolute and relative grounds for refusal that influence the legal protection process of trademarks. The core of the study focuses on non-traditional trademarks, dividing them into visual and non-visual categories. The former include three-dimensional, color, pattern, and position marks, while the latter encompass olfactory, sound, taste, and texture marks. Each type is analyzed in detail, considering its characteristics, legal challenges, and relevant case law. Finally, the thesis explores the new era of non-traditional trademarks, emphasizing how technological innovation is driving the need to adapt the legal framework. In conclusion, the study highlights how non-traditional trademarks are shaping the future of industrial property, challenging current regulations and demanding updates in legal norms to address these emerging issues.
Direction
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Tutorships)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Tutorships)
Court
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Student’s tutor)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Student’s tutor)
The right to communication in prison: a guarantee for the reintegration of incarcerated individuals
Authorship
M.L.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.L.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 12:00
07.17.2025 12:00
Summary
This work aims to analyse the right to communication with the outside world within the prison system, taking as its starting point the mandate set in Article 25 of the Spanish Constitution: the reintegration of the offender as the essential purpose of the sentence. The study examines the different types of communication that take place within the Spanish penitentiary system, classifying them according to the means used and the interlocutors involved. Furthermore, it seeks to explore how the regulation of these communications may hinder or promote the fulfilment of the constitutional objective, with interactions with the outside world constituting a key element in the reintegration process.
This work aims to analyse the right to communication with the outside world within the prison system, taking as its starting point the mandate set in Article 25 of the Spanish Constitution: the reintegration of the offender as the essential purpose of the sentence. The study examines the different types of communication that take place within the Spanish penitentiary system, classifying them according to the means used and the interlocutors involved. Furthermore, it seeks to explore how the regulation of these communications may hinder or promote the fulfilment of the constitutional objective, with interactions with the outside world constituting a key element in the reintegration process.
Direction
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
Court
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Student’s tutor)
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Student’s tutor)
Analysis of the regulation of the Artificial Intelligence in collective bargaining
Authorship
L.L.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.L.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:30
07.16.2025 12:30
Summary
The rise of digitalization and the implementation of AI systems has affected all aspects of daily life, including the workplace. Its novelty and quick development have hampered legislator’s ability to respond , leading to situations with a latent risk of violating workers fundamental rights. This paper analyzes the current regulations on the use of AI in the workplace. We will address the national and European regulatory framework , as well as the role of collective bargaining. The collective bargaining agreements of IBEX 35 companies will be studied , analyzing the regulations established therein and the potencial effects they may have on workers.
The rise of digitalization and the implementation of AI systems has affected all aspects of daily life, including the workplace. Its novelty and quick development have hampered legislator’s ability to respond , leading to situations with a latent risk of violating workers fundamental rights. This paper analyzes the current regulations on the use of AI in the workplace. We will address the national and European regulatory framework , as well as the role of collective bargaining. The collective bargaining agreements of IBEX 35 companies will be studied , analyzing the regulations established therein and the potencial effects they may have on workers.
Direction
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Tutorships)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Tutorships)
Court
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Student’s tutor)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Student’s tutor)
Permanent Disability in Employment Contracts: Key Legal Challenges
Authorship
M.L.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.L.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:00
07.15.2025 11:00
Summary
In recent decades, the legal conception and treatment of persons with disabilities have evolved significantly. The former medical-rehabilitative approach, which regarded these individuals as passive recipients of care, has given way to a social model that recognizes them as active subjects, with full rights and the capacity to fully contribute to society. This paradigm shift has led to a profound transformation in the understanding of disability, linking it not only to individual conditions but also to social and structural barriers that hinder equal participation. This new approach has been supported by a solid regulatory framework that promotes equal treatment and prohibits all forms of discrimination. At both the international and European levels, principles have been consolidated that guarantee the right of persons with disabilities to decent work and require employers to adopt specific measures to remove obstacles, including the need to provide reasonable accommodations in the workplace. At the national level, important reforms have been adopted to strengthen accessibility, equal opportunities, and active inclusion in the labor market. These changes reflect a growing commitment to the effective protection of the rights of persons with disabilities and the promotion of a fairer and more equitable working environment. This Final Degree Project examines the right of persons with disabilities to decent work, analyzing both its legal and jurisprudential dimensions. It explores key concepts such as reasonable accommodations, sheltered employment, positive action measures, and, notably, the evolution of the regulation of contract termination due to permanent disability, with particular attention to the most recent developments regarding non-discrimination and workplace accessibility.
In recent decades, the legal conception and treatment of persons with disabilities have evolved significantly. The former medical-rehabilitative approach, which regarded these individuals as passive recipients of care, has given way to a social model that recognizes them as active subjects, with full rights and the capacity to fully contribute to society. This paradigm shift has led to a profound transformation in the understanding of disability, linking it not only to individual conditions but also to social and structural barriers that hinder equal participation. This new approach has been supported by a solid regulatory framework that promotes equal treatment and prohibits all forms of discrimination. At both the international and European levels, principles have been consolidated that guarantee the right of persons with disabilities to decent work and require employers to adopt specific measures to remove obstacles, including the need to provide reasonable accommodations in the workplace. At the national level, important reforms have been adopted to strengthen accessibility, equal opportunities, and active inclusion in the labor market. These changes reflect a growing commitment to the effective protection of the rights of persons with disabilities and the promotion of a fairer and more equitable working environment. This Final Degree Project examines the right of persons with disabilities to decent work, analyzing both its legal and jurisprudential dimensions. It explores key concepts such as reasonable accommodations, sheltered employment, positive action measures, and, notably, the evolution of the regulation of contract termination due to permanent disability, with particular attention to the most recent developments regarding non-discrimination and workplace accessibility.
Direction
MELLA MENDEZ, LOURDES (Tutorships)
MELLA MENDEZ, LOURDES (Tutorships)
Court
MELLA MENDEZ, LOURDES (Student’s tutor)
MELLA MENDEZ, LOURDES (Student’s tutor)
Role of labour agents in the protection of labour rights in the company. Special protection against sexual harassment in the company.
Authorship
D.L.O.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
D.L.O.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.20.2025 10:00
02.20.2025 10:00
Summary
This project developes the competences of labour agents in the protection of labour rights in the company, thourgh the study of the labour regulation, jurisprudence and doctrine. Special menction to the labour protection against sexual harassment and harassment based on sex: how to detect it and how to fight against it thourgh union tools.
This project developes the competences of labour agents in the protection of labour rights in the company, thourgh the study of the labour regulation, jurisprudence and doctrine. Special menction to the labour protection against sexual harassment and harassment based on sex: how to detect it and how to fight against it thourgh union tools.
Direction
MIRANDA BOTO, JOSE MARIA (Tutorships)
MIRANDA BOTO, JOSE MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
MIRANDA BOTO, JOSE MARIA (Student’s tutor)
MIRANDA BOTO, JOSE MARIA (Student’s tutor)
Analysis of the regulation of prostitution in Spain.
Authorship
S.L.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.L.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:30
07.15.2025 11:30
Summary
Prostitution is, and has always been, the subject of social, legal, and political debate, as it is a complex and controversial issue often linked to the violation of human rights, particularly those of women. In Spain, there is no clear and uniform regulation of this phenomenon, and it is often said that prostitution exists in a state of legal ambiguity. This paper aims to study the existing legal framework in Spain that addresses this activity, as well as to compile the various legal models proposed in relation to it. To this end, we will begin by analyzing the concept of prostitution and its distinction from other closely related figures. We will also examine its current status from both a social and legal perspective. Finally, we will compare the different regulatory systems that have been proposed to govern what is colloquially referred to as the oldest profession in the world.
Prostitution is, and has always been, the subject of social, legal, and political debate, as it is a complex and controversial issue often linked to the violation of human rights, particularly those of women. In Spain, there is no clear and uniform regulation of this phenomenon, and it is often said that prostitution exists in a state of legal ambiguity. This paper aims to study the existing legal framework in Spain that addresses this activity, as well as to compile the various legal models proposed in relation to it. To this end, we will begin by analyzing the concept of prostitution and its distinction from other closely related figures. We will also examine its current status from both a social and legal perspective. Finally, we will compare the different regulatory systems that have been proposed to govern what is colloquially referred to as the oldest profession in the world.
Direction
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Tutorships)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Tutorships)
Court
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Student’s tutor)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Student’s tutor)
The crime of stalking as a form of gender violence and the use of new technologies.
Authorship
M.L.G.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
M.L.G.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
Defense date
06.30.2025 11:30
06.30.2025 11:30
Summary
The objective of this work is to analyze the crime of stalking under article 172.ter of the Penal Code. Specifically, it aims to study it from a gender perspective, taking into account that one of the reasons it was incorporated into the legal system was to assume the obligations established by the 2011 Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence for the States that are part of it. It also aims to explain how new technologies have impacted the methods and means used to commit acts of stalking. This is based on an examination of the current case law and doctrine on this crime.
The objective of this work is to analyze the crime of stalking under article 172.ter of the Penal Code. Specifically, it aims to study it from a gender perspective, taking into account that one of the reasons it was incorporated into the legal system was to assume the obligations established by the 2011 Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence for the States that are part of it. It also aims to explain how new technologies have impacted the methods and means used to commit acts of stalking. This is based on an examination of the current case law and doctrine on this crime.
Direction
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
A Legal Challenge for International Law: Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems.
Authorship
C.L.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.L.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.01.2025 11:00
07.01.2025 11:00
Summary
Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) are generally understood as weapon systems capable of selecting and engaging targets without direct human intervention in their critical functions. Their varying degrees of autonomy raise significant concerns, especially in the case of fully autonomous systems. As a result, the international community emphasizes the necessity of maintaining meaningful human control and ensuring human responsibility over the use of force responsibility that must never be delegated to a machine. Currently, there is no specific international treaty governing LAWS, although there are ongoing proposals aimed at eventually developing one. The main avenue for attempting to regulate these autonomous systems is the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) and its Group of Governmental Experts (GGE). Through their efforts, the full applicability of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) to LAWS has been affirmed, and a list of guiding principles has been developed, laying a foundation for continued work. Regarding regulatory proposals, the international community is divided between those advocating for an international regime to ban or restrict LAWS, and those favoring continued self-regulation based on soft law. In any case, LAWS must comply with the fundamental principles of IHL specifically the principles of distinction (between combatants/military objectives and civilians/civilian objects), proportionality (avoiding excessive civilian harm in relation to the anticipated military advantage), and precaution. The ability of LAWS to effectively apply these principles in complex combat environments remains a key concern.
Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) are generally understood as weapon systems capable of selecting and engaging targets without direct human intervention in their critical functions. Their varying degrees of autonomy raise significant concerns, especially in the case of fully autonomous systems. As a result, the international community emphasizes the necessity of maintaining meaningful human control and ensuring human responsibility over the use of force responsibility that must never be delegated to a machine. Currently, there is no specific international treaty governing LAWS, although there are ongoing proposals aimed at eventually developing one. The main avenue for attempting to regulate these autonomous systems is the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) and its Group of Governmental Experts (GGE). Through their efforts, the full applicability of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) to LAWS has been affirmed, and a list of guiding principles has been developed, laying a foundation for continued work. Regarding regulatory proposals, the international community is divided between those advocating for an international regime to ban or restrict LAWS, and those favoring continued self-regulation based on soft law. In any case, LAWS must comply with the fundamental principles of IHL specifically the principles of distinction (between combatants/military objectives and civilians/civilian objects), proportionality (avoiding excessive civilian harm in relation to the anticipated military advantage), and precaution. The ability of LAWS to effectively apply these principles in complex combat environments remains a key concern.
Direction
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Tutorships)
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Tutorships)
Court
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Student’s tutor)
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Student’s tutor)
Personality rights. Gender identity.
Authorship
U.L.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
U.L.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:00
07.15.2025 11:00
Summary
In this Final Degree Project, we study one of the rights considered by the doctrine as «new»s personality rights in the Spanish legal system: the right to gender identity, through a doctrinal and jurisprudential perspective, with references to comparative law. From the study of personality rights, especially those that make up its constitutional hard core (art. 18 EC), it is concluded that the right to personal identity, including the aspect related to gender, is a new right that, although not specifically regulated in the Constitution, is closely linked to the principles of human dignity and the free development of personality typified in art. 10 CE. Starting from the premise of its constitutional interest, the first manifestations and evolution of the term «gender identity» are examined. Initially it was used interchangeably with the expression «sexual identity», but the recent case law of the Spanish Constitutional Court of 2022 has dispelled the possible confusion that this indistinction could create by clearly defining and differentiating the terms «sex» (biological) and «gender» (social and feeling), thus reinforcing the protection of the rights of trans persons. Finally, an analysis is made of the legislative and jurisprudential evolution of the treatment of this right, from its first jurisprudential manifestations in the 1980s, to its legislative consolidation in norms such as Law 3/2007 or the current Trans Law (4/2023), highlighting the progressive advances from one law to another, especially in matters of registry rectification of the mention of sex and in relation to transsexual minors.
In this Final Degree Project, we study one of the rights considered by the doctrine as «new»s personality rights in the Spanish legal system: the right to gender identity, through a doctrinal and jurisprudential perspective, with references to comparative law. From the study of personality rights, especially those that make up its constitutional hard core (art. 18 EC), it is concluded that the right to personal identity, including the aspect related to gender, is a new right that, although not specifically regulated in the Constitution, is closely linked to the principles of human dignity and the free development of personality typified in art. 10 CE. Starting from the premise of its constitutional interest, the first manifestations and evolution of the term «gender identity» are examined. Initially it was used interchangeably with the expression «sexual identity», but the recent case law of the Spanish Constitutional Court of 2022 has dispelled the possible confusion that this indistinction could create by clearly defining and differentiating the terms «sex» (biological) and «gender» (social and feeling), thus reinforcing the protection of the rights of trans persons. Finally, an analysis is made of the legislative and jurisprudential evolution of the treatment of this right, from its first jurisprudential manifestations in the 1980s, to its legislative consolidation in norms such as Law 3/2007 or the current Trans Law (4/2023), highlighting the progressive advances from one law to another, especially in matters of registry rectification of the mention of sex and in relation to transsexual minors.
Direction
AMMERMAN YEBRA, JULIA (Tutorships)
AMMERMAN YEBRA, JULIA (Tutorships)
Court
AMMERMAN YEBRA, JULIA (Student’s tutor)
AMMERMAN YEBRA, JULIA (Student’s tutor)
Divorce law of1932 and its application in Santiago de Compostela.
Authorship
A.L.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.L.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 11:45
06.26.2025 11:45
Summary
This paper focuses on Spanish divorce, in particular, the divorce of 1932 during the Second Republic. To understand the history of this law, it is necessary to start from the definition of marriage, as well as the history of divorce from Roman law to the current Spanish law. This is followed by a contextualization and legal analysis of the Divorce Law of 1932. Finally, it concludes with a case in rural Galicia. By examining two criminal cases, it implicitly reveals the initiation of a divorce lawsuit brought by a woman. This approach aims to provide a practical example of the implementation of the envisaged law and the problems that many women encountered in exercising their right to divorce.
This paper focuses on Spanish divorce, in particular, the divorce of 1932 during the Second Republic. To understand the history of this law, it is necessary to start from the definition of marriage, as well as the history of divorce from Roman law to the current Spanish law. This is followed by a contextualization and legal analysis of the Divorce Law of 1932. Finally, it concludes with a case in rural Galicia. By examining two criminal cases, it implicitly reveals the initiation of a divorce lawsuit brought by a woman. This approach aims to provide a practical example of the implementation of the envisaged law and the problems that many women encountered in exercising their right to divorce.
Direction
BOUZADA GIL, MARIA TERESA (Tutorships)
BOUZADA GIL, MARIA TERESA (Tutorships)
Court
BOUZADA GIL, MARIA TERESA (Student’s tutor)
BOUZADA GIL, MARIA TERESA (Student’s tutor)
The Impact of Abusive Clauses in Urban Lease Contracts on Young People's Access to Housing.
Authorship
L.M.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.M.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.01.2025 12:30
07.01.2025 12:30
Summary
The current housing problem is felt most acutely by the middle and lower classes of our country, and especially by young people who see the possibility of accessing the use or ownership of a home as something very distant. This paper aims to analyze the main causes that have led to this situation, both social and legal, and will relate them to the current regulatory framework governing residential lease agreements and leases for purposes other than housing, in order to assess their impact and identify potential lege ferenda proposals for improvement. Furthermore, an analysis will be conducted on the balance that must be achieved between the legal mechanisms intended to protect tenants and the landlords’ right to use and enjoy their private property, without the latter being entirely restricted.
The current housing problem is felt most acutely by the middle and lower classes of our country, and especially by young people who see the possibility of accessing the use or ownership of a home as something very distant. This paper aims to analyze the main causes that have led to this situation, both social and legal, and will relate them to the current regulatory framework governing residential lease agreements and leases for purposes other than housing, in order to assess their impact and identify potential lege ferenda proposals for improvement. Furthermore, an analysis will be conducted on the balance that must be achieved between the legal mechanisms intended to protect tenants and the landlords’ right to use and enjoy their private property, without the latter being entirely restricted.
Direction
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
Court
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Chairman)
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Secretary)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Member)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Chairman)
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Secretary)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Member)
The undercover agent: value as a method of investigation in criminal procedure.
Authorship
P.M.A.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
P.M.A.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 16:30
07.17.2025 16:30
Summary
This undergratuate dissertation addresses the investigative method provided for in Article 282 of the LECrim (Spanish Criminal Procedure ACT), which is the use of undercover agents in the investigation of organized crime, analyzing the nature of the undercover agent. First, the undercover agent is conceptually analyzed in order to establish a conceptual delineation regarding the casuistry of the relationships between officials of the Security Forces and Corps and subjects under investigation, with special reference to the digital undercover agent included in the 2015 reform of the LECrim. Furthermore, this project emphasizes the differentiation between undercover agents and infiltrated police officers, as well as various situations that are not strictly the investigative process of the undercover agent. It also addresses international cooperation, with a mention of undercover agents from foreign countries who carry out their operations in Spain. The second part describes the actions of the undercover agent, starting with its scope of its application and addressing the process of appointing an undercover agent. It traces a logical sequence of the undercover agent's actions, from judicial authorization and the provision of an assumed identity to the value of the evidence they produce. The legal framework used is Article 282 bis of the Criminal Procedure Code, complemented by recent scholarly works and articles on this subject and largely accompanied by the Spanish Supreme Court jurisprudence, which is extremely important for understanding the scope of the undercover agent.
This undergratuate dissertation addresses the investigative method provided for in Article 282 of the LECrim (Spanish Criminal Procedure ACT), which is the use of undercover agents in the investigation of organized crime, analyzing the nature of the undercover agent. First, the undercover agent is conceptually analyzed in order to establish a conceptual delineation regarding the casuistry of the relationships between officials of the Security Forces and Corps and subjects under investigation, with special reference to the digital undercover agent included in the 2015 reform of the LECrim. Furthermore, this project emphasizes the differentiation between undercover agents and infiltrated police officers, as well as various situations that are not strictly the investigative process of the undercover agent. It also addresses international cooperation, with a mention of undercover agents from foreign countries who carry out their operations in Spain. The second part describes the actions of the undercover agent, starting with its scope of its application and addressing the process of appointing an undercover agent. It traces a logical sequence of the undercover agent's actions, from judicial authorization and the provision of an assumed identity to the value of the evidence they produce. The legal framework used is Article 282 bis of the Criminal Procedure Code, complemented by recent scholarly works and articles on this subject and largely accompanied by the Spanish Supreme Court jurisprudence, which is extremely important for understanding the scope of the undercover agent.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Employer Powers and the Respect for Workers' Fundamental Rights
Authorship
M.M.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.M.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 10:00
06.26.2025 10:00
Summary
This paper analyzes the exercise of employer powers within the employee relationships and their limits in relation to the fundamental rights of workers, with special attention to the power of surveillance and control and the right to privacy in the digital environment. It examines the powers of management, surveillance and control, and disciplinary action, but the research focuses mainly on how these powers must be exercised with careful acknowledgment for the constitutionally recognized rights of workers. The core of the study particularly addresses the challenges posed by new technologies used by employers as control tools, such as video surveillance, monitoring, or geolocation, and their impact on workers' right to privacy and digital disconnection. The fundamental legal framework used is Organic Law 3/2018 on the Protection of Personal Data and Guarantee of Digital Rights, which sets limits on the exercise of these business practices by establishing requirements of proportionality, prior notice, and respect for the worker’s dignity. Likewise, the paper highlights the role of the three-part proportionality test as a key instrument to assess the employer's measures in light of fundamental workers' rights, incorporating relevant case law such as the Barbulescu case. In conclusion, although employers possess broad powers, these are not unlimited and cannot be exercised arbitrarily or in violation of workers' rights. A balanced exercise of these powers is essential, especially in an increasingly complex and challenging digital environment.
This paper analyzes the exercise of employer powers within the employee relationships and their limits in relation to the fundamental rights of workers, with special attention to the power of surveillance and control and the right to privacy in the digital environment. It examines the powers of management, surveillance and control, and disciplinary action, but the research focuses mainly on how these powers must be exercised with careful acknowledgment for the constitutionally recognized rights of workers. The core of the study particularly addresses the challenges posed by new technologies used by employers as control tools, such as video surveillance, monitoring, or geolocation, and their impact on workers' right to privacy and digital disconnection. The fundamental legal framework used is Organic Law 3/2018 on the Protection of Personal Data and Guarantee of Digital Rights, which sets limits on the exercise of these business practices by establishing requirements of proportionality, prior notice, and respect for the worker’s dignity. Likewise, the paper highlights the role of the three-part proportionality test as a key instrument to assess the employer's measures in light of fundamental workers' rights, incorporating relevant case law such as the Barbulescu case. In conclusion, although employers possess broad powers, these are not unlimited and cannot be exercised arbitrarily or in violation of workers' rights. A balanced exercise of these powers is essential, especially in an increasingly complex and challenging digital environment.
Direction
ALVAREZ GONZALEZ, TERESA EVA (Tutorships)
ALVAREZ GONZALEZ, TERESA EVA (Tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ GONZALEZ, TERESA EVA (Student’s tutor)
ALVAREZ GONZALEZ, TERESA EVA (Student’s tutor)
The analysis of the integration of testamentary provisions in Succession Law
Authorship
M.M.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.M.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 11:00
07.14.2025 11:00
Summary
Alongside the process of interpreting the statement expressed in the will, aimed at understanding the real intention that such a statement encompasses, there is the process of integrative interpretation of the succession business, whose purpose is to reconstruct the hypothetical will of the deceased to respond to situations not foreseen by them at the time of granting. The importance of this matter is unquestionable, as the practice of the courts and the registration dynamics confirm that the solution to a large part of the existing controversies in the field of succession lies in ascertaining the will of the deceased. Controversies that, at times, could be avoided through appropriate channeling by notaries and lawyers of the will transmitted to them and the objectives sought by the grantor, through complete and adapted clauses to the current legal framework. In this final degree project, two key rulings have been analyzed in depth to decipher the issue of integration in testamentary matters as well as questions related to false cause and the interpretative function of the will.
Alongside the process of interpreting the statement expressed in the will, aimed at understanding the real intention that such a statement encompasses, there is the process of integrative interpretation of the succession business, whose purpose is to reconstruct the hypothetical will of the deceased to respond to situations not foreseen by them at the time of granting. The importance of this matter is unquestionable, as the practice of the courts and the registration dynamics confirm that the solution to a large part of the existing controversies in the field of succession lies in ascertaining the will of the deceased. Controversies that, at times, could be avoided through appropriate channeling by notaries and lawyers of the will transmitted to them and the objectives sought by the grantor, through complete and adapted clauses to the current legal framework. In this final degree project, two key rulings have been analyzed in depth to decipher the issue of integration in testamentary matters as well as questions related to false cause and the interpretative function of the will.
Direction
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Tutorships)
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Tutorships)
Court
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
New Trends in Investor Protection
Authorship
S.M.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.M.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 12:30
07.15.2025 12:30
Summary
This TFG aims to study new trends regarding investor protection. It reflects on the specific issues faced by investors in the securities markets. The position of the investor in these markets will be analyzed from the perspective of their protection, taking into account the central role they occupy. The various protection mechanisms provided by both European and national legal frameworks will be reviewed. In particular, the project addresses the issue of informational transparency as a fundamental mechanism underpinning the entire system of investor protection. However, this mechanism proves insufficient to provide adequate support for investors in the markets. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the current crisis of transparency, considering that investors often have no interest in reading the financial reports they receive, nor do they possess the necessary skills to operate in a highly technical area that may cause serious harm to their personal assets and financial well-being. Finally, the project will explore new trends and alternatives, while also proposing innovative ideas concerning investor protection, such as the need to emphasize financial education.
This TFG aims to study new trends regarding investor protection. It reflects on the specific issues faced by investors in the securities markets. The position of the investor in these markets will be analyzed from the perspective of their protection, taking into account the central role they occupy. The various protection mechanisms provided by both European and national legal frameworks will be reviewed. In particular, the project addresses the issue of informational transparency as a fundamental mechanism underpinning the entire system of investor protection. However, this mechanism proves insufficient to provide adequate support for investors in the markets. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the current crisis of transparency, considering that investors often have no interest in reading the financial reports they receive, nor do they possess the necessary skills to operate in a highly technical area that may cause serious harm to their personal assets and financial well-being. Finally, the project will explore new trends and alternatives, while also proposing innovative ideas concerning investor protection, such as the need to emphasize financial education.
Direction
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
Court
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Chairman)
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Secretary)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Chairman)
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Secretary)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Resistencia Galega
Authorship
M.M.C.
Bachelor of Criminology
M.M.C.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 11:00
07.16.2025 11:00
Summary
This thesis analyses the phenomenon of Resistencia Galega, a Galician independence movement that operated in secret in Galicia during the first decade of the XXI century. It appeared in the context of institutional, economic and identity crisis. After the dismantlement of other groups, RG was the subject of a big legal, media and social debate, especially concerning its possible denomination as a terrorist organisation. The investigation explores its origin, evolution, structure and operative activity as well as the reactions it created institutionally, medially and societally. Furthermore, it includes a theoretical review of the concept of terrorism from various perspectives and compares it to others armed groups. Using a qualitative and documental methodology, the study allows the extraction of valuable conclusions on such a delicate topic like the relationship between collective identity, political violence and the ways the State responds within a democratic system. In conclusion, this work not only seeks to understand a specific chapter of the history of Galicia but also to build a critical memory, committed to the nuances, the uncomfortable questions and the need to look to the past to better understand the present. Because what happened with RG is not an isolated incident, but an example of how conflicts are develop, how they are named, and how we choose to remember them.
This thesis analyses the phenomenon of Resistencia Galega, a Galician independence movement that operated in secret in Galicia during the first decade of the XXI century. It appeared in the context of institutional, economic and identity crisis. After the dismantlement of other groups, RG was the subject of a big legal, media and social debate, especially concerning its possible denomination as a terrorist organisation. The investigation explores its origin, evolution, structure and operative activity as well as the reactions it created institutionally, medially and societally. Furthermore, it includes a theoretical review of the concept of terrorism from various perspectives and compares it to others armed groups. Using a qualitative and documental methodology, the study allows the extraction of valuable conclusions on such a delicate topic like the relationship between collective identity, political violence and the ways the State responds within a democratic system. In conclusion, this work not only seeks to understand a specific chapter of the history of Galicia but also to build a critical memory, committed to the nuances, the uncomfortable questions and the need to look to the past to better understand the present. Because what happened with RG is not an isolated incident, but an example of how conflicts are develop, how they are named, and how we choose to remember them.
Direction
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Tutorships)
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
Organizational bases of the National Police in Spain
Authorship
A.M.G.
Bachelor of Criminology
A.M.G.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
06.30.2025 12:00
06.30.2025 12:00
Summary
The aim of this work is to carry out a study on the current model of the National Police Force in Spain, with the objective of collecting the regulations, bases, structure, etc. of such a famous and at the same time unknown body as the National Police. Firstly, a review of the history of the Corps will be carried out, starting from its origin and moving through the different reforms it has undergone over the years until reaching the current model. On the other hand, we will review the different regulations to which it is subject, from the Constitution itself to the Corps' internal regulations. We will then take a look at the current process for accessing the different posts in the National Police, the preparation and training of the police officers of the future and the different ways of promotion and specialisation once within the Corps itself. We will continue with a study of the different existing units as well as their structure and organisation throughout the national territory, while their functions and competencies will be covered and dealt with, to end with a look at the present and/or near future through different aspects and fronts that have or will have a special importance in the coming years for the National Police Corps.
The aim of this work is to carry out a study on the current model of the National Police Force in Spain, with the objective of collecting the regulations, bases, structure, etc. of such a famous and at the same time unknown body as the National Police. Firstly, a review of the history of the Corps will be carried out, starting from its origin and moving through the different reforms it has undergone over the years until reaching the current model. On the other hand, we will review the different regulations to which it is subject, from the Constitution itself to the Corps' internal regulations. We will then take a look at the current process for accessing the different posts in the National Police, the preparation and training of the police officers of the future and the different ways of promotion and specialisation once within the Corps itself. We will continue with a study of the different existing units as well as their structure and organisation throughout the national territory, while their functions and competencies will be covered and dealt with, to end with a look at the present and/or near future through different aspects and fronts that have or will have a special importance in the coming years for the National Police Corps.
Direction
Miguez Macho, Luis (Tutorships)
Miguez Macho, Luis (Tutorships)
Court
Miguez Macho, Luis (Student’s tutor)
Miguez Macho, Luis (Student’s tutor)
Future perspective of the global corporation minimum tax
Authorship
A.M.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.M.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 10:00
06.26.2025 10:00
Summary
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Second Pillar measures proposed by the OECD to establish a global minimum corporate income tax rate of 15%. This tax is one of the biggest international reforms of the tax system, so it is extremely important to understand how this tax will be applied as well as the possible consequences.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Second Pillar measures proposed by the OECD to establish a global minimum corporate income tax rate of 15%. This tax is one of the biggest international reforms of the tax system, so it is extremely important to understand how this tax will be applied as well as the possible consequences.
Direction
GARCIA NOVOA, CESAR (Tutorships)
GARCIA NOVOA, CESAR (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA NOVOA, CESAR (Student’s tutor)
GARCIA NOVOA, CESAR (Student’s tutor)
Undergraduate dissertation
Authorship
R.M.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
R.M.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 11:00
07.18.2025 11:00
Summary
The purpose of this paper is to conduct a rigorous legal analysis of tax incentives and economic support measures aimed at creating and maintaining employment, both in the Spanish legal system and within the regulatory framework of the European Union. To this end, it begins by examining the constitutional principles governing taxation, in particular those of economic capacity, equality, progressivity and non-confiscatory nature enshrined in Article 31.1 of the Spanish Constitution, as well as the division of powers between the State and the autonomous communities in tax matters. A systematic study of the main incentive instruments in force is carried out, distinguishing between tax incentives in the strict sense, such as deductions from corporation tax, and measures relating to social security contributions, understood as non-tax public benefits, the purpose of which is to encourage recruitment and promote job retention. The analysis incorporates a comparative perspective that allows for an examination of the legal framework for these incentives in the European context, paying particular attention to the limits and requirements derived from State aid rules, in particular Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It also identifies the main challenges posed by the use of these instruments, such as the need to make their application conditional on the creation of stable, high-quality employment, the periodic evaluation of their effectiveness, the prevention of distortions of competition and the proper coordination of incentives within the framework of budgetary sustainability. The paper concludes that, from a legal and tax perspective, tax incentives and social security contribution measures can be valid public policy mechanisms in the field of employment, provided that they are designed in accordance with constitutional principles, are subject to control and evaluation, and are applied with criteria of efficiency, transparency and a link to objective results.
The purpose of this paper is to conduct a rigorous legal analysis of tax incentives and economic support measures aimed at creating and maintaining employment, both in the Spanish legal system and within the regulatory framework of the European Union. To this end, it begins by examining the constitutional principles governing taxation, in particular those of economic capacity, equality, progressivity and non-confiscatory nature enshrined in Article 31.1 of the Spanish Constitution, as well as the division of powers between the State and the autonomous communities in tax matters. A systematic study of the main incentive instruments in force is carried out, distinguishing between tax incentives in the strict sense, such as deductions from corporation tax, and measures relating to social security contributions, understood as non-tax public benefits, the purpose of which is to encourage recruitment and promote job retention. The analysis incorporates a comparative perspective that allows for an examination of the legal framework for these incentives in the European context, paying particular attention to the limits and requirements derived from State aid rules, in particular Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It also identifies the main challenges posed by the use of these instruments, such as the need to make their application conditional on the creation of stable, high-quality employment, the periodic evaluation of their effectiveness, the prevention of distortions of competition and the proper coordination of incentives within the framework of budgetary sustainability. The paper concludes that, from a legal and tax perspective, tax incentives and social security contribution measures can be valid public policy mechanisms in the field of employment, provided that they are designed in accordance with constitutional principles, are subject to control and evaluation, and are applied with criteria of efficiency, transparency and a link to objective results.
Direction
TABOADA VILLA, JORGE (Tutorships)
TABOADA VILLA, JORGE (Tutorships)
Court
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Coordinator)
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Coordinator)
Market abuse: price manipulation and insider trading
Authorship
D.M.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
D.M.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 13:00
07.15.2025 13:00
Summary
A state financial system is composed of various markets, among which we find the stock market, a virtual market that functions as a monetary flow space where intangible goods, securities fixed-income and variable-income), and other negotiable instruments/values traded. It is also important to highlight the role of market users, namely investors, who are at the center of the legislative focus, aimed at ensuring their protection. This stock market is threatened by a variety of risks, among which abusive practices stand out. The existence of such abusive practices implies a distortion in price formation and a distortion of resources, ultimately leading to a loss of confidence on the part of investors, which could potentially mean the end of the activity of these markets.The notion of protecting stock markets first gained prominence in the United States following the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Subsequently, this situation and much of the resulting legislation were transferred to the European Union, where many of the foundational elements of stock market protection regulation were adopted. Within the framework of the European Union, we find the Market Abuse Directive of 2003, which represented a significant step forward in protective regulation. Currently, Regulation 596/2014 is in force, identifying practices such as price manipulation as forms of market abuse.
A state financial system is composed of various markets, among which we find the stock market, a virtual market that functions as a monetary flow space where intangible goods, securities fixed-income and variable-income), and other negotiable instruments/values traded. It is also important to highlight the role of market users, namely investors, who are at the center of the legislative focus, aimed at ensuring their protection. This stock market is threatened by a variety of risks, among which abusive practices stand out. The existence of such abusive practices implies a distortion in price formation and a distortion of resources, ultimately leading to a loss of confidence on the part of investors, which could potentially mean the end of the activity of these markets.The notion of protecting stock markets first gained prominence in the United States following the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Subsequently, this situation and much of the resulting legislation were transferred to the European Union, where many of the foundational elements of stock market protection regulation were adopted. Within the framework of the European Union, we find the Market Abuse Directive of 2003, which represented a significant step forward in protective regulation. Currently, Regulation 596/2014 is in force, identifying practices such as price manipulation as forms of market abuse.
Direction
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
Court
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Chairman)
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Secretary)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Chairman)
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Secretary)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
The opportunity principle and the process for minor crimes.
Authorship
M.M.S.
Bachelor of Criminology
M.M.S.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.17.2025 17:00
07.17.2025 17:00
Summary
This Final Degree Project addresses the basic issues that have given rise to the new misdemeanors (old offenses) and the introduction of the principle of opportunity in the Spanish legal system after the reform carried out by Organic Law 1/2015, of March 30, which modifies Organic Law 10/1995, of November 23. Issues such as definitions, identifying characteristics, authorized bodies, regulation and scope of application, among others, will be analyzed.
This Final Degree Project addresses the basic issues that have given rise to the new misdemeanors (old offenses) and the introduction of the principle of opportunity in the Spanish legal system after the reform carried out by Organic Law 1/2015, of March 30, which modifies Organic Law 10/1995, of November 23. Issues such as definitions, identifying characteristics, authorized bodies, regulation and scope of application, among others, will be analyzed.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
DNA Analysis in the Criminal Process
Authorship
S.M.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.M.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 16:00
06.26.2025 16:00
Summary
This paper aims to analyze DNA samples in terms of their probative value and their role throughout the criminal procedure. In Spain, the reform carried out in 2015 introduced the possibility of coercively obtaining a DNA sample when the suspect refuses to provide it, provided there is prior judicial authorization. We will seek to examine how this collection affects the constitutional order and fundamental rights, as well as explore the issues that may arise from its application: in which cases it is applicable; under what conditions; what the judicial authorization must include; how the collection and analysis should be conducted; and, ultimately, the entire process involved in this highly problematic procedure of forcibly collecting and analyzing DNA. Additionally, there are two high-profile cases in Spanish criminal procedural history that deserve special attention regarding this type of evidence, and we will mention and analyze them throughout the development of the present paper.
This paper aims to analyze DNA samples in terms of their probative value and their role throughout the criminal procedure. In Spain, the reform carried out in 2015 introduced the possibility of coercively obtaining a DNA sample when the suspect refuses to provide it, provided there is prior judicial authorization. We will seek to examine how this collection affects the constitutional order and fundamental rights, as well as explore the issues that may arise from its application: in which cases it is applicable; under what conditions; what the judicial authorization must include; how the collection and analysis should be conducted; and, ultimately, the entire process involved in this highly problematic procedure of forcibly collecting and analyzing DNA. Additionally, there are two high-profile cases in Spanish criminal procedural history that deserve special attention regarding this type of evidence, and we will mention and analyze them throughout the development of the present paper.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
The Transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/770 into Spanish Law through the Consolidated Text of the General Law for the Protection of Consumers and Users
Authorship
C.M.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.M.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:30
07.16.2025 12:30
Summary
The present work analyzes how the Spanish legislator has addressed the transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/770 into the national legal system, with its content being developed in the Consolidated Text of the General Law for the Protection of Consumers and Users. This Directive represented a significant step forward in the harmonization of digital contract law within the European Union, setting as its main objective the establishment of common rules concerning certain aspects of contracts concluded between traders and consumers for the supply of digital content and digital services, whether in exchange for a price or through the provision of personal data. In an increasingly technological context, in which digital goods and services play a central role in economic and social life, it became necessary to adopt regulations that ensure an adequate level of consumer protection, while also providing legal certainty for traders operating in this market. The Directive introduces innovative concepts such as the provision of personal data as contractual consideration, the conformity regime, and the remedies available in cases of non-conformity, which have required the adaptation of various rules within Spanish law. This study will focus primarily on the scope of application of the Directive, as well as on the legal regime governing the lack of conformity of the supplied digital content and services.
The present work analyzes how the Spanish legislator has addressed the transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/770 into the national legal system, with its content being developed in the Consolidated Text of the General Law for the Protection of Consumers and Users. This Directive represented a significant step forward in the harmonization of digital contract law within the European Union, setting as its main objective the establishment of common rules concerning certain aspects of contracts concluded between traders and consumers for the supply of digital content and digital services, whether in exchange for a price or through the provision of personal data. In an increasingly technological context, in which digital goods and services play a central role in economic and social life, it became necessary to adopt regulations that ensure an adequate level of consumer protection, while also providing legal certainty for traders operating in this market. The Directive introduces innovative concepts such as the provision of personal data as contractual consideration, the conformity regime, and the remedies available in cases of non-conformity, which have required the adaptation of various rules within Spanish law. This study will focus primarily on the scope of application of the Directive, as well as on the legal regime governing the lack of conformity of the supplied digital content and services.
Direction
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
Court
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Chairman)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Chairman)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
Brief analysis of the right to freedom of expression in the digital era.
Authorship
H.N.K.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
H.N.K.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.30.2025 13:00
06.30.2025 13:00
Summary
This study explores the intricate landscape of freedom of expression in the digital era, with a particular emphasis on the impact of social media. It begins by examining this fundamental right through a legal lens, underscoring the constitutional and legislative safeguards that uphold it within democratic societies. The analysis further considers other rights intrinsically linked to freedom of expression, such as the right to access information. The research then delves into the emerging risks associated with the rapid advancement of information technologies, most notably, censorship and the proliferation of hate speech and disinformation. Finally, it evaluates the existing mechanisms of control and regulation at both national and international levels, taking into account state responses as well as the content moderation policies implemented by digital platforms.
This study explores the intricate landscape of freedom of expression in the digital era, with a particular emphasis on the impact of social media. It begins by examining this fundamental right through a legal lens, underscoring the constitutional and legislative safeguards that uphold it within democratic societies. The analysis further considers other rights intrinsically linked to freedom of expression, such as the right to access information. The research then delves into the emerging risks associated with the rapid advancement of information technologies, most notably, censorship and the proliferation of hate speech and disinformation. Finally, it evaluates the existing mechanisms of control and regulation at both national and international levels, taking into account state responses as well as the content moderation policies implemented by digital platforms.
Direction
GUDE FERNANDEZ, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
GUDE FERNANDEZ, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
GUDE FERNANDEZ, ANA MARIA (Student’s tutor)
GUDE FERNANDEZ, ANA MARIA (Student’s tutor)
Petrial detention, criminogenic factors and resocialization
Authorship
S.O.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.O.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 16:30
06.26.2025 16:30
Summary
Pretrial detention, a restrictive precautionary measure, creates tensions between criminal proceedings and fundamental rights. Although conceived as exceptional and subsidiary, its use has extended beyond what was originally intended, becoming in many cases a form of anticipated punishment affecting individuals who have not yet been convicted. This reality not only undermines principles such as the presumption of innocence but also has significant personal, social, and legal consequences. One of the most concerning issues is the criminogenic effect that pretrial imprisonment can have. Contact with prison environments and convicted inmates can lead to a “criminogenic contamination” in individuals who, in some cases, are later found to be innocent. This is compounded by psychological impact, the loss of social and employment ties, and the difficulty of reintegration after release. The analysis also addresses the concept of resocialization, understood as an active process of re-education and social reintegration. From this perspective, it questions whether pretrial detention, as it is currently applied, meets the constitutional requirement that penalties be oriented toward rehabilitation. In addition, the responsibility of the State in cases of unlawful pretrial detention is examined, along with the limited effectiveness of judicial review mechanisms and the need to strengthen procedural safeguards. Alternatives such as restorative justice are proposed, and the importance of prison policies focused on education, psychological care, and employment integration is emphasized as a means to reduce recidivism.
Pretrial detention, a restrictive precautionary measure, creates tensions between criminal proceedings and fundamental rights. Although conceived as exceptional and subsidiary, its use has extended beyond what was originally intended, becoming in many cases a form of anticipated punishment affecting individuals who have not yet been convicted. This reality not only undermines principles such as the presumption of innocence but also has significant personal, social, and legal consequences. One of the most concerning issues is the criminogenic effect that pretrial imprisonment can have. Contact with prison environments and convicted inmates can lead to a “criminogenic contamination” in individuals who, in some cases, are later found to be innocent. This is compounded by psychological impact, the loss of social and employment ties, and the difficulty of reintegration after release. The analysis also addresses the concept of resocialization, understood as an active process of re-education and social reintegration. From this perspective, it questions whether pretrial detention, as it is currently applied, meets the constitutional requirement that penalties be oriented toward rehabilitation. In addition, the responsibility of the State in cases of unlawful pretrial detention is examined, along with the limited effectiveness of judicial review mechanisms and the need to strengthen procedural safeguards. Alternatives such as restorative justice are proposed, and the importance of prison policies focused on education, psychological care, and employment integration is emphasized as a means to reduce recidivism.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Design of a gender-based violence prevention program for adolescents: 'Xeración Violeta'. A proposal aimed at fourth-year Secondary Education students.
Authorship
M.O.P.
Bachelor of Criminology
M.O.P.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.18.2025 12:00
07.18.2025 12:00
Summary
Gender-based violence is not an issue exclusive to adult couples, as its presence in adolescent romantic relationships is increasingly evident. It often manifests through controlling behaviours, jealousy, domination, or psychological abuse. This type of violence at an early age is frequently normalised due to the influence of romantic love myths and gender stereotypes. In this context, preventive intervention is essential, as adolescence is a crucial stage in constructing personal, emotional, and social identity. Accordingly, this project aims to design an intervention program targeted at students in the fourth year of secondary education (ESO), with the objective of preventing gender-based violence within the educational setting. The proposed program seeks not only to raise awareness among students about the seriousness of this phenomenon but also to address key aspects such as gender roles and stereotypes, the identification of romantic love myths, and the recognition of warning signs in intimate relationships. Furthermore, it aims to equip young people with emotional tools that enable them to build healthy relationships based on respect and equality, as well as to inform them about specialized resources they can turn to if needed. This proposal should be understood as part of a broader and ongoing process of education for equality. It is desirable to incorporate this type of intervention transversally into the educational curriculum, encourage the involvement of families, and adapt the content to new digital socialization formats, where violent behaviours may also occur. Additionally, it would be advisable to evaluate the real impact of such programs in the medium and long term in order to improve their effectiveness and alignment with students’ needs.
Gender-based violence is not an issue exclusive to adult couples, as its presence in adolescent romantic relationships is increasingly evident. It often manifests through controlling behaviours, jealousy, domination, or psychological abuse. This type of violence at an early age is frequently normalised due to the influence of romantic love myths and gender stereotypes. In this context, preventive intervention is essential, as adolescence is a crucial stage in constructing personal, emotional, and social identity. Accordingly, this project aims to design an intervention program targeted at students in the fourth year of secondary education (ESO), with the objective of preventing gender-based violence within the educational setting. The proposed program seeks not only to raise awareness among students about the seriousness of this phenomenon but also to address key aspects such as gender roles and stereotypes, the identification of romantic love myths, and the recognition of warning signs in intimate relationships. Furthermore, it aims to equip young people with emotional tools that enable them to build healthy relationships based on respect and equality, as well as to inform them about specialized resources they can turn to if needed. This proposal should be understood as part of a broader and ongoing process of education for equality. It is desirable to incorporate this type of intervention transversally into the educational curriculum, encourage the involvement of families, and adapt the content to new digital socialization formats, where violent behaviours may also occur. Additionally, it would be advisable to evaluate the real impact of such programs in the medium and long term in order to improve their effectiveness and alignment with students’ needs.
Direction
Mallo López, Sabela Carme (Tutorships)
Mallo López, Sabela Carme (Tutorships)
Court
Mallo López, Sabela Carme (Student’s tutor)
Mallo López, Sabela Carme (Student’s tutor)
Co-parenting as a contemporary family model.
Authorship
S.O.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.O.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 12:30
06.26.2025 12:30
Summary
This Final Degree Project analyzes the phenomenon of co-parenting as an emerging family model in which two or more people, without a romantic bond, decide to share the upbringing of a child. It investigates its origins, its development in Spain, and the lack of specific regulations on the subject, as well as its comparison with other legal systems. From a legal perspective, it examines co-parenting contracts, filiation, and parental authority, as well as the various conflicts that could arise due to the lack of specific regulations. It also addresses other aspects such as multiple parenthood and the possibility that this concept could be used to evade the law in relation to surrogacy. From an ethical perspective, it analyzes the rights of the child and their best interests, assessing whether this model guarantees a stable and safe environment for their proper growth and development. This project concludes that, although co-parenting does not necessarily constitute a new family model, it poses certain legal and ethical challenges that require clear regulation. This reality needs to be addressed from a comprehensive perspective that guarantees both the legal security of parents and the protection of children, ensuring their growth and development in an appropriate environment.
This Final Degree Project analyzes the phenomenon of co-parenting as an emerging family model in which two or more people, without a romantic bond, decide to share the upbringing of a child. It investigates its origins, its development in Spain, and the lack of specific regulations on the subject, as well as its comparison with other legal systems. From a legal perspective, it examines co-parenting contracts, filiation, and parental authority, as well as the various conflicts that could arise due to the lack of specific regulations. It also addresses other aspects such as multiple parenthood and the possibility that this concept could be used to evade the law in relation to surrogacy. From an ethical perspective, it analyzes the rights of the child and their best interests, assessing whether this model guarantees a stable and safe environment for their proper growth and development. This project concludes that, although co-parenting does not necessarily constitute a new family model, it poses certain legal and ethical challenges that require clear regulation. This reality needs to be addressed from a comprehensive perspective that guarantees both the legal security of parents and the protection of children, ensuring their growth and development in an appropriate environment.
Direction
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Tutorships)
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Tutorships)
Court
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Student’s tutor)
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Student’s tutor)
Penitentiary Law in the Second Spanish Republic and the figure of Victoria KentRIA KENT
Authorship
A.P.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.P.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 10:00
07.18.2025 10:00
Summary
This paper addresses the development of penitentiary law in the Spanish State during the period of the Second Spanish Republic (1931 to 1939). During this time, significant reforms were carried out that transformed the criminal and penitentiary law of the era, and a major rehabilitation of many Spanish prisons took place. The study discusses several legal instruments developed during previous periods, as well as those introduced under the Republican regime, such as the pardons granted at the beginning of this period, which marked the future direction of the penitentiary system. These instruments are selected as examples of the humanizing character that prevailed during the Republican era. In addition, this work focuses on the figure of Victoria Kent in her role as Director General of Prisons, as she is considered the driving force behind the humanization of prisons. She fought to provide inmates with individualized treatment, taking into account both their social and personal conditions. She introduced educational measures within prisons, as well as the integration of labor activities. One of the most progressive reforms was the inclusion of women in the penitentiary administration. Her tenure as director is recounted up to her resignation, which effectively marked the end of this humanizing movement.
This paper addresses the development of penitentiary law in the Spanish State during the period of the Second Spanish Republic (1931 to 1939). During this time, significant reforms were carried out that transformed the criminal and penitentiary law of the era, and a major rehabilitation of many Spanish prisons took place. The study discusses several legal instruments developed during previous periods, as well as those introduced under the Republican regime, such as the pardons granted at the beginning of this period, which marked the future direction of the penitentiary system. These instruments are selected as examples of the humanizing character that prevailed during the Republican era. In addition, this work focuses on the figure of Victoria Kent in her role as Director General of Prisons, as she is considered the driving force behind the humanization of prisons. She fought to provide inmates with individualized treatment, taking into account both their social and personal conditions. She introduced educational measures within prisons, as well as the integration of labor activities. One of the most progressive reforms was the inclusion of women in the penitentiary administration. Her tenure as director is recounted up to her resignation, which effectively marked the end of this humanizing movement.
Direction
BOUZADA GIL, MARIA TERESA (Tutorships)
BOUZADA GIL, MARIA TERESA (Tutorships)
Court
BOUZADA GIL, MARIA TERESA (Student’s tutor)
BOUZADA GIL, MARIA TERESA (Student’s tutor)
Working hours and rest periods. Regulation, jurisprudence and collective agreements.
Authorship
H.P.P.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
H.P.P.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
Defense date
02.17.2025 10:30
02.17.2025 10:30
Summary
This paper focuses on analysing various aspects related to the regulation of working time, breaks and holidays in the Spanish labour framework, both from a normative and jurisprudential perspective, taking collective bargaining into account. It examines how Spanish legislation has evolved historically to establish clear limits on the maximum working day, taking the current constitutional framework as a reference. It also addresses the different categories of time within the working day, such as effective working time, availability time and rest. In this sense, specific cases are discussed, such as bathroom breaks or shift changes. The paper also explores the regulations on rest times, including short breaks during the day, daily and weekly rest, as well as paid annual holidays. The national and European provisions are examined, in particular Directive 2003/88/EC. Finally, the recent proposal to reduce the maximum weekly working day to 37.5 hours, announced in December 2024, is discussed.
This paper focuses on analysing various aspects related to the regulation of working time, breaks and holidays in the Spanish labour framework, both from a normative and jurisprudential perspective, taking collective bargaining into account. It examines how Spanish legislation has evolved historically to establish clear limits on the maximum working day, taking the current constitutional framework as a reference. It also addresses the different categories of time within the working day, such as effective working time, availability time and rest. In this sense, specific cases are discussed, such as bathroom breaks or shift changes. The paper also explores the regulations on rest times, including short breaks during the day, daily and weekly rest, as well as paid annual holidays. The national and European provisions are examined, in particular Directive 2003/88/EC. Finally, the recent proposal to reduce the maximum weekly working day to 37.5 hours, announced in December 2024, is discussed.
Direction
ALVAREZ GONZALEZ, TERESA EVA (Tutorships)
ALVAREZ GONZALEZ, TERESA EVA (Tutorships)
Court
MELLA MENDEZ, LOURDES (Chairman)
VILLALBA SANCHEZ, ALICIA (Secretary)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Member)
MELLA MENDEZ, LOURDES (Chairman)
VILLALBA SANCHEZ, ALICIA (Secretary)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Member)
Undergraduate dissertation
Authorship
M.P.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.P.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 11:00
06.26.2025 11:00
Summary
This project is an exploration of the incidence of politician and philosopher Jeremy Bentham’s main invention, the Panopticon or the Inspection House, in the Spanish prison reform of the 19th century through a practical example: Lugo’s district prison, founded in 1887, in the midst of a wave of model prison construction in Spain. The prison is erected at a time when the ideas of the Enlightenment period are consolidating in Spanish penitentiary law, with legislative changes that will make imprisonment (as opposed to other types of sentences) the central pillar of its criminal legislation. The aim was to understand the raison d'être of its pseudo-panoptic layout, a true anomaly with very few preceding examples in the construction practice of the time, when radial or 'panoptic-local' models were preferred. Through an extensive literature review, we trace a journey through the invention of the panoptic prison, beginning with a brief overview of the life and times of its creator and following up with the evolution of the concept of central inspection throughout history and the various sources which, consciously or unconsciously, influenced Jeremy Bentham when designing this instrument for the exercise of power. After detailing the ideological principles that articulate the model, we dig deep into the impact it had at an international level and then focus on Lugo’s penitentiary, come to life in a climate of reform achieved at irregular intervals. Finally, we try to present a hypothesis about its unusual morphology, which seemed to be for the most part already superseded at the end of the century.
This project is an exploration of the incidence of politician and philosopher Jeremy Bentham’s main invention, the Panopticon or the Inspection House, in the Spanish prison reform of the 19th century through a practical example: Lugo’s district prison, founded in 1887, in the midst of a wave of model prison construction in Spain. The prison is erected at a time when the ideas of the Enlightenment period are consolidating in Spanish penitentiary law, with legislative changes that will make imprisonment (as opposed to other types of sentences) the central pillar of its criminal legislation. The aim was to understand the raison d'être of its pseudo-panoptic layout, a true anomaly with very few preceding examples in the construction practice of the time, when radial or 'panoptic-local' models were preferred. Through an extensive literature review, we trace a journey through the invention of the panoptic prison, beginning with a brief overview of the life and times of its creator and following up with the evolution of the concept of central inspection throughout history and the various sources which, consciously or unconsciously, influenced Jeremy Bentham when designing this instrument for the exercise of power. After detailing the ideological principles that articulate the model, we dig deep into the impact it had at an international level and then focus on Lugo’s penitentiary, come to life in a climate of reform achieved at irregular intervals. Finally, we try to present a hypothesis about its unusual morphology, which seemed to be for the most part already superseded at the end of the century.
Direction
BOUZADA GIL, MARIA TERESA (Tutorships)
BOUZADA GIL, MARIA TERESA (Tutorships)
Court
ORTEGO GIL, PEDRO (Chairman)
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Secretary)
SEGURA ORTEGA, MANUEL (Member)
ORTEGO GIL, PEDRO (Chairman)
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Secretary)
SEGURA ORTEGA, MANUEL (Member)
Regarding the crime of genocide in Gaza
Authorship
N.P.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.P.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:00
07.15.2025 11:00
Summary
Following the Hamas attacks of October 7, 2023, the already critical humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip (the result of a prolonged conflict and repeated hostilities by the State of Israel) has worsened to unprecedented levels. The scale of the devastation and the methods employed in the military operations have generated deep international concern, reviving the debate on the possible commission of the crime of genocide against the Palestinian population. Within this framework, proceedings have been initiated before the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice with the aim of legally qualifying the events and determining both individual and state responsibilities. This study aims to examine, from a legal perspective, whether the observed conduct can be classified as the crime of genocide under applicable international law.
Following the Hamas attacks of October 7, 2023, the already critical humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip (the result of a prolonged conflict and repeated hostilities by the State of Israel) has worsened to unprecedented levels. The scale of the devastation and the methods employed in the military operations have generated deep international concern, reviving the debate on the possible commission of the crime of genocide against the Palestinian population. Within this framework, proceedings have been initiated before the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice with the aim of legally qualifying the events and determining both individual and state responsibilities. This study aims to examine, from a legal perspective, whether the observed conduct can be classified as the crime of genocide under applicable international law.
Direction
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Tutorships)
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Tutorships)
Court
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Student’s tutor)
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Student’s tutor)
Succession planification in the digital sphere
Authorship
M.P.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.P.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 12:30
06.26.2025 12:30
Summary
In a context marked by the increasing digitalisation of day to day life, this paper aims to analyze the legal problems arising from succession planning in the digital sphere. It studies the scope of the testator's autonomy of will with regard to the inheritance of his or her assets and digital rights, including both patrimonial and extra-patrimonial. It also carries out a task of conceptual delimitation around still diffuse realities, such as the controversial debate on the existence of the ‘digital will’ or what should be understood by ‘digital assets and rights’. All of this is based on the intersection between succession law, contract law and personality rights, as well as the difficulties that arise when attempting to apply traditional institutions to new forms of heritage that are physically and conceptually distant from the notion of analogue heritage. Finally, it examines the role of the current Organic Law on the Protection of Personal Data and Guarantee of Digital Rights (LOPDPGDD) as the basic regulatory framework for the regulation of digital succession in Spain.
In a context marked by the increasing digitalisation of day to day life, this paper aims to analyze the legal problems arising from succession planning in the digital sphere. It studies the scope of the testator's autonomy of will with regard to the inheritance of his or her assets and digital rights, including both patrimonial and extra-patrimonial. It also carries out a task of conceptual delimitation around still diffuse realities, such as the controversial debate on the existence of the ‘digital will’ or what should be understood by ‘digital assets and rights’. All of this is based on the intersection between succession law, contract law and personality rights, as well as the difficulties that arise when attempting to apply traditional institutions to new forms of heritage that are physically and conceptually distant from the notion of analogue heritage. Finally, it examines the role of the current Organic Law on the Protection of Personal Data and Guarantee of Digital Rights (LOPDPGDD) as the basic regulatory framework for the regulation of digital succession in Spain.
Direction
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Tutorships)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Tutorships)
Court
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Student’s tutor)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Student’s tutor)
Artificial intelligence in public administration: opportunities and legal challenges
Authorship
A.P.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.P.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:30
07.15.2025 11:30
Summary
Artificial intelligence has burst into all areas of our sphere, offering significant opportunities and advantages such as streamlining procedures, reducing the administrative burden or improving the provision of public services. However, the use of Artificial Intelligence in Public Administration presents important legal challenges, such as the lack of transparency in automated decision-making, possible violations of fundamental rights, as well as problems in the protection of personal data. In this area, the Syri case, judged by the Hague court in 2020, is a perfect way to practically exemplify all these problems, as it was declared illegal due to opacity in its operation, the lack of adequate guarantees for citizens and the risk of discrimination. In this way, it is analysed how artificial intelligence is being progressively implemented in Public Administration, addressing both its benefits and the risks it poses and the need for a regulatory framework that guarantees respect for fundamental rights, for which an analysis of different bibliographical sources is carried out.
Artificial intelligence has burst into all areas of our sphere, offering significant opportunities and advantages such as streamlining procedures, reducing the administrative burden or improving the provision of public services. However, the use of Artificial Intelligence in Public Administration presents important legal challenges, such as the lack of transparency in automated decision-making, possible violations of fundamental rights, as well as problems in the protection of personal data. In this area, the Syri case, judged by the Hague court in 2020, is a perfect way to practically exemplify all these problems, as it was declared illegal due to opacity in its operation, the lack of adequate guarantees for citizens and the risk of discrimination. In this way, it is analysed how artificial intelligence is being progressively implemented in Public Administration, addressing both its benefits and the risks it poses and the need for a regulatory framework that guarantees respect for fundamental rights, for which an analysis of different bibliographical sources is carried out.
Direction
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
Court
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Student’s tutor)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Student’s tutor)
Evolution and sexual selection theory: a narrative review of sex differences in human aggression.
Authorship
S.P.C.
Bachelor of Criminology
S.P.C.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
02.17.2025 11:00
02.17.2025 11:00
Summary
The aim of this paper is to provide a narrative review of sexual differences in violence from an evolutionary perspective. Human aggression shows significant differences between sexes, with men exhibiting higher levels of violence. For over a century, evolutionary psychology has sought to offer various explanations for this phenomenon; therefore, this text will review what has been proposed in the scientific literature in order to provide an updated overview of this area. Psychological, social and biological factors will be addressed, attempting to understand how they are conditioned by the evolutionary processes discussed by Charles Darwin.
The aim of this paper is to provide a narrative review of sexual differences in violence from an evolutionary perspective. Human aggression shows significant differences between sexes, with men exhibiting higher levels of violence. For over a century, evolutionary psychology has sought to offer various explanations for this phenomenon; therefore, this text will review what has been proposed in the scientific literature in order to provide an updated overview of this area. Psychological, social and biological factors will be addressed, attempting to understand how they are conditioned by the evolutionary processes discussed by Charles Darwin.
Direction
ESMORIS ARRANZ, FRANCISCO JOSE (Tutorships)
ESMORIS ARRANZ, FRANCISCO JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
ESMORIS ARRANZ, FRANCISCO JOSE (Student’s tutor)
ESMORIS ARRANZ, FRANCISCO JOSE (Student’s tutor)
The functional dependence of the Judicial Police on the judicial and prosecutorial authorities.
Authorship
A.P.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.P.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.30.2025 11:30
06.30.2025 11:30
Summary
This Final Degree Project examines the system of dual organic and functional dependency governing the actions of the Judicial Police in relation to both the Executive and Judicial branches, with particular emphasis on their functional subordination to judicial and prosecutorial authorities. The study includes a legal analysis of the incorporation of the Judicial Police into the Spanish legal system, detailing its composition, guiding principles, and assigned duties. The project concludes with a comprehensive review of the functions entrusted to the Judicial Police as established in the Spanish Code of Criminal Procedure.
This Final Degree Project examines the system of dual organic and functional dependency governing the actions of the Judicial Police in relation to both the Executive and Judicial branches, with particular emphasis on their functional subordination to judicial and prosecutorial authorities. The study includes a legal analysis of the incorporation of the Judicial Police into the Spanish legal system, detailing its composition, guiding principles, and assigned duties. The project concludes with a comprehensive review of the functions entrusted to the Judicial Police as established in the Spanish Code of Criminal Procedure.
Direction
CATALINA BENAVENTE, MARIA DE LOS ANGELES (Tutorships)
CATALINA BENAVENTE, MARIA DE LOS ANGELES (Tutorships)
Court
CATALINA BENAVENTE, MARIA DE LOS ANGELES (Student’s tutor)
CATALINA BENAVENTE, MARIA DE LOS ANGELES (Student’s tutor)
Compensation for Economic Imbalance under Article 97 of the Civil Code.
Authorship
N.T.P.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.T.P.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 13:00
07.16.2025 13:00
Summary
This undergraduate thesis aims to examine the fundamental role of the Supreme Court’s case law in the interpretation and application of Article 97 of the Civil Code. In the analysis of the concept there are undoubtedly certain aspects that are not subject to controversy, such as the nature of the legal concept itself. However, other issues present greater complexity. These include the concept of economic imbalance, the determination of the quantum, the prospective assessment used to determine its duration, and the causes for its termination. The structure of the thesis IS built around the study of four representative rulings, each addressing one of the main contentious issues, supplemented by legal doctrine and other relevant decisions. This approach provides a clear reflection of the practical application of Article 97 of the Civil Code, as well as the guiding principles behind the Supreme Court’s interpretation.
This undergraduate thesis aims to examine the fundamental role of the Supreme Court’s case law in the interpretation and application of Article 97 of the Civil Code. In the analysis of the concept there are undoubtedly certain aspects that are not subject to controversy, such as the nature of the legal concept itself. However, other issues present greater complexity. These include the concept of economic imbalance, the determination of the quantum, the prospective assessment used to determine its duration, and the causes for its termination. The structure of the thesis IS built around the study of four representative rulings, each addressing one of the main contentious issues, supplemented by legal doctrine and other relevant decisions. This approach provides a clear reflection of the practical application of Article 97 of the Civil Code, as well as the guiding principles behind the Supreme Court’s interpretation.
Direction
Trigo García, María Belén (Tutorships)
Trigo García, María Belén (Tutorships)
Court
Trigo García, María Belén (Student’s tutor)
Trigo García, María Belén (Student’s tutor)
Commentary on the CJEU Judgement of 17 June 2021 Mittelbayerischer Verlag KG
Authorship
O.P.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
O.P.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 12:00
07.14.2025 12:00
Summary
This paper offers a critical analysis of the judfement delivered by the Court of Justice of the European Union on 17 June 2021, Mittelbayerischer Verlag KG, in the context of the article 7.2 of the Regulation EU 1215. The ruling adresses the issue of online defamation and the possiblity of bringing legal actions when the claimant is not expressly identified in the allegeldly defamatory content. The study explores the jurisprudential development of the place where the harmful event ocurred, ist, implications for the protection of personality rights and the tension between legal certanty and effective judicial protection in cros border disputes.
This paper offers a critical analysis of the judfement delivered by the Court of Justice of the European Union on 17 June 2021, Mittelbayerischer Verlag KG, in the context of the article 7.2 of the Regulation EU 1215. The ruling adresses the issue of online defamation and the possiblity of bringing legal actions when the claimant is not expressly identified in the allegeldly defamatory content. The study explores the jurisprudential development of the place where the harmful event ocurred, ist, implications for the protection of personality rights and the tension between legal certanty and effective judicial protection in cros border disputes.
Direction
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Tutorships)
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Student’s tutor)
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Student’s tutor)
Dark personality traits and attitudes towards fraud: a study with prison and community populations.
Authorship
P.P.G.
Bachelor of Criminology
P.P.G.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.08.2025 11:00
07.08.2025 11:00
Summary
There are several variables we should consider to properly explain criminal acts. However, when we allude to economic crimes, we find opportunist and utilitarian analysis that, on their own, do not consider the complexity of this phenomenon. This study tries to highlight the personality variables linked to Dark Personality and economic crimes. To achieve that, there will be a comparison between a community sample and a penitentiary sample. The point is to search significant differences in the next variables: psychopathy, dark triad, moral disengagement and fraud propensity. All of them will be reviewed with scientifically validated scales to identify personality traits related to economic crimes.
There are several variables we should consider to properly explain criminal acts. However, when we allude to economic crimes, we find opportunist and utilitarian analysis that, on their own, do not consider the complexity of this phenomenon. This study tries to highlight the personality variables linked to Dark Personality and economic crimes. To achieve that, there will be a comparison between a community sample and a penitentiary sample. The point is to search significant differences in the next variables: psychopathy, dark triad, moral disengagement and fraud propensity. All of them will be reviewed with scientifically validated scales to identify personality traits related to economic crimes.
Direction
Sobral Fernández, Jorge (Tutorships)
Sobral Fernández, Jorge (Tutorships)
Court
Sobral Fernández, Jorge (Chairman)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Secretary)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Member)
Sobral Fernández, Jorge (Chairman)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Secretary)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Member)
The ordinary modality of suspending the remainder of the sentence (parole): legal-criminal framework.
Authorship
N.P.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.P.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 12:30
07.15.2025 12:30
Summary
This paper aims to examine the legal framework of parole in its ordinary form, tracing its development from its origins as the final stage within a multi-phase system of prison sentence execution, to its current configuration as a form of suspension of the remaining custodial sentence. A critical approach will be adopted to analyze the various reforms this penal institution has undergone in Spain, with particular emphasis on the impact of Organic Law 1/2015, which significantly altered its legal regime, both in terms of interpretation and procedure. The legal regulation of parole will be presented from both doctrinal and jurisprudential perspectives, addressing its eligibility requirements, the procedure for its granting, the obligations or restrictions that may be imposed on the parolee, and the grounds for its potential revocation.
This paper aims to examine the legal framework of parole in its ordinary form, tracing its development from its origins as the final stage within a multi-phase system of prison sentence execution, to its current configuration as a form of suspension of the remaining custodial sentence. A critical approach will be adopted to analyze the various reforms this penal institution has undergone in Spain, with particular emphasis on the impact of Organic Law 1/2015, which significantly altered its legal regime, both in terms of interpretation and procedure. The legal regulation of parole will be presented from both doctrinal and jurisprudential perspectives, addressing its eligibility requirements, the procedure for its granting, the obligations or restrictions that may be imposed on the parolee, and the grounds for its potential revocation.
Direction
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
The liability of the Health Administration in times of coronavirus
Authorship
C.P.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.P.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:30
07.16.2025 12:30
Summary
This paper focuses on the study of the financial liability of the Health Administration in the extraordinary context of the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the constitutional principle set forth in art. 106.2 of the Spanish Constitution and its regulatory development in the LRJSP. It deals with the basis of this institute as a guarantee against damages which, fulfilling the requirements of effectiveness, unlawfulness, economic evaluability, individuality and causal connection, have had the effect of the normal or abnormal operation of public health services in a situation of such exceptionality. In particular, it concentrates on the analysis of the appropriateness of pecuniary claims in the following areas: the lack of protection of healthcare personnel, contagions occurring in hospital settings, and the adverse effects of vaccination. Likewise, particular attention is paid to the influence of force majeure as a cause exonerating liability in a major health crisis.
This paper focuses on the study of the financial liability of the Health Administration in the extraordinary context of the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the constitutional principle set forth in art. 106.2 of the Spanish Constitution and its regulatory development in the LRJSP. It deals with the basis of this institute as a guarantee against damages which, fulfilling the requirements of effectiveness, unlawfulness, economic evaluability, individuality and causal connection, have had the effect of the normal or abnormal operation of public health services in a situation of such exceptionality. In particular, it concentrates on the analysis of the appropriateness of pecuniary claims in the following areas: the lack of protection of healthcare personnel, contagions occurring in hospital settings, and the adverse effects of vaccination. Likewise, particular attention is paid to the influence of force majeure as a cause exonerating liability in a major health crisis.
Direction
Nogueira López, María da Alba (Tutorships)
Nogueira López, María da Alba (Tutorships)
Court
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Chairman)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Secretary)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Member)
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Chairman)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Secretary)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Member)
Surreptitious advertising, with special reference to the digital environment
Authorship
F.P.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
F.P.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:30
07.15.2025 11:30
Summary
The aim of this paper is to study surreptitious advertising in the digital environment as a form of advertising that, unlike traditional forms, is integrated into the content we consume daily on social networks and other online platforms without clearly revealing its commercial nature. This practice, increasingly common in the media context in which we find ourselves, raises important legal and ethical challenges. The research starts by analyzing the regulation of misleading acts and misleading ommissions in the Unfair Competition Act and the General Advertising Act, highlighting the consideration of disguised advertising as unlawful because it is misleading when the promotional nature of the message is hidden or disguised. At the same time, the necessary requirements to consider an action as surreptitious and its consequences are observed, as well as the differentiating characteristics with other similar figures such as indirect advertising, subliminal advertising or product placement. Based on this review, reference is made to the rise of content creators and influencers, who haver acquired special relevance in the current scenario due to the massive use of social networks and whose activity on them has transformed the way in which advertising is carried out and how it is perceived by consumers. A new reality to which both regulations and self regulatory systems have been adapted in order to offer greater protection to users.
The aim of this paper is to study surreptitious advertising in the digital environment as a form of advertising that, unlike traditional forms, is integrated into the content we consume daily on social networks and other online platforms without clearly revealing its commercial nature. This practice, increasingly common in the media context in which we find ourselves, raises important legal and ethical challenges. The research starts by analyzing the regulation of misleading acts and misleading ommissions in the Unfair Competition Act and the General Advertising Act, highlighting the consideration of disguised advertising as unlawful because it is misleading when the promotional nature of the message is hidden or disguised. At the same time, the necessary requirements to consider an action as surreptitious and its consequences are observed, as well as the differentiating characteristics with other similar figures such as indirect advertising, subliminal advertising or product placement. Based on this review, reference is made to the rise of content creators and influencers, who haver acquired special relevance in the current scenario due to the massive use of social networks and whose activity on them has transformed the way in which advertising is carried out and how it is perceived by consumers. A new reality to which both regulations and self regulatory systems have been adapted in order to offer greater protection to users.
Direction
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Tutorships)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Tutorships)
Court
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Student’s tutor)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Student’s tutor)
Analysis of the Temporary Solidarity Tax on Large Fortunes
Authorship
A.Q.A.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.Q.A.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 12:00
06.26.2025 12:00
Summary
In 2022, a series of political measures were passed in Spain in order to soften the negative effects on the economy that the war in Ukraine had caused. Amongst them were a couple different taxes, the most controversial of them being the Temporary Solidarity Tax on Large Fortunes, which is object of analysis in this final project. This tax is created to be complementary to the existing Wealth Tax and most of its regulation refers back to this tax’s law for its expanse. It is characterized by its harmonizing and tax collection purposes, which come into conflict with the Autonomous Communities’ financial autonomy. The taxpayers affected, which are always natural persons, are holders of a patrimony of over 3.000.000 euros worth. Its introduction into our legal system has resulted in many debates about its material content, but also because of the formal implications of its approval.
In 2022, a series of political measures were passed in Spain in order to soften the negative effects on the economy that the war in Ukraine had caused. Amongst them were a couple different taxes, the most controversial of them being the Temporary Solidarity Tax on Large Fortunes, which is object of analysis in this final project. This tax is created to be complementary to the existing Wealth Tax and most of its regulation refers back to this tax’s law for its expanse. It is characterized by its harmonizing and tax collection purposes, which come into conflict with the Autonomous Communities’ financial autonomy. The taxpayers affected, which are always natural persons, are holders of a patrimony of over 3.000.000 euros worth. Its introduction into our legal system has resulted in many debates about its material content, but also because of the formal implications of its approval.
Direction
IGLESIAS CASAIS, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
IGLESIAS CASAIS, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
IGLESIAS CASAIS, JOSE MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
IGLESIAS CASAIS, JOSE MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
The Public Prosecutor as Investigator in Adult Criminal Proceedings
Authorship
A.R.M.
Bachelor of Criminology
A.R.M.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
06.27.2025 16:00
06.27.2025 16:00
Summary
This paper conducts a literature review on the role of the Public Prosecutor's Office as the director of the investigation phase in adult criminal proceedings in Spain, analyzing its legal framework, historical evolution, and doctrinal debates. It examines the proposal to transform the Spanish criminal procedure model, currently led by an investigating judge, into a system where the prosecutor would assume leadership of the investigation, creating the figure of a guarantees judge to safeguard fundamental rights. This reform seeks to strengthen judicial impartiality by clearly separating the functions of investigating and judging. There are significant criticisms of and obstacles to this transformation, the most prominent objection being that which alludes to the hierarchical structure of the Public Prosecutor's Office and its dependence on the executive branch. Assigning the investigation to the Public Prosecutor's Office seems unfeasible without a prior and profound reform of its organic statute. Such a reform must be capable of guaranteeing its full autonomy from the government to ensure the impartiality of the investigation and strengthen public trust in the justice system.
This paper conducts a literature review on the role of the Public Prosecutor's Office as the director of the investigation phase in adult criminal proceedings in Spain, analyzing its legal framework, historical evolution, and doctrinal debates. It examines the proposal to transform the Spanish criminal procedure model, currently led by an investigating judge, into a system where the prosecutor would assume leadership of the investigation, creating the figure of a guarantees judge to safeguard fundamental rights. This reform seeks to strengthen judicial impartiality by clearly separating the functions of investigating and judging. There are significant criticisms of and obstacles to this transformation, the most prominent objection being that which alludes to the hierarchical structure of the Public Prosecutor's Office and its dependence on the executive branch. Assigning the investigation to the Public Prosecutor's Office seems unfeasible without a prior and profound reform of its organic statute. Such a reform must be capable of guaranteeing its full autonomy from the government to ensure the impartiality of the investigation and strengthen public trust in the justice system.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Undergraduate dissertation
Authorship
S.R.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.R.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 13:30
06.26.2025 13:30
Summary
En la era de la inteligencia artificial, donde algoritmos opacos deciden si una persona obtiene un empleo, un préstamo o incluso la libertad, este trabajo analiza críticamente uno de los desafíos más urgentes del Derecho contemporáneo: la discriminación automatizada. A través de una metodología cualitativa basada en el análisis documental y el estudio de casos emblemáticos (COMPAS, Amazon y el scoring crediticio), se evidencia cómo los sistemas de IA pueden reproducir y amplificar sesgos estructurales bajo una apariencia de objetividad técnica. El trabajo explora el marco normativo europeo y español, examina las consecuencias jurídicas y sociales de estas decisiones automatizadas, y aborda la compleja cuestión de la atribución de responsabilidad. Especial atención merece la reciente jurisprudencia del TJUE, que refuerza el derecho a una revisión significativa de decisiones automatizadas con efectos jurídicos. Asimismo, se proponen soluciones legislativas y de gobernanza algorítmica para garantizar la transparencia, la equidad y la rendición de cuentas en el desarrollo y uso de sistemas de IA. Este TFG no solo pretende ofrecer una reflexión académica, sino también una llamada a la acción jurídica ante un fenómeno que transforma silenciosamente las reglas del juego democrático. Frente a la fascinación tecnológica, el Derecho debe ejercer su función esencial: proteger a las personas, especialmente a las más vulnerables, frente a nuevas formas de exclusión invisible.
En la era de la inteligencia artificial, donde algoritmos opacos deciden si una persona obtiene un empleo, un préstamo o incluso la libertad, este trabajo analiza críticamente uno de los desafíos más urgentes del Derecho contemporáneo: la discriminación automatizada. A través de una metodología cualitativa basada en el análisis documental y el estudio de casos emblemáticos (COMPAS, Amazon y el scoring crediticio), se evidencia cómo los sistemas de IA pueden reproducir y amplificar sesgos estructurales bajo una apariencia de objetividad técnica. El trabajo explora el marco normativo europeo y español, examina las consecuencias jurídicas y sociales de estas decisiones automatizadas, y aborda la compleja cuestión de la atribución de responsabilidad. Especial atención merece la reciente jurisprudencia del TJUE, que refuerza el derecho a una revisión significativa de decisiones automatizadas con efectos jurídicos. Asimismo, se proponen soluciones legislativas y de gobernanza algorítmica para garantizar la transparencia, la equidad y la rendición de cuentas en el desarrollo y uso de sistemas de IA. Este TFG no solo pretende ofrecer una reflexión académica, sino también una llamada a la acción jurídica ante un fenómeno que transforma silenciosamente las reglas del juego democrático. Frente a la fascinación tecnológica, el Derecho debe ejercer su función esencial: proteger a las personas, especialmente a las más vulnerables, frente a nuevas formas de exclusión invisible.
Direction
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Tutorships)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Tutorships)
Court
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Student’s tutor)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Student’s tutor)
Analysis of law firms' use of Social Media.
Authorship
A.R.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.R.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 09:30
07.14.2025 09:30
Summary
Digital law and new technologies have impacted law firms, combining traditional models with social media and bringing about change. This process involves growth and learning through digital laws (LSSI), data protection laws (GDPR) and more. Marketing enables us to position your brand and make it visible internationally. Law firms are increasingly aware that they are businesses that must focus on quality and customer loyalty. A consolidated digital legal marketing strategy enables constant communication between clients and lawyers via platforms such as LinkedIn, Instagram and Twitter (X). The purpose of this Final Thesis is to analyse how law firms use social media, combining the dissemination of legal content with the acquisition of new clients. We highlight the clear positioning of the brand in terms of discovering talent and the frequency with which large and small firms publish and create content. We also analyse the level of interaction they have with users in a more personal way and with more fluid language. We analyse some of the risks and, above all, the challenges that a social media presence poses for many firms, given that the legal profession is traditionally conservative. On a positive note, the use of social media by lawyers and law firms is achieving better results thanks to growing awareness of the transformation of the legal profession.
Digital law and new technologies have impacted law firms, combining traditional models with social media and bringing about change. This process involves growth and learning through digital laws (LSSI), data protection laws (GDPR) and more. Marketing enables us to position your brand and make it visible internationally. Law firms are increasingly aware that they are businesses that must focus on quality and customer loyalty. A consolidated digital legal marketing strategy enables constant communication between clients and lawyers via platforms such as LinkedIn, Instagram and Twitter (X). The purpose of this Final Thesis is to analyse how law firms use social media, combining the dissemination of legal content with the acquisition of new clients. We highlight the clear positioning of the brand in terms of discovering talent and the frequency with which large and small firms publish and create content. We also analyse the level of interaction they have with users in a more personal way and with more fluid language. We analyse some of the risks and, above all, the challenges that a social media presence poses for many firms, given that the legal profession is traditionally conservative. On a positive note, the use of social media by lawyers and law firms is achieving better results thanks to growing awareness of the transformation of the legal profession.
Direction
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
Between simulation and artificial intelligence: a comparative study on credibility and testimony identification
Authorship
N.R.P.
Bachelor of Criminology
N.R.P.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 11:30
07.16.2025 11:30
Summary
This study aims to analyze how testimonies (either generated by artificial intelligence (AI) or simulated by humans) are perceived and evaluated depending on the academic background of the evaluators. In a context where AI is increasingly becoming a key tool across multiple domains, it is essential to examine to what extent its outputs can be mistaken for authentic testimonies, and how this perception varies according to the evaluator’s profile. Data were collected from a sample of 40 participants with backgrounds in community services, law, and criminology, who assessed a series of real and simulated testimonies. Several variables were used for the analysis: the perceived credibility of each testimony, the number of correct identifications of false or AI-generated testimonies, the level of confidence when making the judgment, and the argumentative bases that justified each response. The results show significant differences between groups, particularly regarding the identification of human simulations. It was also observed that perceived credibility does not always correlate with accuracy, and that participants used recurrent patterns in their decision-making, highlighting factors such as internal coherence, emotional content, and verbal fluency. These findings underscore the need to review traditional methods of testimony assessment, as tools such as Reality Monitoring or MMPI-2 scales may be less effective when applied to artificially generated content. Additionally, the role of bias, prior training, and subjective confidence in the evaluation process is discussed. Finally, the study outlines practical implications in various fields and proposes future research directions aimed at adapting forensic methodologies to the emerging challenges posed by AI technologies.
This study aims to analyze how testimonies (either generated by artificial intelligence (AI) or simulated by humans) are perceived and evaluated depending on the academic background of the evaluators. In a context where AI is increasingly becoming a key tool across multiple domains, it is essential to examine to what extent its outputs can be mistaken for authentic testimonies, and how this perception varies according to the evaluator’s profile. Data were collected from a sample of 40 participants with backgrounds in community services, law, and criminology, who assessed a series of real and simulated testimonies. Several variables were used for the analysis: the perceived credibility of each testimony, the number of correct identifications of false or AI-generated testimonies, the level of confidence when making the judgment, and the argumentative bases that justified each response. The results show significant differences between groups, particularly regarding the identification of human simulations. It was also observed that perceived credibility does not always correlate with accuracy, and that participants used recurrent patterns in their decision-making, highlighting factors such as internal coherence, emotional content, and verbal fluency. These findings underscore the need to review traditional methods of testimony assessment, as tools such as Reality Monitoring or MMPI-2 scales may be less effective when applied to artificially generated content. Additionally, the role of bias, prior training, and subjective confidence in the evaluation process is discussed. Finally, the study outlines practical implications in various fields and proposes future research directions aimed at adapting forensic methodologies to the emerging challenges posed by AI technologies.
Direction
VILARIÑO VAZQUEZ, MANUEL (Tutorships)
VILARIÑO VAZQUEZ, MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Coordinator)
VILARIÑO VAZQUEZ, MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Coordinator)
VILARIÑO VAZQUEZ, MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
The right to free lega assistance
Authorship
A.R.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.R.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 11:45
07.18.2025 11:45
Summary
This paper focuses on the analysis of the constitutional right to free legal aid, which guarantees access to justice for people who lack financial resources or who find themselves in unequal situations due to other circumstances, as set forth in Law 1/1996 of January 10, the main axis on which this right hinges. It highlights the process of creation and evolution of the right, its characteristics and regulation based on current regulations, and also the existing criticisms of it, as well as the need for reform. In other words, it addresses some aspects of the past, present, and future of free legal aid in our legal system, emphasizing in particular the urgency of certain changes related to free legal aid as it is currently configured.
This paper focuses on the analysis of the constitutional right to free legal aid, which guarantees access to justice for people who lack financial resources or who find themselves in unequal situations due to other circumstances, as set forth in Law 1/1996 of January 10, the main axis on which this right hinges. It highlights the process of creation and evolution of the right, its characteristics and regulation based on current regulations, and also the existing criticisms of it, as well as the need for reform. In other words, it addresses some aspects of the past, present, and future of free legal aid in our legal system, emphasizing in particular the urgency of certain changes related to free legal aid as it is currently configured.
Direction
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Tutorships)
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Tutorships)
Court
RODRIGUEZ ALVAREZ, ANA (Chairman)
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Secretary)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Member)
RODRIGUEZ ALVAREZ, ANA (Chairman)
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Secretary)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Member)
Personal data protection provisions in the antitrust legal framework: the “Meta Platforms Inc.” judgment
Authorship
C.R.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.R.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.30.2025 13:30
06.30.2025 13:30
Summary
This paper analyzes the interaction between competition law and the protection of personal data in the digital market, starting with a systematic study of the different regulatory frameworks governing these areas: the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the European Union's antitrust rules, especially Article 102 of the TFEU, and the new Digital Markets Regulation (DMA). Next on, it is discussed how this interrelationship manifests itself in practice based on an analysis of the recent CJEU judgment of 4 July 2023, Meta Platforms Inc. (C-252/21). The aim of this paper is to show how the improper processing of personal data in today's digital environment can be not only an infringement of data protection regulations, but also an indication of anti-competitive practices susceptible to sanction by the competent authorities. It also aims to highlight the need for cooperation between national competition authorities and data protection supervisory authorities to ensure the protection of citizens' rights and the proper functioning of the internal market.
This paper analyzes the interaction between competition law and the protection of personal data in the digital market, starting with a systematic study of the different regulatory frameworks governing these areas: the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the European Union's antitrust rules, especially Article 102 of the TFEU, and the new Digital Markets Regulation (DMA). Next on, it is discussed how this interrelationship manifests itself in practice based on an analysis of the recent CJEU judgment of 4 July 2023, Meta Platforms Inc. (C-252/21). The aim of this paper is to show how the improper processing of personal data in today's digital environment can be not only an infringement of data protection regulations, but also an indication of anti-competitive practices susceptible to sanction by the competent authorities. It also aims to highlight the need for cooperation between national competition authorities and data protection supervisory authorities to ensure the protection of citizens' rights and the proper functioning of the internal market.
Direction
NEIRA BARRAL, DANIEL (Tutorships)
NEIRA BARRAL, DANIEL (Tutorships)
Court
NEIRA BARRAL, DANIEL (Student’s tutor)
NEIRA BARRAL, DANIEL (Student’s tutor)
Sharenting and parental authority
Authorship
A.R.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.R.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 13:00
06.26.2025 13:00
Summary
This paper begins by examining the concept and legal configuration of parental authority (currently referred to as parental responsibility), as well as its essential elements. It then turns to the analysis of the phenomenon known as sharenting, understood as the practice by which parents share images and personal information of their underage children on social media. The study explores the potential risks this exposure poses to minors, including cyberbullying or digital footprint issues. The paper further examines the legal conflicts arising from sharenting, particularly those related to the right to privacy, image, and data protection of minors. Finally, it offers a detailed assessment of the normative response given by Spanish law, including the CE, the LO 1/1982 and the LOPDGDD.
This paper begins by examining the concept and legal configuration of parental authority (currently referred to as parental responsibility), as well as its essential elements. It then turns to the analysis of the phenomenon known as sharenting, understood as the practice by which parents share images and personal information of their underage children on social media. The study explores the potential risks this exposure poses to minors, including cyberbullying or digital footprint issues. The paper further examines the legal conflicts arising from sharenting, particularly those related to the right to privacy, image, and data protection of minors. Finally, it offers a detailed assessment of the normative response given by Spanish law, including the CE, the LO 1/1982 and the LOPDGDD.
Direction
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Tutorships)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Tutorships)
Court
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Student’s tutor)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Student’s tutor)
The money laundering offence and the most diffuse aspects of its regulation in Spanish Law.
Authorship
M.R.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.R.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.30.2025 12:30
06.30.2025 12:30
Summary
Due to the globalization and the prevailing social and economic situation in the current world, the money laundering offence has become one of the most frequent felonies at national and international levels. This poses a great challenge and demands significant effort and coordination from national authorities and international organizations to prevent serious harm to the economic system. Therefore, in this final degree project I shall present some main ideas regarding the nature of the aformentioned felony and the various elements involved, and then, I shall focus, in the frame of Spanish Law, on the most controversial and discussed commissive modalities of the money laundering among the jurists. To do so, I shall contrast the diverse positions on these areas and add what the jurisprudence has stated on this regard. Thus, the main aim of this work is to offer the reader a set of data about the most diffuse concepts and how they are punished in the Spanish justice system, specifically, the self-money laundering offence and the possibilty of real concurrence between the tax offence and the money laundering.
Due to the globalization and the prevailing social and economic situation in the current world, the money laundering offence has become one of the most frequent felonies at national and international levels. This poses a great challenge and demands significant effort and coordination from national authorities and international organizations to prevent serious harm to the economic system. Therefore, in this final degree project I shall present some main ideas regarding the nature of the aformentioned felony and the various elements involved, and then, I shall focus, in the frame of Spanish Law, on the most controversial and discussed commissive modalities of the money laundering among the jurists. To do so, I shall contrast the diverse positions on these areas and add what the jurisprudence has stated on this regard. Thus, the main aim of this work is to offer the reader a set of data about the most diffuse concepts and how they are punished in the Spanish justice system, specifically, the self-money laundering offence and the possibilty of real concurrence between the tax offence and the money laundering.
Direction
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Tutorships)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Secretary)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Member)
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Secretary)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Member)
Tax Residence of Legal Entities: Acquisition and Loss
Authorship
R.R.N.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
R.R.N.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
Defense date
07.11.2025 10:00
07.11.2025 10:00
Summary
This document analyzes the tax residence of legal entities from the perspective of tax law, addressing its acquisition and loss, as well as the implications arising from its determination. We begin with a preliminary delimitation of which entities are subject to income tax, distinguishing between legal entities with and without legal personality. We examine the concept of tax residence from the standpoint of domestic law, focusing on the connecting factors established by the Corporate Income Tax regulations, as well as the legal presumption of residence for entities located in low-tax jurisdictions. The role of permanent establishments and their relevance within the framework of tax liability is also addressed. On the other hand, we analyze the concept of residence in the international context, especially in Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs) and the OECD Model Tax Convention, highlighting the criteria used to resolve dual residence conflicts and the importance of the place of effective management. Furthermore, we delve into the loss of tax residence and its legal and tax consequences, with special attention to the “exit tax” regime regulated by Article 19 of Law 27/2014, of November 27, on Corporate Income Tax. Finally, the compatibility of this figure with European Union law is examined, through the case law of the CJEU and the transposition of Directive (EU) 2016/1164. All of this is contextualized in a globalized economic environment, where determining tax residence becomes especially relevant to avoid double taxation and ensure legal certainty for the taxpayer.
This document analyzes the tax residence of legal entities from the perspective of tax law, addressing its acquisition and loss, as well as the implications arising from its determination. We begin with a preliminary delimitation of which entities are subject to income tax, distinguishing between legal entities with and without legal personality. We examine the concept of tax residence from the standpoint of domestic law, focusing on the connecting factors established by the Corporate Income Tax regulations, as well as the legal presumption of residence for entities located in low-tax jurisdictions. The role of permanent establishments and their relevance within the framework of tax liability is also addressed. On the other hand, we analyze the concept of residence in the international context, especially in Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs) and the OECD Model Tax Convention, highlighting the criteria used to resolve dual residence conflicts and the importance of the place of effective management. Furthermore, we delve into the loss of tax residence and its legal and tax consequences, with special attention to the “exit tax” regime regulated by Article 19 of Law 27/2014, of November 27, on Corporate Income Tax. Finally, the compatibility of this figure with European Union law is examined, through the case law of the CJEU and the transposition of Directive (EU) 2016/1164. All of this is contextualized in a globalized economic environment, where determining tax residence becomes especially relevant to avoid double taxation and ensure legal certainty for the taxpayer.
Direction
Villaverde Gómez, María Begoña (Tutorships)
Villaverde Gómez, María Begoña (Tutorships)
Court
Villaverde Gómez, María Begoña (Student’s tutor)
Villaverde Gómez, María Begoña (Student’s tutor)
Exoneration of innocents through innovation at analysis of DNA evidences
Authorship
C.R.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
C.R.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.01.2025 18:00
07.01.2025 18:00
Summary
This work focused on real cases in which DNA evidence served to prove the innocence of persons who had been wrongfully imprisoned, specifically for crimes of homicide and/or sexual assault. It was conducted through a legal and scientific literature review, with particular attention to the different advances in the integration of this technique with the justice system. In addition, it presents a comprehensive analysis of the technical foundations of DNA, describing its structural elements and the main methods used in forensic genetics. The study concludes that the incorporation of genetics into the judicial field has represented a major advancement in the quality, reliability, and development of both investigations and the subsequent prosecution process. It has contributed not only to clarifying cases but also to correcting errors that have persisted throughout history. This work highlights the ongoing need to develop of this emerging technology, with DNA serving as a tool to ensure due process and strengthen public trust in the justice system.
This work focused on real cases in which DNA evidence served to prove the innocence of persons who had been wrongfully imprisoned, specifically for crimes of homicide and/or sexual assault. It was conducted through a legal and scientific literature review, with particular attention to the different advances in the integration of this technique with the justice system. In addition, it presents a comprehensive analysis of the technical foundations of DNA, describing its structural elements and the main methods used in forensic genetics. The study concludes that the incorporation of genetics into the judicial field has represented a major advancement in the quality, reliability, and development of both investigations and the subsequent prosecution process. It has contributed not only to clarifying cases but also to correcting errors that have persisted throughout history. This work highlights the ongoing need to develop of this emerging technology, with DNA serving as a tool to ensure due process and strengthen public trust in the justice system.
Direction
SALAS ELLACURIAGA, ANTONIO (Tutorships)
SALAS ELLACURIAGA, ANTONIO (Tutorships)
Court
SALAS ELLACURIAGA, ANTONIO (Student’s tutor)
SALAS ELLACURIAGA, ANTONIO (Student’s tutor)
The crime of rebellion: history and analysis of the offense in the 19th century
Authorship
L.R.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.R.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 10:00
07.16.2025 10:00
Summary
This paper deals with the historical-legal analysis of the crime of rebellion in Spanish legislation during the 19th century. The study begins with the evolution of crimes against the Crown in the pre-codification period, starting from the crimen maiestatis of the Roman Republic, its transformation into the crime of lesa majestad during the Middle Ages, and the influence of Enlightenment ideas which led to a paradigm shift by transforming the penal approach and shifting the protection from the monarch to the State. The concept of political crime is also addressed, whose definition has depended on the social and political circumstances of the time, and the attempts of national and international authors to find a more precise definition based on the protected legal good. Spanish penal codification begins with the promulgation of the Penal Code of 1822, which contains the first definition of the crime of rebellion. A legal analysis is carried out on the normative and doctrinal changes in the mentioned Code and the subsequent ones (1848 and 1870) regarding the elements of the offense and the purposes pursued with its promulgation. Finally, the development of the normative configuration of the dual incrimination system is examined with the introduction of the crime of military rebellion. Through a chronological study, the direct influence that each change of government had on its classification and the coexistence of the two crimes is evidenced.
This paper deals with the historical-legal analysis of the crime of rebellion in Spanish legislation during the 19th century. The study begins with the evolution of crimes against the Crown in the pre-codification period, starting from the crimen maiestatis of the Roman Republic, its transformation into the crime of lesa majestad during the Middle Ages, and the influence of Enlightenment ideas which led to a paradigm shift by transforming the penal approach and shifting the protection from the monarch to the State. The concept of political crime is also addressed, whose definition has depended on the social and political circumstances of the time, and the attempts of national and international authors to find a more precise definition based on the protected legal good. Spanish penal codification begins with the promulgation of the Penal Code of 1822, which contains the first definition of the crime of rebellion. A legal analysis is carried out on the normative and doctrinal changes in the mentioned Code and the subsequent ones (1848 and 1870) regarding the elements of the offense and the purposes pursued with its promulgation. Finally, the development of the normative configuration of the dual incrimination system is examined with the introduction of the crime of military rebellion. Through a chronological study, the direct influence that each change of government had on its classification and the coexistence of the two crimes is evidenced.
Direction
ORTEGO GIL, PEDRO (Tutorships)
ORTEGO GIL, PEDRO (Tutorships)
Court
ORTEGO GIL, PEDRO (Student’s tutor)
ORTEGO GIL, PEDRO (Student’s tutor)
Prenuptial agreements in anticipation of breakdown in Spanish law
Authorship
M.R.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.R.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.01.2025 11:00
07.01.2025 11:00
Summary
The progressive contractualization of family relationships over the last 50 years has led future spouses, spouses and even cohabitants more uxorio, prior to or during marriage, as well as before or during their de facto cohabitation, respectively, to enter into agreements in order to regulate the personal and patrimonial consequences of a possible and future breakup. Such agreements are popularly known as «prenuptial agreements in anticipation of breakdown», although they are also called, more broadly, «pre-breakdown agreements», «pacts in anticipation of family breakdown» or «family pacts in anticipation of breakdown». The detailed regulation of these agreements contained in some regional legal systems - particularly, in the Catalan civil law - contrasts with the absence of regulation of these agreements by the Civil Code, in which they are only granted validity by jurisprudence, provided that they comply with the general limits imposed on the autonomy of the will by art. 1255 of the same Code. Thus, based on the jurisprudential and scientific doctrine that has been adopted so far, this Final Degree Project aims to systematize the legal regime applicable in Spanish common law to prenuptial agreements in anticipation of breakdown, without forgetting, on the one hand, the solutions to the main controversies raised on this figure by the regional civil rights - some of which, de lege ferenda, could be incorporated into the Civil Code - and, on the other hand, the peculiar situation of unmarried couples, on the rise, as well as the agreements analysed here, in recent years in our country.
The progressive contractualization of family relationships over the last 50 years has led future spouses, spouses and even cohabitants more uxorio, prior to or during marriage, as well as before or during their de facto cohabitation, respectively, to enter into agreements in order to regulate the personal and patrimonial consequences of a possible and future breakup. Such agreements are popularly known as «prenuptial agreements in anticipation of breakdown», although they are also called, more broadly, «pre-breakdown agreements», «pacts in anticipation of family breakdown» or «family pacts in anticipation of breakdown». The detailed regulation of these agreements contained in some regional legal systems - particularly, in the Catalan civil law - contrasts with the absence of regulation of these agreements by the Civil Code, in which they are only granted validity by jurisprudence, provided that they comply with the general limits imposed on the autonomy of the will by art. 1255 of the same Code. Thus, based on the jurisprudential and scientific doctrine that has been adopted so far, this Final Degree Project aims to systematize the legal regime applicable in Spanish common law to prenuptial agreements in anticipation of breakdown, without forgetting, on the one hand, the solutions to the main controversies raised on this figure by the regional civil rights - some of which, de lege ferenda, could be incorporated into the Civil Code - and, on the other hand, the peculiar situation of unmarried couples, on the rise, as well as the agreements analysed here, in recent years in our country.
Direction
Herrero Oviedo, Margarita Cristina (Tutorships)
Herrero Oviedo, Margarita Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Chairman)
LETE ACHIRICA, JAVIER (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Chairman)
LETE ACHIRICA, JAVIER (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
Money laundering 4.0: new digital boundaries.
Authorship
A.R.S.
Bachelor of Criminology
A.R.S.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
06.26.2025 11:00
06.26.2025 11:00
Summary
Among the illicit activities with the greatest global impact is money laundering, which has been influenced -like many other crimes- by advances in new technologies. This digital transformation has subjected the financial sector to the strictest regulatory compliance in the fight against money laundering (AML), under the aegis of some institutions that have been focusing on the prevention of a problem with unchecked growth for decades. These efforts address not only the phenomenon itself but also its multiple digital manifestations, ranging from the almost primitive prepaid cards to the most novel crypto-assets, both of which share a common feature that makes them so valuable for using in this criminal sphere: their capacity for interconnectivity by the rise of globalization.
Among the illicit activities with the greatest global impact is money laundering, which has been influenced -like many other crimes- by advances in new technologies. This digital transformation has subjected the financial sector to the strictest regulatory compliance in the fight against money laundering (AML), under the aegis of some institutions that have been focusing on the prevention of a problem with unchecked growth for decades. These efforts address not only the phenomenon itself but also its multiple digital manifestations, ranging from the almost primitive prepaid cards to the most novel crypto-assets, both of which share a common feature that makes them so valuable for using in this criminal sphere: their capacity for interconnectivity by the rise of globalization.
Direction
ABEL SOUTO, MIGUEL (Tutorships)
ABEL SOUTO, MIGUEL (Tutorships)
Court
ABEL SOUTO, MIGUEL (Student’s tutor)
ABEL SOUTO, MIGUEL (Student’s tutor)
The European Union Artificial Intelligence Act and its impact on disinformation
Authorship
J.R.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
J.R.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 09:30
07.14.2025 09:30
Summary
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively investigate and analyze the legal regime established by the European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) for General-Purpose AI (GPAI) models. The analysis delves into the key aspects of the new regulation, seeking to understand how these systems are legally defined, what specific obligations are imposed on their providers, and what solutions the law offers for the challenges arising in areas such as intellectual property, disinformation, and the protection of fundamental rights. This is based on the understanding that GPAI represents a technological evolution aimed at improving productivity and social welfare, and that the European strategy seeks to build a framework of trust that fosters innovation and the safe adoption of this technology. Therefore, the regulation not only aims to limit risks but also to provide legal certainty for the development of a competitive and reliable market. However, as there is no clear limit to the scope and emergent capabilities of these systems, critical voices question whether the AI Act's risk-based approach will be sufficiently agile and robust to adapt to the pace of technological change. The debate focuses on whether the proposed measures will achieve a real balance between the effective control of threats and the need not to hinder development in a strategic sector.
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively investigate and analyze the legal regime established by the European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) for General-Purpose AI (GPAI) models. The analysis delves into the key aspects of the new regulation, seeking to understand how these systems are legally defined, what specific obligations are imposed on their providers, and what solutions the law offers for the challenges arising in areas such as intellectual property, disinformation, and the protection of fundamental rights. This is based on the understanding that GPAI represents a technological evolution aimed at improving productivity and social welfare, and that the European strategy seeks to build a framework of trust that fosters innovation and the safe adoption of this technology. Therefore, the regulation not only aims to limit risks but also to provide legal certainty for the development of a competitive and reliable market. However, as there is no clear limit to the scope and emergent capabilities of these systems, critical voices question whether the AI Act's risk-based approach will be sufficiently agile and robust to adapt to the pace of technological change. The debate focuses on whether the proposed measures will achieve a real balance between the effective control of threats and the need not to hinder development in a strategic sector.
Direction
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
Artificial Intelligence in Tax Administration and Taxpayers' Rights.
Authorship
R.J.R.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
R.J.R.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 12:00
07.18.2025 12:00
Summary
The use of Artificial Intelligence systems in the tax field has the potential to deliver significant benefits while also posing risks to certain taxpayers' rights. This paper explores the historical and conceptual development of Artificial Intelligence, with the aim of understanding its defining technical and legal characteristics. It also examines the most recent regulatory framework, with particular attention to the European Union Artificial Intelligence Regulation and the Artificial Intelligence Strategy developed by the Spanish Tax Agency. Finally, it analyses several rights that may be affected by the use of these systems in the tax sphere: the right to receive a duly reasoned decision, the right to the protection of personal data, and the right to equality and non-discrimination.
The use of Artificial Intelligence systems in the tax field has the potential to deliver significant benefits while also posing risks to certain taxpayers' rights. This paper explores the historical and conceptual development of Artificial Intelligence, with the aim of understanding its defining technical and legal characteristics. It also examines the most recent regulatory framework, with particular attention to the European Union Artificial Intelligence Regulation and the Artificial Intelligence Strategy developed by the Spanish Tax Agency. Finally, it analyses several rights that may be affected by the use of these systems in the tax sphere: the right to receive a duly reasoned decision, the right to the protection of personal data, and the right to equality and non-discrimination.
Direction
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Tutorships)
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
NIETO MONTERO, JUAN JOSE (Chairman)
IGLESIAS CASAIS, JOSE MANUEL (Secretary)
Villaverde Gómez, María Begoña (Member)
NIETO MONTERO, JUAN JOSE (Chairman)
IGLESIAS CASAIS, JOSE MANUEL (Secretary)
Villaverde Gómez, María Begoña (Member)
The Change of Name and Sex in the Civil Registry for Transsexual Individuals. Evolution and the New Law 4/2023
Authorship
M.B.R.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.B.R.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 14:00
07.16.2025 14:00
Summary
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the change of name and sex in the Civil Registry for transgender individuals, in light of the legal and jurisprudential developments in Spain, with special attention to Law 4/2023, of February 28, on the real and effective equality of trans people and the guarantee of the rights of LGTBI individuals. Starting from a theoretical study of the name as a subjective right and its legal regulation, the paper delves into the right to gender identity as an expression of the free development of personality and human dignity. It addresses the historical evolution of the legal recognition of trans people, from the case law of the Supreme Court prior to Law 3/2007, through this law (which marked a significant advance, albeit limited by its medical and exclusionary approach), to the new paradigm established by Law 4/2023. The paper also examines doctrinal critiques of the new regulation, assessing the achievements in terms of depathologization and accessibility, while also pointing out the risks arising from possible fraudulent use of the procedure or a lack of precision in its practical application. Through this legal and jurisprudential analysis, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive, critical, and up-to-date overview of the legal framework applicable to the rights of trans people within the scope of the Civil Registry.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the change of name and sex in the Civil Registry for transgender individuals, in light of the legal and jurisprudential developments in Spain, with special attention to Law 4/2023, of February 28, on the real and effective equality of trans people and the guarantee of the rights of LGTBI individuals. Starting from a theoretical study of the name as a subjective right and its legal regulation, the paper delves into the right to gender identity as an expression of the free development of personality and human dignity. It addresses the historical evolution of the legal recognition of trans people, from the case law of the Supreme Court prior to Law 3/2007, through this law (which marked a significant advance, albeit limited by its medical and exclusionary approach), to the new paradigm established by Law 4/2023. The paper also examines doctrinal critiques of the new regulation, assessing the achievements in terms of depathologization and accessibility, while also pointing out the risks arising from possible fraudulent use of the procedure or a lack of precision in its practical application. Through this legal and jurisprudential analysis, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive, critical, and up-to-date overview of the legal framework applicable to the rights of trans people within the scope of the Civil Registry.
Direction
Trigo García, María Belén (Tutorships)
Trigo García, María Belén (Tutorships)
Court
Trigo García, María Belén (Student’s tutor)
Trigo García, María Belén (Student’s tutor)
Refusal to deal as an abuse of dominant position
Authorship
M.S.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.S.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 13:30
06.26.2025 13:30
Summary
This paper analyzes refusal to deal as a form of abuse of dominant position prohibited under Article 102 of the TFEU. Although companies are generally free to choose their trading partners, this freedom may be limited when they hold a dominant position in the market. In certain cases, refusing to supply goods or services may be considered an exclusionary practice, provided that the input is indispensable, the refusal eliminates competition, the development of the market is hindered (in the case of intellectual property rights), and there is no objective justification. Three categories of refusal to deal are examined: refusal to supply competitors, denial of access to essential infrastructure, and refusal to license intellectual property rights. The paper explores the development of European Union case law through landmark rulings such as Commercial Solvents, Bronner, Magill, IMS Health and Microsoft, identifying the elements that characterize refusal to deal as an unlawful practice, and distinguishing it from emerging concepts such as the so-called access restrictions
This paper analyzes refusal to deal as a form of abuse of dominant position prohibited under Article 102 of the TFEU. Although companies are generally free to choose their trading partners, this freedom may be limited when they hold a dominant position in the market. In certain cases, refusing to supply goods or services may be considered an exclusionary practice, provided that the input is indispensable, the refusal eliminates competition, the development of the market is hindered (in the case of intellectual property rights), and there is no objective justification. Three categories of refusal to deal are examined: refusal to supply competitors, denial of access to essential infrastructure, and refusal to license intellectual property rights. The paper explores the development of European Union case law through landmark rulings such as Commercial Solvents, Bronner, Magill, IMS Health and Microsoft, identifying the elements that characterize refusal to deal as an unlawful practice, and distinguishing it from emerging concepts such as the so-called access restrictions
Direction
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Student’s tutor)
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Student’s tutor)
Measures relating to children in family proceedings: the best interests of the child
Authorship
I.S.D.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
I.S.D.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 09:30
07.15.2025 09:30
Summary
This Final Degree Project aims to analyze the principle of the best interests of the minor as a guiding criterion in the resolution of marital crises, within the framework of Family Law. Through a normative, doctrinal and jurisprudential analysis, it examines how this principle guides judicial action in each of these areas, highlighting its transversal nature and its function as a guide and vehicle axis in the resolution of conflicts between parents. The research focuses on the study of four fundamental legal aspects in separation, divorce or nullity procedures with minor children: the attribution of custody and custody, the visitation regime of the non-custodial parent, alimony and the use of the family home. Through a doctrinal, jurisprudential and normative analysis, it examines how the jurisdictional bodies weigh and apply the best interests of the minor, seeking to preserve their physical, emotional and psychological well-being. Although the principle in question enjoys wide recognition, its practical application requires a casuistic assessment that takes into account the particular circumstances of each family, giving priority to stability and continuity in the life of the minor. It also highlights the importance of a dynamic and evolutionary interpretation of the concept, in line with contemporary social and family transformations.
This Final Degree Project aims to analyze the principle of the best interests of the minor as a guiding criterion in the resolution of marital crises, within the framework of Family Law. Through a normative, doctrinal and jurisprudential analysis, it examines how this principle guides judicial action in each of these areas, highlighting its transversal nature and its function as a guide and vehicle axis in the resolution of conflicts between parents. The research focuses on the study of four fundamental legal aspects in separation, divorce or nullity procedures with minor children: the attribution of custody and custody, the visitation regime of the non-custodial parent, alimony and the use of the family home. Through a doctrinal, jurisprudential and normative analysis, it examines how the jurisdictional bodies weigh and apply the best interests of the minor, seeking to preserve their physical, emotional and psychological well-being. Although the principle in question enjoys wide recognition, its practical application requires a casuistic assessment that takes into account the particular circumstances of each family, giving priority to stability and continuity in the life of the minor. It also highlights the importance of a dynamic and evolutionary interpretation of the concept, in line with contemporary social and family transformations.
Direction
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Tutorships)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Tutorships)
Court
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
Forensic assessment of malingered psychological damage from rape using the PAI
Authorship
L.S.F.
Bachelor of Criminology
L.S.F.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.08.2025 11:30
07.08.2025 11:30
Summary
Sexual violence, particularly rape, is one of the most severe crimes due to its devastating impact on victims. Its criminological and psychological study is key to protect victims and detect possible feigning that may undermine the reliability of the system. The aim of this empirical study was to assess the usefulness of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) in the forensic evaluation of psychological harm resulting from rape. A simulation design was employed in which 50 women completed the PAI under two different conditions: malingering and honest responding. In the malingering condition, participants were instructed to respond as if they were simulating psychological harm resulting from rape, whereas in the reality condition, they were asked to respond truthfully. Analysis of the responses revealed that participants were capable of feigning symptoms they did not experience and attributing them to rape. Moreover, they were able to portray symptoms typically associated with the psychological impact of this form of sexual violence (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety). To achieve this, participants employed two primary feigning strategies: the indiscriminant symptom endorsement and symptom severity. However, the PAI validity scales (IMN, SIM, FDR) displayed low sensitivity in detecting malingerers. Consequently, in professional practice, when using the PAI in this type of evaluation, it should always be integrated within a multi-method and multi-measure assessment protocol. Future research should continue to explore the sensitivity of the PAI for detecting malingering and incorporate the study of its specificity as well.
Sexual violence, particularly rape, is one of the most severe crimes due to its devastating impact on victims. Its criminological and psychological study is key to protect victims and detect possible feigning that may undermine the reliability of the system. The aim of this empirical study was to assess the usefulness of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) in the forensic evaluation of psychological harm resulting from rape. A simulation design was employed in which 50 women completed the PAI under two different conditions: malingering and honest responding. In the malingering condition, participants were instructed to respond as if they were simulating psychological harm resulting from rape, whereas in the reality condition, they were asked to respond truthfully. Analysis of the responses revealed that participants were capable of feigning symptoms they did not experience and attributing them to rape. Moreover, they were able to portray symptoms typically associated with the psychological impact of this form of sexual violence (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety). To achieve this, participants employed two primary feigning strategies: the indiscriminant symptom endorsement and symptom severity. However, the PAI validity scales (IMN, SIM, FDR) displayed low sensitivity in detecting malingerers. Consequently, in professional practice, when using the PAI in this type of evaluation, it should always be integrated within a multi-method and multi-measure assessment protocol. Future research should continue to explore the sensitivity of the PAI for detecting malingering and incorporate the study of its specificity as well.
Direction
VILARIÑO VAZQUEZ, MANUEL (Tutorships)
VILARIÑO VAZQUEZ, MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
Sobral Fernández, Jorge (Chairman)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Secretary)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Member)
Sobral Fernández, Jorge (Chairman)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Secretary)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Member)
Unfair advantage as an instrument of protection for the disabled contractor in the Spanish Civil Code
Authorship
M.S.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.S.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.01.2025 11:30
07.01.2025 11:30
Summary
This paper analyzes the changes introduced in the area of Contract Law by Law 8/2021, of June 2, which reforms the civil and procedural legislation to support persons with disabilities in the exercise of their legal capacity, with the aim of adapting the spanish legal system to the postulates of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of December 13, 2006. The work is structured in three parts: first, an introductory part dealing with the contract and its elements, focusing on consent and the protection of the weaker contracting party. Secondly, a study on the new treatment of persons with disabilities at both national and international level, culminating with an analysis of Law 8/2021. Finally, the last sections are dedicated to the study of the regulation of unfair advantage in the Spanish Civil Code, through a detailed comparison with other European instruments that also provide for its regulation.
This paper analyzes the changes introduced in the area of Contract Law by Law 8/2021, of June 2, which reforms the civil and procedural legislation to support persons with disabilities in the exercise of their legal capacity, with the aim of adapting the spanish legal system to the postulates of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of December 13, 2006. The work is structured in three parts: first, an introductory part dealing with the contract and its elements, focusing on consent and the protection of the weaker contracting party. Secondly, a study on the new treatment of persons with disabilities at both national and international level, culminating with an analysis of Law 8/2021. Finally, the last sections are dedicated to the study of the regulation of unfair advantage in the Spanish Civil Code, through a detailed comparison with other European instruments that also provide for its regulation.
Direction
Herrero Oviedo, Margarita Cristina (Tutorships)
Herrero Oviedo, Margarita Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Chairman)
LETE ACHIRICA, JAVIER (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Chairman)
LETE ACHIRICA, JAVIER (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
Social media postings as evidence in criminal procedures.
Authorship
A.S.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.S.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 18:30
06.26.2025 18:30
Summary
Digital platforms have become a space where users share personal information, opinions and even evidence of possible criminal offences. In this context, the need arises to examine the validity and limits of the use of these publications in the judicial sphere. This paper examines the legal framework governing the admissibility of digital evidence, with a particular focus on fundamental rights. It examines the criteria used by the courts to assess the authenticity and reliability of this type of evidence, as well as the conflicts that may arise between the fundamental rights of the accused and the interest in the prosecution of the crime. Furthermore, the difficulties that arise when considering the authenticity and integrity of such evidence, due to its easy manipulation and falsification, are analysed. In this context, a revision of the Criminal Procedure Law which reformed in 2015, is elaborated, which established a more precise framework for technological research. This work focuses on publications on social networks as judicial evidence and within these, messages through private messaging applications (such as emails or Whatsapp) or publications on public or semi-public platforms (such as Instagram, X or Facebook) are analysed. The study highlights the need to strike a balance between the effectiveness of justice and respect for fundamental rights, and to update legislation to adapt to the challenges presented by new technologies in criminal proceedings.
Digital platforms have become a space where users share personal information, opinions and even evidence of possible criminal offences. In this context, the need arises to examine the validity and limits of the use of these publications in the judicial sphere. This paper examines the legal framework governing the admissibility of digital evidence, with a particular focus on fundamental rights. It examines the criteria used by the courts to assess the authenticity and reliability of this type of evidence, as well as the conflicts that may arise between the fundamental rights of the accused and the interest in the prosecution of the crime. Furthermore, the difficulties that arise when considering the authenticity and integrity of such evidence, due to its easy manipulation and falsification, are analysed. In this context, a revision of the Criminal Procedure Law which reformed in 2015, is elaborated, which established a more precise framework for technological research. This work focuses on publications on social networks as judicial evidence and within these, messages through private messaging applications (such as emails or Whatsapp) or publications on public or semi-public platforms (such as Instagram, X or Facebook) are analysed. The study highlights the need to strike a balance between the effectiveness of justice and respect for fundamental rights, and to update legislation to adapt to the challenges presented by new technologies in criminal proceedings.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
The Incoterms
Authorship
M.S.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.S.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 11:00
06.26.2025 11:00
Summary
The Incoterms, also known as Internacional Commercial Terms, are a bunch of rules of Private International Law developed by the International Chamber of Commerce. These terms are not mandatory and must be incorporated by the contracting parties in the contract to be applicable. These terms aim to facilitate the international sale of goods, although they are also used in national sales. In order to successfully fulfill this function, they are updated more or less frequently by the International Chamber of Commerce establishing since the Incoterms 1980 that these modifications will take place every ten years, thus bringing the regulation of the current Incoterms, that of 2020. Throughout this final degree project, the historical evolution of Incoterms will be studied. as well as the various ways of classifying them, finally, an individual study of each of the terms provided by the Incoterms 2020.
The Incoterms, also known as Internacional Commercial Terms, are a bunch of rules of Private International Law developed by the International Chamber of Commerce. These terms are not mandatory and must be incorporated by the contracting parties in the contract to be applicable. These terms aim to facilitate the international sale of goods, although they are also used in national sales. In order to successfully fulfill this function, they are updated more or less frequently by the International Chamber of Commerce establishing since the Incoterms 1980 that these modifications will take place every ten years, thus bringing the regulation of the current Incoterms, that of 2020. Throughout this final degree project, the historical evolution of Incoterms will be studied. as well as the various ways of classifying them, finally, an individual study of each of the terms provided by the Incoterms 2020.
Direction
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Tutorships)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Tutorships)
Court
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Student’s tutor)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Student’s tutor)
The principle of legality in the Administrative Sanctioning Procedure.
Authorship
A.S.D.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.S.D.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 12:00
07.18.2025 12:00
Summary
This paper offers a detailed examination of the principle of legality as a central element of the sanctioning procedure within the administrative sphere. It analyses its meaning, function, and legal foundation within the Spanish legal system, highlighting its enshrinement in Articles 9.3, 25.1, and 103 of the Spanish Constitution. Furthermore, it explores its regulatory development in Laws 39/2015, on the Common Administrative Procedure of Public Administrations, and 40/2015, on the Legal Regime of the Public Sector. Throughout the analysis, both its material and formal dimensions are addressed, as well as its main manifestations: the requirement of legal reservation, the non-retroactivity of unfavourable sanctioning provisions, typicity, definiteness, the prohibition of analogy, and the principle of non bis in idem. The study also delves into the sanctioning power of the Administration, its limits, the differences with criminal power, and the importance of safeguarding the rights of the administered through reasoned, proportionate procedures consistent with the legal framework. The paper concludes by emphasizing the relevance of the principle of legality as a safeguard against sanctioning authority, a pillar of the Rule of Law, and an essential element of legal certainty.
This paper offers a detailed examination of the principle of legality as a central element of the sanctioning procedure within the administrative sphere. It analyses its meaning, function, and legal foundation within the Spanish legal system, highlighting its enshrinement in Articles 9.3, 25.1, and 103 of the Spanish Constitution. Furthermore, it explores its regulatory development in Laws 39/2015, on the Common Administrative Procedure of Public Administrations, and 40/2015, on the Legal Regime of the Public Sector. Throughout the analysis, both its material and formal dimensions are addressed, as well as its main manifestations: the requirement of legal reservation, the non-retroactivity of unfavourable sanctioning provisions, typicity, definiteness, the prohibition of analogy, and the principle of non bis in idem. The study also delves into the sanctioning power of the Administration, its limits, the differences with criminal power, and the importance of safeguarding the rights of the administered through reasoned, proportionate procedures consistent with the legal framework. The paper concludes by emphasizing the relevance of the principle of legality as a safeguard against sanctioning authority, a pillar of the Rule of Law, and an essential element of legal certainty.
Direction
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
Court
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Student’s tutor)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Student’s tutor)
Operations of Mergers and Acquisitions
Authorship
R.S.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
R.S.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 10:30
06.26.2025 10:30
Summary
This paper presents an analysis of mergers and acquisitions and operations, covering all key areas and aspects of these types of processes. The approach of this study is carried out from a legal perspective, without prejudice to the necessary economic perspective required to encompass all the variables of these corporate transactions. The exploitation of synergies, value creation, the execution of the corresponding Due Diligence in its various areas, as well as the multiple possible modalities when implementing this business growth strategy, are theoretical foundations that are developed throughout this paper, with the aim of providing a broad view of these operations while synthesizing the abstract concepts that arise in this field. Furthermore, the need for appropriate and timely planning in relation to the potential contingencies derived from this type of corporate operation is emphasized, since they are not exempt from problems and risks. Finally, it is worth noting that this complex process consists of three clear phases which, unlike other types of operations, includes not only the contractual phase and its main clauses, but also the relevance of both the pre-contractual and post-contractual phases. This paper consists of 15,173 words.
This paper presents an analysis of mergers and acquisitions and operations, covering all key areas and aspects of these types of processes. The approach of this study is carried out from a legal perspective, without prejudice to the necessary economic perspective required to encompass all the variables of these corporate transactions. The exploitation of synergies, value creation, the execution of the corresponding Due Diligence in its various areas, as well as the multiple possible modalities when implementing this business growth strategy, are theoretical foundations that are developed throughout this paper, with the aim of providing a broad view of these operations while synthesizing the abstract concepts that arise in this field. Furthermore, the need for appropriate and timely planning in relation to the potential contingencies derived from this type of corporate operation is emphasized, since they are not exempt from problems and risks. Finally, it is worth noting that this complex process consists of three clear phases which, unlike other types of operations, includes not only the contractual phase and its main clauses, but also the relevance of both the pre-contractual and post-contractual phases. This paper consists of 15,173 words.
Direction
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Tutorships)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Tutorships)
Court
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Student’s tutor)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Student’s tutor)
The liability of public administrations in the operation of public services: special mention to Local Entities.
Authorship
F.S.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
F.S.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.01.2025 13:00
07.01.2025 13:00
Summary
This paper focuses on the analysis of the liability of the Public Administrations for the operation of public services with special mention to the local entities. Throughout the development of the epigraph, a study is made of the different elements characterizing the institution of the patrimonial liability: its unitary, direct and objective nature. Likewise, the legal basis of the patrimonial liability is the object of analysis, with particular attention to the one established both in the Spanish Constitution and the development of the common legislation of Law 39/2015, of October 1, of the Common Administrative Procedure of the Public Administrations and Law 40/2015, of October 1, of the Legal Regime of the Public Sector. It deals with the various requirements of financial liability: the actual damage, economically assessable and individualized, causal relationship, existence of unlawfulness and force majeure as a cause for exoneration from liability. In addition, there is an outstanding treatment on the liability of local administrations for damages caused on public roads, including in its examination the advisory doctrine followed in our legal system. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the work focuses on the investigation of the administrative procedure of claim of patrimonial liability, distinguishing the different types of claims. In short, the purpose of this paper is to deepen the study of an institution that protects the rights of individuals and that gives practical effect to the constitutional mandates of compliance with the value of justice and equality of Spaniards before the law.
This paper focuses on the analysis of the liability of the Public Administrations for the operation of public services with special mention to the local entities. Throughout the development of the epigraph, a study is made of the different elements characterizing the institution of the patrimonial liability: its unitary, direct and objective nature. Likewise, the legal basis of the patrimonial liability is the object of analysis, with particular attention to the one established both in the Spanish Constitution and the development of the common legislation of Law 39/2015, of October 1, of the Common Administrative Procedure of the Public Administrations and Law 40/2015, of October 1, of the Legal Regime of the Public Sector. It deals with the various requirements of financial liability: the actual damage, economically assessable and individualized, causal relationship, existence of unlawfulness and force majeure as a cause for exoneration from liability. In addition, there is an outstanding treatment on the liability of local administrations for damages caused on public roads, including in its examination the advisory doctrine followed in our legal system. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the work focuses on the investigation of the administrative procedure of claim of patrimonial liability, distinguishing the different types of claims. In short, the purpose of this paper is to deepen the study of an institution that protects the rights of individuals and that gives practical effect to the constitutional mandates of compliance with the value of justice and equality of Spaniards before the law.
Direction
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
Court
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Chairman)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Secretary)
Santiago Iglesias, Diana (Member)
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Chairman)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Secretary)
Santiago Iglesias, Diana (Member)
The threat of disinformation to the rule of law
Authorship
L.S.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.S.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 09:30
07.14.2025 09:30
Summary
Disinformation appears to have become a pervasive feature of present-day society, a society in which information is treated as a commodity and where truth is no longer a central concern for the public. The compression of media ownership in the hands of a limited number of corporations and business conglomerates has resulted in an unavoidable control over information by a specific social sector. This academic work provides both a theoretical and practical analysis of the intensifying threat that disinformation entails to the rule of law. It is structured into four main sections: a theoretical framework that introduces the key concepts relevant to the area of study and traces their historical progression; a normative analysis offering an international and comparative perspective; a practical phase that involves the collection, organization and analysis of objective empirical data that reflect the degree to which the public trusts judicial institutions; and, finally, the conclusions drawn from the study. The findings of this work highlight the need to strengthen and improve legislation and public policies related to information, as well as to enhance media literacy. All of this with the aim of ensuring transparency, veracity, and the protection of the fundamental pillars that uphold the rule of law. Simultaneously, the real impact of disinformation practices is demonstrated in this work through illustrative examples.
Disinformation appears to have become a pervasive feature of present-day society, a society in which information is treated as a commodity and where truth is no longer a central concern for the public. The compression of media ownership in the hands of a limited number of corporations and business conglomerates has resulted in an unavoidable control over information by a specific social sector. This academic work provides both a theoretical and practical analysis of the intensifying threat that disinformation entails to the rule of law. It is structured into four main sections: a theoretical framework that introduces the key concepts relevant to the area of study and traces their historical progression; a normative analysis offering an international and comparative perspective; a practical phase that involves the collection, organization and analysis of objective empirical data that reflect the degree to which the public trusts judicial institutions; and, finally, the conclusions drawn from the study. The findings of this work highlight the need to strengthen and improve legislation and public policies related to information, as well as to enhance media literacy. All of this with the aim of ensuring transparency, veracity, and the protection of the fundamental pillars that uphold the rule of law. Simultaneously, the real impact of disinformation practices is demonstrated in this work through illustrative examples.
Direction
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
Migratory phenomenon. Legal proposals in the framework of constitutional law and international society
Authorship
X.S.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
X.S.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.18.2025 12:00
02.18.2025 12:00
Summary
The purpose of this work is to approach and retrospect previous migratory movements, the measures adopted to alleviate this event and socio-legal and security solutions in the context of the twenty first century. We provide legal justifications within the framework of International and State Law to support not only from the theoretical but also from the epistemological perspective.
The purpose of this work is to approach and retrospect previous migratory movements, the measures adopted to alleviate this event and socio-legal and security solutions in the context of the twenty first century. We provide legal justifications within the framework of International and State Law to support not only from the theoretical but also from the epistemological perspective.
Direction
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Tutorships)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Tutorships)
Court
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Student’s tutor)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Student’s tutor)
Contracts and banking transactions in Rome
Authorship
T.S.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
T.S.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.19.2025 17:00
02.19.2025 17:00
Summary
This paper analyzes the bankers' role and their involvement in contracts and banking transactions in ancient Rome. It examines the characteristics and requirements that bankers must meet and the role they play in various banking activities. Similarly, an analysis is conducted on using accounting books, as essential tools, for recording the various banking activities, as well as the role that trust plays in the relationships between the banker and his/her client. In addition, it addresses the issue of bankers' obligations and the potential liability arising from these relationships. The most common banking contracts and transactions are also briefly analyzed: the mutuum, the constitutum, and the receptum argentarii. Special attention is given to the deposit contract in its various forms, as well as to the auction. This analysis provides an opportunity to reflect on how the banking practices of ancient Rome laid the foundations for financial principles that still govern modern banking institutions today, highlighting the continued relevance of concepts such as trust and transparency.
This paper analyzes the bankers' role and their involvement in contracts and banking transactions in ancient Rome. It examines the characteristics and requirements that bankers must meet and the role they play in various banking activities. Similarly, an analysis is conducted on using accounting books, as essential tools, for recording the various banking activities, as well as the role that trust plays in the relationships between the banker and his/her client. In addition, it addresses the issue of bankers' obligations and the potential liability arising from these relationships. The most common banking contracts and transactions are also briefly analyzed: the mutuum, the constitutum, and the receptum argentarii. Special attention is given to the deposit contract in its various forms, as well as to the auction. This analysis provides an opportunity to reflect on how the banking practices of ancient Rome laid the foundations for financial principles that still govern modern banking institutions today, highlighting the continued relevance of concepts such as trust and transparency.
Direction
SIXTO DA SILVA, MARIA ESPERANZA (Tutorships)
SIXTO DA SILVA, MARIA ESPERANZA (Tutorships)
Court
SIXTO DA SILVA, MARIA ESPERANZA (Student’s tutor)
SIXTO DA SILVA, MARIA ESPERANZA (Student’s tutor)
Crime prevention programs in the business field (compliance).
Authorship
A.T.Q.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.T.Q.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 11:00
06.26.2025 11:00
Summary
The present work analyzes compliance programs as key instruments to prevent the criminal liability of legal entities, in accordance with article 31 bis of the Spanish Penal Code. The legal framework for such responsibility is analyzed, including the legal requirements that this programs must meet to be considered effective, and the jurisprudential criteria that determine their exempting or mitigating value. Special attention is given to the figure of the Compliance Officer, as well as their functions and responsibilities. Finally, internal reporting channels and internal investigations, essential mechanisms for detecting and preventing irregular conduct within the company, are studied.
The present work analyzes compliance programs as key instruments to prevent the criminal liability of legal entities, in accordance with article 31 bis of the Spanish Penal Code. The legal framework for such responsibility is analyzed, including the legal requirements that this programs must meet to be considered effective, and the jurisprudential criteria that determine their exempting or mitigating value. Special attention is given to the figure of the Compliance Officer, as well as their functions and responsibilities. Finally, internal reporting channels and internal investigations, essential mechanisms for detecting and preventing irregular conduct within the company, are studied.
Direction
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Tutorships)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Tutorships)
Court
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Student’s tutor)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Student’s tutor)
The election of the members of the General Council of the Judiciary: a crisis in judicial independence
Authorship
L.T.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.T.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.27.2025 13:00
06.27.2025 13:00
Summary
This paper analyses the system for electing the members of the General Council of the Judiciary, with special attention to its regulatory evolution and the current debate surrounding its politicisation. In view of the repeated failure to comply with the legal deadlines for the renewal of the body (especially evident in the most recent institutional deadlock, which lasted for more than five years) this analysis examines the origin of the system established in the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and its subsequent development through various legislative reforms. It deals in detail with the election of both judicial and non-judicial members in the different organic laws that have regulated the General Council of the Judiciary (1980, 1985, 2001, 2013, 2018 and 2024), analysing the changes introduced, the doctrinal criticisms and the decisions of the Constitutional Court. The conflict between two models of appointment is also discussed: the parliamentary model, which defends the election of all members by the Parliament; and the judicial model, which proposes that the twelve members of judicial origin should be elected directly by Judges and Magistrates. The study includes an analysis of the reform proposals submitted by the main political parties, the official position adopted by the General Council of the Judiciary itself and the recommendations issued by the Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) of the Council of Europe, thus providing a comparative perspective and aligned with international standards. Finally, the paper proposes several measures to reinforce the Council’s independence and promote a self-governing model that ensures its institutional neutrality.
This paper analyses the system for electing the members of the General Council of the Judiciary, with special attention to its regulatory evolution and the current debate surrounding its politicisation. In view of the repeated failure to comply with the legal deadlines for the renewal of the body (especially evident in the most recent institutional deadlock, which lasted for more than five years) this analysis examines the origin of the system established in the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and its subsequent development through various legislative reforms. It deals in detail with the election of both judicial and non-judicial members in the different organic laws that have regulated the General Council of the Judiciary (1980, 1985, 2001, 2013, 2018 and 2024), analysing the changes introduced, the doctrinal criticisms and the decisions of the Constitutional Court. The conflict between two models of appointment is also discussed: the parliamentary model, which defends the election of all members by the Parliament; and the judicial model, which proposes that the twelve members of judicial origin should be elected directly by Judges and Magistrates. The study includes an analysis of the reform proposals submitted by the main political parties, the official position adopted by the General Council of the Judiciary itself and the recommendations issued by the Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) of the Council of Europe, thus providing a comparative perspective and aligned with international standards. Finally, the paper proposes several measures to reinforce the Council’s independence and promote a self-governing model that ensures its institutional neutrality.
Direction
CATALINA BENAVENTE, MARIA DE LOS ANGELES (Tutorships)
CATALINA BENAVENTE, MARIA DE LOS ANGELES (Tutorships)
Court
RODRIGUEZ ALVAREZ, ANA (Chairman)
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Secretary)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Member)
RODRIGUEZ ALVAREZ, ANA (Chairman)
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Secretary)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Member)
The technique of DNA phenotyping applied to the criminal field. Practical application of the procedure through eye color prediction.
Authorship
C.T.D.
Bachelor of Criminology
C.T.D.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 18:00
07.16.2025 18:00
Summary
The technique of DNA phenotyping, applied to the forensic and criminal field, consists of the analysis of the genetic profile of a person, to predict their physical characteristics (currently, above all, there is a good precision in the prediction of eye colour, skin colour and hair colour), their age, as well as their biogeographical ancestry. Its application can be very beneficial for criminal cases, in whose investigations it is not possible to advance because the police do not have any suspect with whom to compare the genetic samples found at the crime scene. In this way, you could know the appearance of that person and focus the search among individuals who share those some traits. In this work, in addition to making a fairly detailed review of what forensic phenotyping is and all that it implies, the analysis of several DNA samples has been put into practice to predict the colour of the eyes, as to exemplify in some way, how these data are obtained from the tools that are dedicated to the estimation of the phenotypic characteristics.
The technique of DNA phenotyping, applied to the forensic and criminal field, consists of the analysis of the genetic profile of a person, to predict their physical characteristics (currently, above all, there is a good precision in the prediction of eye colour, skin colour and hair colour), their age, as well as their biogeographical ancestry. Its application can be very beneficial for criminal cases, in whose investigations it is not possible to advance because the police do not have any suspect with whom to compare the genetic samples found at the crime scene. In this way, you could know the appearance of that person and focus the search among individuals who share those some traits. In this work, in addition to making a fairly detailed review of what forensic phenotyping is and all that it implies, the analysis of several DNA samples has been put into practice to predict the colour of the eyes, as to exemplify in some way, how these data are obtained from the tools that are dedicated to the estimation of the phenotypic characteristics.
Direction
CARRACEDO ALVAREZ, ANGEL MARIA (Tutorships)
CARRACEDO ALVAREZ, ANGEL MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
CARRACEDO ALVAREZ, ANGEL MARIA (Student’s tutor)
CARRACEDO ALVAREZ, ANGEL MARIA (Student’s tutor)
Assessment of testimonial credibility in law enforcement
Authorship
I.T.M.
Bachelor of Criminology
I.T.M.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:30
07.15.2025 11:30
Summary
This study compares the perceived credibility of three types of testimonies related to sexual assault: real statements from victims, deliberately fabricated accounts created by individuals, and narratives generated by artificial intelligence through language models. The main objective is to identify narrative, psychological and linguistic differences among these sources and analyze how they influence human evaluators' perception of truthfulness, especially among law enforcement officers. Specific goals include: examining the criteria used to assess credibility, measuring the ability to distinguish between testimony types, exploring the legal implications of AI use in criminal proceedings, and proposing recommendations to ensure the reliability of testimonial evidence. An experimental study was conducted with 40 participants (20 law enforcement officers and 20 from the general community). Each evaluated three testimonies, one of each type, rating their credibility, origin, level of confidence and reasoning. Objective accuracy, subjective confidence and argumentative justifications were analyzed. Results showed a low accuracy rate: only 2.5 percent correctly identified the three real testimonies, and over 70 percent failed to detect any simulated or AI-generated cases. Despite this, the average level of confidence was high, especially among law enforcement participants, indicating overconfidence. The most cited criteria were content, level of detail and coherence, but none was associated with greater accuracy. The conclusions support the theoretical framework: human judgments about truth are fallible and subject to bias, and traditional analysis methods may be insufficient when facing emerging challenges such as AI. Specific training, automated tools for detecting artificial texts and adapted forensic protocols are recommended to safeguard the integrity of criminal proceedings.
This study compares the perceived credibility of three types of testimonies related to sexual assault: real statements from victims, deliberately fabricated accounts created by individuals, and narratives generated by artificial intelligence through language models. The main objective is to identify narrative, psychological and linguistic differences among these sources and analyze how they influence human evaluators' perception of truthfulness, especially among law enforcement officers. Specific goals include: examining the criteria used to assess credibility, measuring the ability to distinguish between testimony types, exploring the legal implications of AI use in criminal proceedings, and proposing recommendations to ensure the reliability of testimonial evidence. An experimental study was conducted with 40 participants (20 law enforcement officers and 20 from the general community). Each evaluated three testimonies, one of each type, rating their credibility, origin, level of confidence and reasoning. Objective accuracy, subjective confidence and argumentative justifications were analyzed. Results showed a low accuracy rate: only 2.5 percent correctly identified the three real testimonies, and over 70 percent failed to detect any simulated or AI-generated cases. Despite this, the average level of confidence was high, especially among law enforcement participants, indicating overconfidence. The most cited criteria were content, level of detail and coherence, but none was associated with greater accuracy. The conclusions support the theoretical framework: human judgments about truth are fallible and subject to bias, and traditional analysis methods may be insufficient when facing emerging challenges such as AI. Specific training, automated tools for detecting artificial texts and adapted forensic protocols are recommended to safeguard the integrity of criminal proceedings.
Direction
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Tutorships)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Tutorships)
Court
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Student’s tutor)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Student’s tutor)
The increase of the crime computer fraud: analysis from a criminological point of view
Authorship
A.M.T.I.
Bachelor of Criminology
A.M.T.I.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 13:00
07.16.2025 13:00
Summary
Situations in which individuals have been victims of computer fraud have increased exponentially in recent years, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis. This is due to the large number of technological advances in recent decades, and the increasingly extensive and diverse uses of the Internet in people´s daily lives. To carry out his criminal action there are several modalities that are constantly evolving to adapt to these advances. In this paper I intend to make an analysis from a criminological point of view of this crime, talking about its regulation in Spain and the modalities that we can find, the factors that can serve as motivation to carry it out or cause its increase, the profiles of the victim and the victimizer, and the possible forms of prevention that can be applied to this criminal act.
Situations in which individuals have been victims of computer fraud have increased exponentially in recent years, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis. This is due to the large number of technological advances in recent decades, and the increasingly extensive and diverse uses of the Internet in people´s daily lives. To carry out his criminal action there are several modalities that are constantly evolving to adapt to these advances. In this paper I intend to make an analysis from a criminological point of view of this crime, talking about its regulation in Spain and the modalities that we can find, the factors that can serve as motivation to carry it out or cause its increase, the profiles of the victim and the victimizer, and the possible forms of prevention that can be applied to this criminal act.
Direction
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Tutorships)
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Tutorships)
Court
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Student’s tutor)
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Student’s tutor)
DNA in criminal proceedings
Authorship
A.U.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.U.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 17:00
06.26.2025 17:00
Summary
This paper examines the use of DNA in criminal proceedings; with particular attention to the Spanish legal framework, it explores the tense relationship between the administration of justice and privacy, while also analysing the legal limits surrounding the collection, storage, and assessment of DNA evidence in criminal cases. It delves into the concise nature of the legislation governing DNA-related matters, which has left it largely to the courts to define the rights and obligations of the individuals involved. The paper further addresses various open legal debates surrounding DNA evidence, such as its storage in databases and its relationship with fundamental rights. This work argues that DNA evidence should serve as an ally to the judge in the pursuit of justice, and never as an instrument of control. Science progresses, as does the law, but both must evolve in parallel, ensuring that the search for procedural truth does not, under any circumstances, override the rights of individuals.
This paper examines the use of DNA in criminal proceedings; with particular attention to the Spanish legal framework, it explores the tense relationship between the administration of justice and privacy, while also analysing the legal limits surrounding the collection, storage, and assessment of DNA evidence in criminal cases. It delves into the concise nature of the legislation governing DNA-related matters, which has left it largely to the courts to define the rights and obligations of the individuals involved. The paper further addresses various open legal debates surrounding DNA evidence, such as its storage in databases and its relationship with fundamental rights. This work argues that DNA evidence should serve as an ally to the judge in the pursuit of justice, and never as an instrument of control. Science progresses, as does the law, but both must evolve in parallel, ensuring that the search for procedural truth does not, under any circumstances, override the rights of individuals.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Criminalization of ecocide under the Rome Statute
Authorship
D.V.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
D.V.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 12:00
07.15.2025 12:00
Summary
This Bachelor's Thesis examines the feasibility and advisability of including the crime of ecocide as the fifth offence in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Building on international law precedents -from the environmental damage provisions in Additional Protocol I of 1977 to the latest doctrinal proposals- it explores the debates that led to ecocide’s exclusion from the 1998 Statute and its subsequent academic and political resurgence. A comparative study is conducted of the definitions advanced by the International Expert Panel (IEP) and the UCLA Promise Group, as well as Vanuatu’s September 2024 amendment, which adopts the IEP’s formulation. Through a technical-legal analysis of the proposed objective and subjective elements and amendment modalities -phased and preambular approaches- the study assesses technical, political, and legal obstacles to codification. A gradual roadmap is suggested, beginning with expanding the ICC’s material jurisdiction and a preambular phase to pave the way for an autonomous and effective ecocide offence.
This Bachelor's Thesis examines the feasibility and advisability of including the crime of ecocide as the fifth offence in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Building on international law precedents -from the environmental damage provisions in Additional Protocol I of 1977 to the latest doctrinal proposals- it explores the debates that led to ecocide’s exclusion from the 1998 Statute and its subsequent academic and political resurgence. A comparative study is conducted of the definitions advanced by the International Expert Panel (IEP) and the UCLA Promise Group, as well as Vanuatu’s September 2024 amendment, which adopts the IEP’s formulation. Through a technical-legal analysis of the proposed objective and subjective elements and amendment modalities -phased and preambular approaches- the study assesses technical, political, and legal obstacles to codification. A gradual roadmap is suggested, beginning with expanding the ICC’s material jurisdiction and a preambular phase to pave the way for an autonomous and effective ecocide offence.
Direction
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Tutorships)
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Tutorships)
Court
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Student’s tutor)
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Student’s tutor)
Popular action
Authorship
S.V.D.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.V.D.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.26.2025 12:00
06.26.2025 12:00
Summary
Popular action is an institution that allows any Spanish citizen to intervene in a criminal proceeding as a accusing party, even if they have not been harmed or offended by the crime. It is regulated in Article 125 of the Constitution, which recognizes it as a means for citizens to participate in the administration of justice, as well as in Articles 101 and 270 of the Criminal Procedure Law. Popular action aims to guarantee adequate judicial protection of the legal rights protected by the law. However, case law has been responsible for modulating its regime, establishing objective, subjective, and temporal limits beyond the formal requirements established in the LECrim (Common Law of Criminal Procedure). This work addresses the exercise of public action through a necessary historical background, the legal and jurisprudential limits to which its intervention in the process is subject, as well as the latest attempts at reform and, of course, the bill presented in January of this year, 2025.
Popular action is an institution that allows any Spanish citizen to intervene in a criminal proceeding as a accusing party, even if they have not been harmed or offended by the crime. It is regulated in Article 125 of the Constitution, which recognizes it as a means for citizens to participate in the administration of justice, as well as in Articles 101 and 270 of the Criminal Procedure Law. Popular action aims to guarantee adequate judicial protection of the legal rights protected by the law. However, case law has been responsible for modulating its regime, establishing objective, subjective, and temporal limits beyond the formal requirements established in the LECrim (Common Law of Criminal Procedure). This work addresses the exercise of public action through a necessary historical background, the legal and jurisprudential limits to which its intervention in the process is subject, as well as the latest attempts at reform and, of course, the bill presented in January of this year, 2025.
Direction
Varela Gomez, Bernardino (Tutorships)
Varela Gomez, Bernardino (Tutorships)
Court
Varela Gomez, Bernardino (Student’s tutor)
Varela Gomez, Bernardino (Student’s tutor)
Taxpayer’s rights to information and assistance.
Authorship
A.V.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.V.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 10:00
07.18.2025 10:00
Summary
The evolution from a declarative system, in which the Tax Administration was presented as the preparer of taxpayers' assessments, to the generalization of self-assessments procedures, where citizens themselves must apply current regulations and file their own tax returns, also entails an increase in the duties of taxpayers and, consequently, changes in the Administration's obligations, a natural progression from the widespread use of this system. Thus, this paper analyzes the rights to information and assistance contained in the General Tax Law (58/2003, of December 17), observing the differences between them and the ways in which they are implemented in each case, such as the publication of legal texts, communications, replies to tax queries, and prior valuation procedures in the first case; and virtual assistants and Integrated Digital Administrations in the second. Furthermore, the study assesses examines whether these tools guarantee effective assistance to citizens and whether they constitute a sufficient guarantee of these rights to information and assistance, with the overarching aim of preserving the legal certainty and the efficiency of the current tax system.
The evolution from a declarative system, in which the Tax Administration was presented as the preparer of taxpayers' assessments, to the generalization of self-assessments procedures, where citizens themselves must apply current regulations and file their own tax returns, also entails an increase in the duties of taxpayers and, consequently, changes in the Administration's obligations, a natural progression from the widespread use of this system. Thus, this paper analyzes the rights to information and assistance contained in the General Tax Law (58/2003, of December 17), observing the differences between them and the ways in which they are implemented in each case, such as the publication of legal texts, communications, replies to tax queries, and prior valuation procedures in the first case; and virtual assistants and Integrated Digital Administrations in the second. Furthermore, the study assesses examines whether these tools guarantee effective assistance to citizens and whether they constitute a sufficient guarantee of these rights to information and assistance, with the overarching aim of preserving the legal certainty and the efficiency of the current tax system.
Direction
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Tutorships)
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Student’s tutor)
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Student’s tutor)
The Recognition of States: The Process of Creating a Jewish State in Palestine.
Authorship
A.L.V.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.L.V.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:30
07.15.2025 11:30
Summary
The legal and political status of the State of Israel, as well as its actions on the international stage, constitute one of the most important and debated topics in today's global arena. Over time, the actions of this State and the controversies surrounding its existence have sparked intense debates, further fueled by the ongoing conflicts that plague the region. This subject is covered in Lesson 10 of Part IV of the Course Guide for the subject Public International Law (PIL). The formation of Israel was the result of a long and complex process developed over several centuries, culminating in 1948 with the formal proclamation of the Jewish State. Without analyzing the historical background, the generated tensions, and the aspirations of the peoples in the region, it is impossible to understand the magnitude and complexity of a conflict that continues to shape the fate of both Arabs and Jews. Therefore, through this Bachelor's Thesis (TFG), structured in six chapters, the main historical and political milestones that created the conditions for the establishment of Israel will be examined: from the birth of Zionism and the British Mandate over Palestine to its final constitution. Finally, the events that took place after 1948 will be analyzed. All of this will be addressed from the perspective of Public International Law, with the aim of understanding whether the actions taken throughout history are supported by the necessary legal grounds to uphold the existence of Israel as a state entity.
The legal and political status of the State of Israel, as well as its actions on the international stage, constitute one of the most important and debated topics in today's global arena. Over time, the actions of this State and the controversies surrounding its existence have sparked intense debates, further fueled by the ongoing conflicts that plague the region. This subject is covered in Lesson 10 of Part IV of the Course Guide for the subject Public International Law (PIL). The formation of Israel was the result of a long and complex process developed over several centuries, culminating in 1948 with the formal proclamation of the Jewish State. Without analyzing the historical background, the generated tensions, and the aspirations of the peoples in the region, it is impossible to understand the magnitude and complexity of a conflict that continues to shape the fate of both Arabs and Jews. Therefore, through this Bachelor's Thesis (TFG), structured in six chapters, the main historical and political milestones that created the conditions for the establishment of Israel will be examined: from the birth of Zionism and the British Mandate over Palestine to its final constitution. Finally, the events that took place after 1948 will be analyzed. All of this will be addressed from the perspective of Public International Law, with the aim of understanding whether the actions taken throughout history are supported by the necessary legal grounds to uphold the existence of Israel as a state entity.
Direction
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Tutorships)
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Tutorships)
Court
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Student’s tutor)
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Student’s tutor)
Analysis of citizen security in the current constitutional system.
Authorship
A.V.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.V.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
06.30.2025 10:00
06.30.2025 10:00
Summary
The objective of this work is to analyze Spanish legislation regarding public safety, examining the competencies of the Security Forces and Bodies, their actions, their relationships with the competent authorities, and the sanctions and offenses, to determine whether there is a need to strengthen or soften the existing legislation.
The objective of this work is to analyze Spanish legislation regarding public safety, examining the competencies of the Security Forces and Bodies, their actions, their relationships with the competent authorities, and the sanctions and offenses, to determine whether there is a need to strengthen or soften the existing legislation.
Direction
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Tutorships)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Tutorships)
Court
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Student’s tutor)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Student’s tutor)
Historical evolution and current regulation of the Local Police, with special mention to the Local Police of Galicia
Authorship
A.V.P.
Bachelor of Criminology
A.V.P.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
02.17.2025 10:00
02.17.2025 10:00
Summary
The purpuse of this work lies in the need to explore the historical evolution of the Police as a security force in Spain, from the nineteenth century to the present day, as well as to examine its current regulation with a particular focus on the case of Galicia. The aim is to analyse and the differentiate stages that this institution has gone through over time, talking into account the political, social and dynastic changes that have been marking the history of our country, as well as the development and configuration of the Police.
The purpuse of this work lies in the need to explore the historical evolution of the Police as a security force in Spain, from the nineteenth century to the present day, as well as to examine its current regulation with a particular focus on the case of Galicia. The aim is to analyse and the differentiate stages that this institution has gone through over time, talking into account the political, social and dynastic changes that have been marking the history of our country, as well as the development and configuration of the Police.
Direction
Miguez Macho, Luis (Tutorships)
Miguez Macho, Luis (Tutorships)
Court
Miguez Macho, Luis (Student’s tutor)
Miguez Macho, Luis (Student’s tutor)
The Widow´s Legitime: treatment of the figure in the CC and the LDCG
Authorship
L.Y.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.Y.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 10:15
07.15.2025 10:15
Summary
This project focuses on a comparative analysis between the legal regulation of the legitime (forced share) of the surviving spouse in both the Spanish Civil Code and the Galician Civil Law. It aims to highlight the distinctive characteristics of the surviving spouse’s legitime, emphasizing the similarities between the two legal regimes as well as their divergences. The relevance of this legal institution and its specific regulation, not only within the context of Galician law but also in relation to the other civil law systems of Spain, lies in the unique features it presents compared to the other types. These features intend to protect the surviving spouse and safeguard their economic status after the death of their consort. The Galician succession system offers a more modern regulation of the surviving spouse’s legitime than the offered by the Spanish Civil Code. Consequently, this study will also explore potential future developments and reforms of this legal institution within the broader context of Spanish inheritance law.
This project focuses on a comparative analysis between the legal regulation of the legitime (forced share) of the surviving spouse in both the Spanish Civil Code and the Galician Civil Law. It aims to highlight the distinctive characteristics of the surviving spouse’s legitime, emphasizing the similarities between the two legal regimes as well as their divergences. The relevance of this legal institution and its specific regulation, not only within the context of Galician law but also in relation to the other civil law systems of Spain, lies in the unique features it presents compared to the other types. These features intend to protect the surviving spouse and safeguard their economic status after the death of their consort. The Galician succession system offers a more modern regulation of the surviving spouse’s legitime than the offered by the Spanish Civil Code. Consequently, this study will also explore potential future developments and reforms of this legal institution within the broader context of Spanish inheritance law.
Direction
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Tutorships)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Tutorships)
Court
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
Determinants of Specialty Choice in the MIR System
Authorship
M.Z.N.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.Z.N.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.19.2025 12:15
02.19.2025 12:15
Summary
This Final Degree Project analyzes the key factors influencing the choice of medical specialty within the MIR training system in Spain. Through the study of residency placement data from 2020 to 2023, this research identifies significant trends reflecting the impact of academic, vocational, and structural aspects on the decision-making process of medical graduates. The study examines the most and least demanded specialties, the gender distribution in specialty selection, the influence of geographic location on residency choice, and the effect of incentive policies on the allocation of critical areas such as Family and Community Medicine. The analysis is based on a quantitative methodology, utilizing tools like Excel and PowerBI for data visualization. The findings reveal that highly competitive specialties, such as Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, consistently receive early placement due to their prestige and favorable working conditions. In contrast, specialties with higher workloads and lower social recognition, such as Family Medicine, experience lower demand despite an increase in available positions. Additionally, the study highlights a persistent gender-based differentiation in specialty selection and a strong correlation between hospital prestige and candidates' preferences. The conclusions of this research emphasize the need to implement strategies that balance the distribution of specialists within the healthcare system, promoting adequate incentives for less demanded specialties and ensuring efficient coverage of Spain’s healthcare needs.
This Final Degree Project analyzes the key factors influencing the choice of medical specialty within the MIR training system in Spain. Through the study of residency placement data from 2020 to 2023, this research identifies significant trends reflecting the impact of academic, vocational, and structural aspects on the decision-making process of medical graduates. The study examines the most and least demanded specialties, the gender distribution in specialty selection, the influence of geographic location on residency choice, and the effect of incentive policies on the allocation of critical areas such as Family and Community Medicine. The analysis is based on a quantitative methodology, utilizing tools like Excel and PowerBI for data visualization. The findings reveal that highly competitive specialties, such as Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, consistently receive early placement due to their prestige and favorable working conditions. In contrast, specialties with higher workloads and lower social recognition, such as Family Medicine, experience lower demand despite an increase in available positions. Additionally, the study highlights a persistent gender-based differentiation in specialty selection and a strong correlation between hospital prestige and candidates' preferences. The conclusions of this research emphasize the need to implement strategies that balance the distribution of specialists within the healthcare system, promoting adequate incentives for less demanded specialties and ensuring efficient coverage of Spain’s healthcare needs.
Direction
FERREIRO SEOANE, FRANCISCO JESUS (Tutorships)
FERREIRO SEOANE, FRANCISCO JESUS (Tutorships)
Court
FERREIRO SEOANE, FRANCISCO JESUS (Student’s tutor)
FERREIRO SEOANE, FRANCISCO JESUS (Student’s tutor)