Ocular Prosthesis
Authorship
M.A.L.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
M.A.L.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.09.2025 16:00
07.09.2025 16:00
Summary
Ocular rehabilitation has undergone remarkable development since ancient times, starting with the first terracotta eyes found in Jericho, made of obsidian, quartz, metals, and enamels in mummies and statues. It has evolved through the use of materials such as leather patches, porcelain, and glass, to the current prostheses made from polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and porous materials like hydroxyapatite and polyethylene. Surgical interventions in the field of ocular rehabilitation are indicated in various cases, with trauma being the most common, followed by terminal illnesses, tumors, and congenital malformations. Depending on the clinical situation of the patient, procedures such as evisceration, enucleation, or, in severe cases involving invasive tumors or infections, orbital exenteration, may be performed. After surgery, external prostheses are adapted, which may include aesthetic contact lenses, scleral shells, and double-shell prostheses, as well as temporary conformers. These prostheses are manufactured using materials such as silicone, PMMA, polyurethanes, or porcelain, and can be made through various methods: empirically in wax, using cavity impression techniques, or through 3D scanning and CAD/CAM software for maximum anatomical precision. Daily maintenance of ocular prostheses involves rinsing with saline and neutral soap, disinfection with chlorhexidine and alcohol, and proper storage in saline or soapy solution. To prevent and treat issues such as mucoid discharge, inflammation, and blepharitis, artificial tears, polishing techniques, reshaping, cultures, and antibiotic therapy are commonly used, reserving anti-inflammatories or reconstructive surgery for the most severe cases. From a psychosocial perspective, fitting an ocular prosthesis helps restore facial symmetry, and reduces anxiety, embarrassment, and depression, as well as facilitates the patient’s reintegration into their social environment.
Ocular rehabilitation has undergone remarkable development since ancient times, starting with the first terracotta eyes found in Jericho, made of obsidian, quartz, metals, and enamels in mummies and statues. It has evolved through the use of materials such as leather patches, porcelain, and glass, to the current prostheses made from polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and porous materials like hydroxyapatite and polyethylene. Surgical interventions in the field of ocular rehabilitation are indicated in various cases, with trauma being the most common, followed by terminal illnesses, tumors, and congenital malformations. Depending on the clinical situation of the patient, procedures such as evisceration, enucleation, or, in severe cases involving invasive tumors or infections, orbital exenteration, may be performed. After surgery, external prostheses are adapted, which may include aesthetic contact lenses, scleral shells, and double-shell prostheses, as well as temporary conformers. These prostheses are manufactured using materials such as silicone, PMMA, polyurethanes, or porcelain, and can be made through various methods: empirically in wax, using cavity impression techniques, or through 3D scanning and CAD/CAM software for maximum anatomical precision. Daily maintenance of ocular prostheses involves rinsing with saline and neutral soap, disinfection with chlorhexidine and alcohol, and proper storage in saline or soapy solution. To prevent and treat issues such as mucoid discharge, inflammation, and blepharitis, artificial tears, polishing techniques, reshaping, cultures, and antibiotic therapy are commonly used, reserving anti-inflammatories or reconstructive surgery for the most severe cases. From a psychosocial perspective, fitting an ocular prosthesis helps restore facial symmetry, and reduces anxiety, embarrassment, and depression, as well as facilitates the patient’s reintegration into their social environment.
Direction
ABALO LOJO, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
ABALO LOJO, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
ABALO LOJO, JOSE MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
ABALO LOJO, JOSE MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
Advances in the Treatment of Presbyopia
Authorship
A.C.R.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
A.C.R.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.07.2025 14:40
07.07.2025 14:40
Summary
Presbyopia is a refractive error characterized by the physiological loss of elasticity in the crystalline lens. This condition primarily affects middle-aged and older adults and manifests as difficulty or inability to see clearly at close distances. In addition to blurred near vision, it may also cause headaches or visual fatigue. It can significantly impact the quality of life of those who experience it and may even have psychological repercussions. Presbyopia can be classified into different types based on various classification criteria. These classifications can be organized according to aspects such as the progression of accommodative decline or the symptoms it produces. This condition can be corrected through different methods, which are mainly divided into two groups. The first group aims to correct vision using prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses. Eyeglasses in this group may be designed specifically for near vision, monofocal, such as reading or occupational lenses, or they may be bifocal, trifocal, or multifocal/progressive lenses that allow clear vision at various distances. In the case of contact lenses, there are specific designs for presbyopia, with numerous models and fitting techniques available. The second group includes strategies that aim to restore accommodation by modifying certain ocular system structures. These treatments include various types of refractive surgery, ranging from corneal procedures - such as corneal inlays or laser surgery - to lens-based surgeries, like the insertion of intraocular lenses, and even innovative therapies like corneal expansion bands. Finally, this group also includes pharmacological therapies based on eye drops, such as those containing pilocarpine. Many of these latter strategies are still in the research phase and not yet approved for general population use. This paper will address the concept of presbyopia and discuss its physiology and semiology, as well as the different existing treatment methods: optical, surgical, and pharmacological. Recent advances in this area will then be presented. Finally, the most effective options will be analyzed, a comparison between them will be made as a discussion, and a general conclusion will be presented.
Presbyopia is a refractive error characterized by the physiological loss of elasticity in the crystalline lens. This condition primarily affects middle-aged and older adults and manifests as difficulty or inability to see clearly at close distances. In addition to blurred near vision, it may also cause headaches or visual fatigue. It can significantly impact the quality of life of those who experience it and may even have psychological repercussions. Presbyopia can be classified into different types based on various classification criteria. These classifications can be organized according to aspects such as the progression of accommodative decline or the symptoms it produces. This condition can be corrected through different methods, which are mainly divided into two groups. The first group aims to correct vision using prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses. Eyeglasses in this group may be designed specifically for near vision, monofocal, such as reading or occupational lenses, or they may be bifocal, trifocal, or multifocal/progressive lenses that allow clear vision at various distances. In the case of contact lenses, there are specific designs for presbyopia, with numerous models and fitting techniques available. The second group includes strategies that aim to restore accommodation by modifying certain ocular system structures. These treatments include various types of refractive surgery, ranging from corneal procedures - such as corneal inlays or laser surgery - to lens-based surgeries, like the insertion of intraocular lenses, and even innovative therapies like corneal expansion bands. Finally, this group also includes pharmacological therapies based on eye drops, such as those containing pilocarpine. Many of these latter strategies are still in the research phase and not yet approved for general population use. This paper will address the concept of presbyopia and discuss its physiology and semiology, as well as the different existing treatment methods: optical, surgical, and pharmacological. Recent advances in this area will then be presented. Finally, the most effective options will be analyzed, a comparison between them will be made as a discussion, and a general conclusion will be presented.
Direction
Punín Dorrio, Eva (Tutorships)
Punín Dorrio, Eva (Tutorships)
Court
Punín Dorrio, Eva (Student’s tutor)
Punín Dorrio, Eva (Student’s tutor)
Undergraduate Dissertation: Diagnostic tests for dry eye disease
Authorship
L.C.A.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
L.C.A.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.08.2025 10:30
07.08.2025 10:30
Summary
This work focuses on understanding dry eye disease (DED) and the different tests available for its detection and classification. DED is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film and has two main forms: evaporative dry eye and aqueous-deficient dry eye. Due to the complexity of the disease, there is no “gold standard” for its diagnosis. It is based on the combination of multiple tests, both objective and subjective. According to the TFOS DEWS II Report, the diagnosis of DED is divided into several phases: the first phase involves screening the patient's symptoms using official questionnaires such as the OSDI or DEQ-5. If positive results are obtained, the next step is a comprehensive ocular examination of the main homeostasis markers, which includes: analyzing tear osmolarity and secretion, tear film stability, and observing signs of corneal staining. A positive result on the subjective questionnaires and at least one positive result from any of the previously mentioned tests indicates the presence of DED. Among the diagnostic tests, the measurement of tear osmolarity using devices such as TearLab stands out, offering an objective and quick evaluation, although it is influenced by certain external factors. To assess tear film stability, more invasive tests using fluorescein are employed, as well as non-invasive techniques like NIBUT and more modern methods such as meibography or interferometry. For measuring tear volume, tests such as Schirmer’s test and tear meniscus height measurement are used. Finally, in corneal staining tests, the use of dyes reveals the presence of epithelial alterations. The combination of these tests allows for a comprehensive and accurate evaluation of the type and severity of dry eye. Among all the described tests, both traditional methods and new non-invasive techniques are included to facilitate clinical examination. Additionally, a section explores the use of artificial intelligence in DED diagnosis, highlighting its potential to automate procedures and improve accuracy in image analysis, pattern classification, and detection of neurosensory alterations. However, ethical and methodological challenges faced by this technology are also recognized, and they must be addressed to ensure safer and more effective clinical implementation.
This work focuses on understanding dry eye disease (DED) and the different tests available for its detection and classification. DED is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film and has two main forms: evaporative dry eye and aqueous-deficient dry eye. Due to the complexity of the disease, there is no “gold standard” for its diagnosis. It is based on the combination of multiple tests, both objective and subjective. According to the TFOS DEWS II Report, the diagnosis of DED is divided into several phases: the first phase involves screening the patient's symptoms using official questionnaires such as the OSDI or DEQ-5. If positive results are obtained, the next step is a comprehensive ocular examination of the main homeostasis markers, which includes: analyzing tear osmolarity and secretion, tear film stability, and observing signs of corneal staining. A positive result on the subjective questionnaires and at least one positive result from any of the previously mentioned tests indicates the presence of DED. Among the diagnostic tests, the measurement of tear osmolarity using devices such as TearLab stands out, offering an objective and quick evaluation, although it is influenced by certain external factors. To assess tear film stability, more invasive tests using fluorescein are employed, as well as non-invasive techniques like NIBUT and more modern methods such as meibography or interferometry. For measuring tear volume, tests such as Schirmer’s test and tear meniscus height measurement are used. Finally, in corneal staining tests, the use of dyes reveals the presence of epithelial alterations. The combination of these tests allows for a comprehensive and accurate evaluation of the type and severity of dry eye. Among all the described tests, both traditional methods and new non-invasive techniques are included to facilitate clinical examination. Additionally, a section explores the use of artificial intelligence in DED diagnosis, highlighting its potential to automate procedures and improve accuracy in image analysis, pattern classification, and detection of neurosensory alterations. However, ethical and methodological challenges faced by this technology are also recognized, and they must be addressed to ensure safer and more effective clinical implementation.
Direction
GARCIA RESUA, CARLOS (Tutorships)
GARCIA RESUA, CARLOS (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA RESUA, CARLOS (Student’s tutor)
GARCIA RESUA, CARLOS (Student’s tutor)
Antibiotic resistance of the main bacterial pathogens causing ocular pathologies.
Authorship
M.C.C.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
M.C.C.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
02.06.2025 12:30
02.06.2025 12:30
Summary
Ocular bacterial infections represent a significant challenge in ophthalmology due to increasing antibiotic resistance. This work analyzes the main bacterial pathogens associated with ocular pathologies, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and explores resistance mechanisms such as modification of the site of action, production of inactivating enzymes and efflux pumps. Likewise, current trends in bacterial resistance are highlighted, identifying critical areas and differences between hospital and community settings. The review concludes with proposals for a rational use of antibiotics in ophthalmology, such as strict regulation of their prescription, education of professionals and patients, and epidemiological monitoring. Furthermore, the importance of developing combination therapies and exploring new antimicrobial alternatives, such as bacteriophages and antimicrobial peptides, is noted. These measures are essential to guarantee effective treatments and control the spread of bacterial resistance in the ophthalmological field.
Ocular bacterial infections represent a significant challenge in ophthalmology due to increasing antibiotic resistance. This work analyzes the main bacterial pathogens associated with ocular pathologies, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and explores resistance mechanisms such as modification of the site of action, production of inactivating enzymes and efflux pumps. Likewise, current trends in bacterial resistance are highlighted, identifying critical areas and differences between hospital and community settings. The review concludes with proposals for a rational use of antibiotics in ophthalmology, such as strict regulation of their prescription, education of professionals and patients, and epidemiological monitoring. Furthermore, the importance of developing combination therapies and exploring new antimicrobial alternatives, such as bacteriophages and antimicrobial peptides, is noted. These measures are essential to guarantee effective treatments and control the spread of bacterial resistance in the ophthalmological field.
Direction
MAGARIÑOS FERRO, BEATRIZ (Tutorships)
MAGARIÑOS FERRO, BEATRIZ (Tutorships)
Court
MAGARIÑOS FERRO, BEATRIZ (Student’s tutor)
MAGARIÑOS FERRO, BEATRIZ (Student’s tutor)
Review of the ocular manifestations of COVID-19
Authorship
L.C.F.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
L.C.F.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.09.2025 16:40
07.09.2025 16:40
Summary
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province in China, and spread globally, being declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO (World Health Organization) on January 30, 2020, and officially recognized as a coronavirus pandemic on March 11, 2020. This disease usually presents with symptoms such as fever and respiratory difficulty but can also affect other organs of the human body. Currently, there is evidence of ocular manifestations and complications associated with the disease. In the field of optics and optometry, it is vitally important to understand how these ocular manifestations can influence proper visual function and optimal quality of life for patients, as well as the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate referral to the ophthalmologist to receive timely treatment, thus supporting recovery and prognosis. The aim of this paper is to review the existing scientific literature on ocular manifestations of COVID-19, considering those directly associated with the virus and/or its vaccine, as well as those resulting from lockdown consequences (an example being dry eye syndrome, which is linked to increased use of digital screens), with a focus on their relevance to optometric practice. The most common ocular symptoms and their pathophysiological mechanisms will be analyzed, based on scientific publications suggesting that the eye could act as an entry and transmission route for SARS-CoV-2. Information will also be gathered regarding the implications for optometric evaluation and management of affected patients, including health protocols in optometric practices during a public health emergency such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the importance of proper patient education regarding their visual health.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province in China, and spread globally, being declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO (World Health Organization) on January 30, 2020, and officially recognized as a coronavirus pandemic on March 11, 2020. This disease usually presents with symptoms such as fever and respiratory difficulty but can also affect other organs of the human body. Currently, there is evidence of ocular manifestations and complications associated with the disease. In the field of optics and optometry, it is vitally important to understand how these ocular manifestations can influence proper visual function and optimal quality of life for patients, as well as the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate referral to the ophthalmologist to receive timely treatment, thus supporting recovery and prognosis. The aim of this paper is to review the existing scientific literature on ocular manifestations of COVID-19, considering those directly associated with the virus and/or its vaccine, as well as those resulting from lockdown consequences (an example being dry eye syndrome, which is linked to increased use of digital screens), with a focus on their relevance to optometric practice. The most common ocular symptoms and their pathophysiological mechanisms will be analyzed, based on scientific publications suggesting that the eye could act as an entry and transmission route for SARS-CoV-2. Information will also be gathered regarding the implications for optometric evaluation and management of affected patients, including health protocols in optometric practices during a public health emergency such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the importance of proper patient education regarding their visual health.
Direction
ABALO LOJO, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
GONZALEZ GARCIA, FRANCISCO (Co-tutorships)
ABALO LOJO, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
GONZALEZ GARCIA, FRANCISCO (Co-tutorships)
Court
ABALO LOJO, JOSE MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
GONZALEZ GARCIA, FRANCISCO (Student’s tutor)
ABALO LOJO, JOSE MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
GONZALEZ GARCIA, FRANCISCO (Student’s tutor)
Corneal biomechanical parameters in systemic autoimmune diseases.
Authorship
L.C.C.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
L.C.C.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.07.2025 17:15
07.07.2025 17:15
Summary
This literature review discusses how systemic autoimmune pathologies, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS), can alter corneal biomechanical properties. These alterations include changes in corneal stiffness, thickness and strength, which are reflected by measurements of corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF). These alterations, especially in active phases or with chronic inflammation, tend to decrease corneal stiffness, making the cornea more flexible and affecting intraocular pressure measurements, which can compromise your ocular health. The incorporation into clinical practice of in vivo technologies, such as the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) and Corvis ST, allows these changes to be quantitatively detected, which can improve early detection, monitoring and treatment of ocular complications related to these systemic autoimmune diseases. However, the study of corneal biomechanical parameters in the field of systemic autoimmune diseases is still under development, highlighting the need for further research to better understand the relationship between the two concepts in order to provide more personalized and effective care.
This literature review discusses how systemic autoimmune pathologies, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS), can alter corneal biomechanical properties. These alterations include changes in corneal stiffness, thickness and strength, which are reflected by measurements of corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF). These alterations, especially in active phases or with chronic inflammation, tend to decrease corneal stiffness, making the cornea more flexible and affecting intraocular pressure measurements, which can compromise your ocular health. The incorporation into clinical practice of in vivo technologies, such as the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) and Corvis ST, allows these changes to be quantitatively detected, which can improve early detection, monitoring and treatment of ocular complications related to these systemic autoimmune diseases. However, the study of corneal biomechanical parameters in the field of systemic autoimmune diseases is still under development, highlighting the need for further research to better understand the relationship between the two concepts in order to provide more personalized and effective care.
Direction
LEMA GESTO, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
REGUEIRO LORENZO, UXIA (Co-tutorships)
LEMA GESTO, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
REGUEIRO LORENZO, UXIA (Co-tutorships)
Court
LEMA GESTO, MARIA ISABEL (Student’s tutor)
REGUEIRO LORENZO, UXIA (Student’s tutor)
LEMA GESTO, MARIA ISABEL (Student’s tutor)
REGUEIRO LORENZO, UXIA (Student’s tutor)
Oculomotor dysfunctions. Evaluation and treatment.
Authorship
L.F.B.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
L.F.B.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.08.2025 09:30
07.08.2025 09:30
Summary
The term oculomotor dysfunction is used to refer to a condition in which there is a problem in one of the three areas of oculomotor function: saccadic movements, pursuits and fixations. These consist of functional anomalies that lack a pathological origin and are caused by slight variations in binocular vision. They can present with various symptoms, most of them related to reading or activities requiring ocular precision and stability, such as eye fatigue, skipping words or lines while reading, or the need to read aloud. These issues can significantly affect visual performance and may even lead to attention problems. For diagnosis and assessment, various clinical tests are used to analyze the accuracy and ability of eye movements, allowing the detection of anomalies in saccades, pursuits, and fixations. Standardized test such as DEM or NSUCO are particularly useful for identifying these oculomotor anomalies, facilitating objective evaluation and enabling a precise diagnosis. The treatment of these dysfunctions is mainly based on vision therapy, which consists of a set of personalized exercises aimed at improving the skill, efficiency, and accuracy of eye movements. Vision therapy allows for a tailored training program for each patient, improving the quality of movements and reducing the associated symptoms. Currently, there is a large amount of information available on oculomotricity. However, the connection between experimental findings and clinical application remains limited, thus hindering the implementation of clinical practice based on oculomotor evidence. This undergraduate thesis will carry out a literature review to analyze the current available information in this field, in order to understand the importance of proper ocular motility and the impact these dysfunctions have on daily life. Furthermore, the various signs and symptoms they present with will be analyzed, as well as the most commonly used assessment methods for their detection. Treatment options will also be discussed, based on recent studies to evaluate their effectiveness.
The term oculomotor dysfunction is used to refer to a condition in which there is a problem in one of the three areas of oculomotor function: saccadic movements, pursuits and fixations. These consist of functional anomalies that lack a pathological origin and are caused by slight variations in binocular vision. They can present with various symptoms, most of them related to reading or activities requiring ocular precision and stability, such as eye fatigue, skipping words or lines while reading, or the need to read aloud. These issues can significantly affect visual performance and may even lead to attention problems. For diagnosis and assessment, various clinical tests are used to analyze the accuracy and ability of eye movements, allowing the detection of anomalies in saccades, pursuits, and fixations. Standardized test such as DEM or NSUCO are particularly useful for identifying these oculomotor anomalies, facilitating objective evaluation and enabling a precise diagnosis. The treatment of these dysfunctions is mainly based on vision therapy, which consists of a set of personalized exercises aimed at improving the skill, efficiency, and accuracy of eye movements. Vision therapy allows for a tailored training program for each patient, improving the quality of movements and reducing the associated symptoms. Currently, there is a large amount of information available on oculomotricity. However, the connection between experimental findings and clinical application remains limited, thus hindering the implementation of clinical practice based on oculomotor evidence. This undergraduate thesis will carry out a literature review to analyze the current available information in this field, in order to understand the importance of proper ocular motility and the impact these dysfunctions have on daily life. Furthermore, the various signs and symptoms they present with will be analyzed, as well as the most commonly used assessment methods for their detection. Treatment options will also be discussed, based on recent studies to evaluate their effectiveness.
Direction
Ferreiro Figueiras, Dolores Purificación (Tutorships)
Ferreiro Figueiras, Dolores Purificación (Tutorships)
Court
Ferreiro Figueiras, Dolores Purificación (Student’s tutor)
Ferreiro Figueiras, Dolores Purificación (Student’s tutor)
Visual-perceptual and visual-spatial skills
Authorship
L.F.G.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
L.F.G.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.08.2025 10:00
07.08.2025 10:00
Summary
This paper addresses the study of visuoperceptual and visuospatial skills, which are essential for the interpretation and organization of visual information in the environment. Visual perception involves the reception and processing of visual stimuli, assigning meaning to them based on previous experience. These abilities are related to learning, as they are involved in processes such as reading, writing, spatial orientation and motor coordination. Throughout the paper, the main components of the visual system related to perception are analyzed and divided into three subsystems: visual analysis, the visuospatial system and the visuomotor system. The specific skills are also detailed: visual discrimination, form constancy, visual closure, visual memory and figure-ground perception. Additionally, the relationship between visuoperceptual skills and other visual functions is presented, such as eye movements (saccadic and tracking), binocular vision and their involvement in reading and writing. Alterations in any of these areas can cause significant learning difficulties, as they compromise visual efficiency and the correct processing of information. The paper includes a review of the main standardized tests used in the clinical evaluation of these skills, such as the TVPS-4, the DTVP-3, the Beery VMI or Piaget’s laterality test. These tools make it possible to precisely identify which subskills may be impaired and facilitate the planning of specific interventions in cases of perceptual difficulties. The role of visual perceptual training as a therapeutic method to enhance these skills is also discussed, with particular attention to its application in children with visual dysfunctions such as amblyopia. Current scientific evidence supporting the use of perceptual learning, even through technologies like virtual reality, is included as a means of stimulating brain plasticity and improving perceptual functions. Finally, the main visual disorders that may compromise the development and functioning of visuoperceptual skills are analyzed, with amblyopia and strabismus being two of the most relevant. Early identification and treatment of these conditions are essential to prevent persistent alterations in visual processing.
This paper addresses the study of visuoperceptual and visuospatial skills, which are essential for the interpretation and organization of visual information in the environment. Visual perception involves the reception and processing of visual stimuli, assigning meaning to them based on previous experience. These abilities are related to learning, as they are involved in processes such as reading, writing, spatial orientation and motor coordination. Throughout the paper, the main components of the visual system related to perception are analyzed and divided into three subsystems: visual analysis, the visuospatial system and the visuomotor system. The specific skills are also detailed: visual discrimination, form constancy, visual closure, visual memory and figure-ground perception. Additionally, the relationship between visuoperceptual skills and other visual functions is presented, such as eye movements (saccadic and tracking), binocular vision and their involvement in reading and writing. Alterations in any of these areas can cause significant learning difficulties, as they compromise visual efficiency and the correct processing of information. The paper includes a review of the main standardized tests used in the clinical evaluation of these skills, such as the TVPS-4, the DTVP-3, the Beery VMI or Piaget’s laterality test. These tools make it possible to precisely identify which subskills may be impaired and facilitate the planning of specific interventions in cases of perceptual difficulties. The role of visual perceptual training as a therapeutic method to enhance these skills is also discussed, with particular attention to its application in children with visual dysfunctions such as amblyopia. Current scientific evidence supporting the use of perceptual learning, even through technologies like virtual reality, is included as a means of stimulating brain plasticity and improving perceptual functions. Finally, the main visual disorders that may compromise the development and functioning of visuoperceptual skills are analyzed, with amblyopia and strabismus being two of the most relevant. Early identification and treatment of these conditions are essential to prevent persistent alterations in visual processing.
Direction
Ferreiro Figueiras, Dolores Purificación (Tutorships)
Ferreiro Figueiras, Dolores Purificación (Tutorships)
Court
Ferreiro Figueiras, Dolores Purificación (Student’s tutor)
Ferreiro Figueiras, Dolores Purificación (Student’s tutor)
Management of convergence excess
Authorship
A.G.A.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
A.G.A.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.08.2025 10:00
07.08.2025 10:00
Summary
Binocular vision provides accurate and three-dimensional visual perception by integrating images from each eye. When this is not performed correctly, binocular dysfunctions arise. These can be classified as strabismic -with a manifest deviation- and non-strabismic -with a latent deviation-, the latter being more common and often underdiagnosed. Non-strabismic binocular dysfunctions allow binocularity, but cause symptoms that interfere with daily activities, compromising quality of life and academic or work performance. This literature review addresses the different treatment methods for convergence excess. This anomaly is characterized by overactivation of the vergence system. It´s main clinical sign is the reduction of negative fusional vergence, which cause symptoms during prolonged near-vision tasks, such as eye strain or diplopia. Despite it´s prevalence -estimated between 6% and 12%- this dysfunction has been less studied compared to other visual disorders. After analyzing the different therapeutic alternatives, the first line of management is the correction of the present refractive error, especially in cases of hyperopia. In the absence of refractive defects, or when symptoms persist, positive lens additions are prescribed to reduce accommodative demand, and consequently, excessive convergence. This is effective in most cases, although it creates a dependency on the correction for near tasks. The use of prisms is generally avoided, except in specific cases. Furthermore, it is important to highlight the role of visual ergonomics as a complementary intervention. This helps reduce symptoms through good postural habits, adequate lighting, and visual breaks, among others, thus improving treatment adherence and success. Visual therapy is essential when optical correction is insufficient, or when the goal is desired to dispense with it. By performing vergence training exercises, clinical test results and patient´s symptoms are improved. Although divergence is more challenging to rehabilitate, several studies support the effectiveness of this therapy. Moreover, the use of new technologies has been highlighted as a way to increase patient motivation, allowing for more engaging and personalized therapy. This work contains 9347 words.
Binocular vision provides accurate and three-dimensional visual perception by integrating images from each eye. When this is not performed correctly, binocular dysfunctions arise. These can be classified as strabismic -with a manifest deviation- and non-strabismic -with a latent deviation-, the latter being more common and often underdiagnosed. Non-strabismic binocular dysfunctions allow binocularity, but cause symptoms that interfere with daily activities, compromising quality of life and academic or work performance. This literature review addresses the different treatment methods for convergence excess. This anomaly is characterized by overactivation of the vergence system. It´s main clinical sign is the reduction of negative fusional vergence, which cause symptoms during prolonged near-vision tasks, such as eye strain or diplopia. Despite it´s prevalence -estimated between 6% and 12%- this dysfunction has been less studied compared to other visual disorders. After analyzing the different therapeutic alternatives, the first line of management is the correction of the present refractive error, especially in cases of hyperopia. In the absence of refractive defects, or when symptoms persist, positive lens additions are prescribed to reduce accommodative demand, and consequently, excessive convergence. This is effective in most cases, although it creates a dependency on the correction for near tasks. The use of prisms is generally avoided, except in specific cases. Furthermore, it is important to highlight the role of visual ergonomics as a complementary intervention. This helps reduce symptoms through good postural habits, adequate lighting, and visual breaks, among others, thus improving treatment adherence and success. Visual therapy is essential when optical correction is insufficient, or when the goal is desired to dispense with it. By performing vergence training exercises, clinical test results and patient´s symptoms are improved. Although divergence is more challenging to rehabilitate, several studies support the effectiveness of this therapy. Moreover, the use of new technologies has been highlighted as a way to increase patient motivation, allowing for more engaging and personalized therapy. This work contains 9347 words.
Direction
GARCIA RESUA, CARLOS (Tutorships)
GARCIA RESUA, CARLOS (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA RESUA, CARLOS (Student’s tutor)
GARCIA RESUA, CARLOS (Student’s tutor)
Causes of the increase in myopia
Authorship
M.G.H.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
M.G.H.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.10.2025 10:00
07.10.2025 10:00
Summary
Myopia is an increasingly prevalent visual problem worldwide, characterized by blurred distance vision due to the image being formed in front of the retina. Its sustained increase has raised growing health concerns, not only because of vision loss but also due to potential associated complications such as retinal detachment, myopic macular degeneration, or glaucoma, which can seriously affect the quality of life of those who suffer from them. This study analyzes the main causes behind the rise in myopia, addressing both genetic and environmental factors. It has been proven that hereditary predisposition plays a significant role, especially when both parents are myopic. In addition, genomic studies have identified numerous genes involved in visual regulation. Environmental factors also play a key role in the development and progression of myopia. The rise in near-vision activities, such as reading or using digital devices, along with the reduction in time spent outdoors, has been directly linked to the increase in myopia, particularly at early ages. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the protective effect of outdoor time against myopic progression, especially in children. In response to this issue, effective control strategies have been developed, including the use of special contact lenses, ophthalmic lenses designed for myopia control, low-dose atropine treatments, and visual hygiene guidelines. Early detection and personalized intervention are key tools to slow the progression of this refractive error and minimize the risk of future complications. This undergraduate thesis, comprising 9,966 words, will address these aspects in detail, offering an up-to-date review of the epidemiology, etiological factors, and strategies for the prevention and control of myopia, aiming to contribute to the understanding and clinical management of this growing condition.
Myopia is an increasingly prevalent visual problem worldwide, characterized by blurred distance vision due to the image being formed in front of the retina. Its sustained increase has raised growing health concerns, not only because of vision loss but also due to potential associated complications such as retinal detachment, myopic macular degeneration, or glaucoma, which can seriously affect the quality of life of those who suffer from them. This study analyzes the main causes behind the rise in myopia, addressing both genetic and environmental factors. It has been proven that hereditary predisposition plays a significant role, especially when both parents are myopic. In addition, genomic studies have identified numerous genes involved in visual regulation. Environmental factors also play a key role in the development and progression of myopia. The rise in near-vision activities, such as reading or using digital devices, along with the reduction in time spent outdoors, has been directly linked to the increase in myopia, particularly at early ages. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the protective effect of outdoor time against myopic progression, especially in children. In response to this issue, effective control strategies have been developed, including the use of special contact lenses, ophthalmic lenses designed for myopia control, low-dose atropine treatments, and visual hygiene guidelines. Early detection and personalized intervention are key tools to slow the progression of this refractive error and minimize the risk of future complications. This undergraduate thesis, comprising 9,966 words, will address these aspects in detail, offering an up-to-date review of the epidemiology, etiological factors, and strategies for the prevention and control of myopia, aiming to contribute to the understanding and clinical management of this growing condition.
Direction
DUBRA FERNANDEZ, ALEXANDER (Tutorships)
DUBRA FERNANDEZ, ALEXANDER (Tutorships)
Court
DUBRA FERNANDEZ, ALEXANDER (Student’s tutor)
DUBRA FERNANDEZ, ALEXANDER (Student’s tutor)
Contact lenses as a tool for low vision
Authorship
A.G.P.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
A.G.P.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.09.2025 15:00
07.09.2025 15:00
Summary
Low vision is a visual condition that causes significant disability, without reaching total blindness. Multiple diseases, both congenital and acquired, can cause a decrease in visual capacity. It affects a high percentage of the population and is characterized by a severe limitation of visual function that ophthalmic lenses, contact lenses, drugs, or surgery cannot completely correct. Visual rehabilitation plays a fundamental role in improving vision and, therefore, the quality of life. The role of the optician-optometrist is essential in the visual rehabilitation process, from the functional evaluation of vision to the prescription of visual aids. Through these aids and training programs, the professionals belonging to the multidisciplinary team seek to optimize the patient's residual vision, thus promoting their autonomy in daily activities. The main objective of this work is to describe the main causes and diseases that lead to low vision, as well as to analyze and detail the use of contact lenses as a useful and innovative tool that could complement and even replace traditional methods. Contact lenses are presented as an optical aid that could provide multiple additional benefits compared to conventional techniques. These include improving optical quality, providing a wider field of vision, and offering a more discreet aesthetic solution. This work describes the different contact lens systems available for patients with low vision, as well as the advantages, disadvantages, and functions of these devices. In particular, it highlights tinted contact lenses with selective absorption filters (indicated for alleviating glare and photophobia) and telescopic contact lenses (indicated for defects in visual acuity and visual field). Despite the advantages they can provide, current scientific evidence on their use remains scarce. Therefore, further research is needed to introduce and establish these optical strategies as effective aids, rather than a secondary alternative.
Low vision is a visual condition that causes significant disability, without reaching total blindness. Multiple diseases, both congenital and acquired, can cause a decrease in visual capacity. It affects a high percentage of the population and is characterized by a severe limitation of visual function that ophthalmic lenses, contact lenses, drugs, or surgery cannot completely correct. Visual rehabilitation plays a fundamental role in improving vision and, therefore, the quality of life. The role of the optician-optometrist is essential in the visual rehabilitation process, from the functional evaluation of vision to the prescription of visual aids. Through these aids and training programs, the professionals belonging to the multidisciplinary team seek to optimize the patient's residual vision, thus promoting their autonomy in daily activities. The main objective of this work is to describe the main causes and diseases that lead to low vision, as well as to analyze and detail the use of contact lenses as a useful and innovative tool that could complement and even replace traditional methods. Contact lenses are presented as an optical aid that could provide multiple additional benefits compared to conventional techniques. These include improving optical quality, providing a wider field of vision, and offering a more discreet aesthetic solution. This work describes the different contact lens systems available for patients with low vision, as well as the advantages, disadvantages, and functions of these devices. In particular, it highlights tinted contact lenses with selective absorption filters (indicated for alleviating glare and photophobia) and telescopic contact lenses (indicated for defects in visual acuity and visual field). Despite the advantages they can provide, current scientific evidence on their use remains scarce. Therefore, further research is needed to introduce and establish these optical strategies as effective aids, rather than a secondary alternative.
Direction
LEMA GESTO, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
López López, Maite (Co-tutorships)
LEMA GESTO, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
López López, Maite (Co-tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
LOPEZ PEREZ, SUGEY DE JESUS (Secretary)
CALO SANTIAGO, ROSA (Member)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
LOPEZ PEREZ, SUGEY DE JESUS (Secretary)
CALO SANTIAGO, ROSA (Member)
Non-strabismic binocular anomalies in the optometric office
Authorship
Y.G.R.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Y.G.R.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.11.2025 14:00
07.11.2025 14:00
Summary
Binocular vision anomalies are a common type of visual dysfunction in optometric practice and can negatively affect people's visual quality, consequently affecting their quality of life. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze their impact, as well as the diagnostic and treatment methods used by optometric offices in the clinical population, where the goal is to improve patient visual function. This literature review includes the symptoms and signs associated with these dysfunctions, along with some questionnaires used to evaluate symptoms. Most of them focus on convergence insufficiency, as it is one of the most common and studied. It is also emphasized that diagnosis can be difficult, as many symptoms are nonspecific and can appear in different anomalies. Likewise, attempts have been made to identify the possible etiology of these dysfunctions, linking them to risk factors such as high visual demands in near tasks or prolonged use of devices with screens, among others. Although the prevalence changes between studies, there is general consensus that binocular and accommodative anormalies are highly common, both in young people and adults. Some research also points to their high coexistence with refractive errors. The importance of performing a comprehensive visual examination is emphasized and adjusted to each patient, following a diagnostic testing protocol that facilitates clinical practice. This paper presents the main diagnostic tests for the evaluation of binocular vision, accommodation, and ocular motility, along with their reference values. Finally, the different treatments for binocular vision anomalies are evaluated, ranging from refractive correction to the use of additional lenses, prisms, or, in very specific cases, surgery. It delves into vision therapy, highlighting its phases, recommendations based on the type of therapy, and strategies depending on the objective. It also briefly describes some of the most commonly used traditional tests, as well as some innovative proposals based on the use of virtual reality. This paper is composed of 9,919 words.
Binocular vision anomalies are a common type of visual dysfunction in optometric practice and can negatively affect people's visual quality, consequently affecting their quality of life. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze their impact, as well as the diagnostic and treatment methods used by optometric offices in the clinical population, where the goal is to improve patient visual function. This literature review includes the symptoms and signs associated with these dysfunctions, along with some questionnaires used to evaluate symptoms. Most of them focus on convergence insufficiency, as it is one of the most common and studied. It is also emphasized that diagnosis can be difficult, as many symptoms are nonspecific and can appear in different anomalies. Likewise, attempts have been made to identify the possible etiology of these dysfunctions, linking them to risk factors such as high visual demands in near tasks or prolonged use of devices with screens, among others. Although the prevalence changes between studies, there is general consensus that binocular and accommodative anormalies are highly common, both in young people and adults. Some research also points to their high coexistence with refractive errors. The importance of performing a comprehensive visual examination is emphasized and adjusted to each patient, following a diagnostic testing protocol that facilitates clinical practice. This paper presents the main diagnostic tests for the evaluation of binocular vision, accommodation, and ocular motility, along with their reference values. Finally, the different treatments for binocular vision anomalies are evaluated, ranging from refractive correction to the use of additional lenses, prisms, or, in very specific cases, surgery. It delves into vision therapy, highlighting its phases, recommendations based on the type of therapy, and strategies depending on the objective. It also briefly describes some of the most commonly used traditional tests, as well as some innovative proposals based on the use of virtual reality. This paper is composed of 9,919 words.
Direction
CALO SANTIAGO, ROSA (Tutorships)
CALO SANTIAGO, ROSA (Tutorships)
Court
POMBO RAMOS, CELIA MARIA (Chairman)
Punín Dorrio, Eva (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PEREZ, ANA ISABEL (Member)
POMBO RAMOS, CELIA MARIA (Chairman)
Punín Dorrio, Eva (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PEREZ, ANA ISABEL (Member)
Visual Training to Enhance Athletic Performance in Basketball
Authorship
E.G.D.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
E.G.D.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.08.2025 11:00
07.08.2025 11:00
Summary
Vision constitutes an essential element in the performance of basketball players, not only as a sensory system but also as a strategic tool closely linked to attention, motor action, and decision-making. Visual skills such as dynamic visual acuity, peripheral vision, ocular motility, depth perception, hand-eye coordination, visual reaction time, and divided attention allow players to adapt to changing environments, anticipate actions, and execute movements with precision under pressure. Numerous studies have highlighted significant differences between expert and amateur players, showing that the former exhibit more efficient visual patterns, with fewer but longer and strategically directed eye fixations. This more optimized visual processing is associated with the automation of perceptual-motor patterns and the phenomenon known as the Quiet Eye, a stable eye fixation just before a decisive action, more commonly observed in experienced players. Visual training, both through traditional methods and emerging technologies, has become a proven tool for enhancing performance. Classical exercises involving visuomotor coordination, fixation, or peripheral vision are now complemented by tools such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and eye-tracking, which allow for the creation of immersive and cognitively demanding scenarios. These technologies not only enable precise measurement of visual behavior but also allow training programs to be personalized according to each player's needs. Although this type of training is structured in progressive phases from oculomotor activation to transfer into real-game contexts, challenges remain, such as the lack of methodological standardization, limited transferability if not properly contextualized, and individual differences. Overall, understanding and training visual behavior in basketball provides a significant competitive advantage when integrated with the technical, tactical, and psychological aspects of the game, promoting a comprehensive approach to sports performance.
Vision constitutes an essential element in the performance of basketball players, not only as a sensory system but also as a strategic tool closely linked to attention, motor action, and decision-making. Visual skills such as dynamic visual acuity, peripheral vision, ocular motility, depth perception, hand-eye coordination, visual reaction time, and divided attention allow players to adapt to changing environments, anticipate actions, and execute movements with precision under pressure. Numerous studies have highlighted significant differences between expert and amateur players, showing that the former exhibit more efficient visual patterns, with fewer but longer and strategically directed eye fixations. This more optimized visual processing is associated with the automation of perceptual-motor patterns and the phenomenon known as the Quiet Eye, a stable eye fixation just before a decisive action, more commonly observed in experienced players. Visual training, both through traditional methods and emerging technologies, has become a proven tool for enhancing performance. Classical exercises involving visuomotor coordination, fixation, or peripheral vision are now complemented by tools such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and eye-tracking, which allow for the creation of immersive and cognitively demanding scenarios. These technologies not only enable precise measurement of visual behavior but also allow training programs to be personalized according to each player's needs. Although this type of training is structured in progressive phases from oculomotor activation to transfer into real-game contexts, challenges remain, such as the lack of methodological standardization, limited transferability if not properly contextualized, and individual differences. Overall, understanding and training visual behavior in basketball provides a significant competitive advantage when integrated with the technical, tactical, and psychological aspects of the game, promoting a comprehensive approach to sports performance.
Direction
GARCIA RESUA, CARLOS (Tutorships)
GARCIA RESUA, CARLOS (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA RESUA, CARLOS (Student’s tutor)
GARCIA RESUA, CARLOS (Student’s tutor)
Undergraduate Dissertation: Current methods for myopia control
Authorship
L.G.R.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
L.G.R.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.11.2025 13:00
07.11.2025 13:00
Summary
Due to the worrying overall increase in myopia among the population, a major effort is being made to control it and thus avoid the risk of future complications that may occur in myopic individuals. These include myopic maculopathies and retinal detachments, as well as diseases like glaucoma, which can cause irreversible blindness. In this Final Degree Project, a bibliographic search was conducted for studies that include the causes of increasing myopia, the methods for its control that were previously used (monofocal soft contact lenses, rigid contact lenses, and undercorrection with ophthalmic lenses) and those currently in use, explaining their bases and outlining their efficacy and safety. Myopia control methods that reduce the accommodative effort, such as bifocal ophthalmic lenses, have not performed poorly in terms of myopia control; however, progressive ophthalmic lenses have not been found to be as effective. Furthermore, methods that generate myopic defocus have been shown to be a very useful tool for achieving slower myopia progression. Orthokeratology and current ophthalmic and contact lenses, each designed in different ways, are based on this principle, and they have been shown to achieve very good results. Atropine also has very good results, and even better in combination with orthokeratology, although it must be used in low doses due to its adverse effects and rebound effects. It is also important to spend less time doing close-up work and more time outdoors. Red light therapy has good results, but is still being studied.
Due to the worrying overall increase in myopia among the population, a major effort is being made to control it and thus avoid the risk of future complications that may occur in myopic individuals. These include myopic maculopathies and retinal detachments, as well as diseases like glaucoma, which can cause irreversible blindness. In this Final Degree Project, a bibliographic search was conducted for studies that include the causes of increasing myopia, the methods for its control that were previously used (monofocal soft contact lenses, rigid contact lenses, and undercorrection with ophthalmic lenses) and those currently in use, explaining their bases and outlining their efficacy and safety. Myopia control methods that reduce the accommodative effort, such as bifocal ophthalmic lenses, have not performed poorly in terms of myopia control; however, progressive ophthalmic lenses have not been found to be as effective. Furthermore, methods that generate myopic defocus have been shown to be a very useful tool for achieving slower myopia progression. Orthokeratology and current ophthalmic and contact lenses, each designed in different ways, are based on this principle, and they have been shown to achieve very good results. Atropine also has very good results, and even better in combination with orthokeratology, although it must be used in low doses due to its adverse effects and rebound effects. It is also important to spend less time doing close-up work and more time outdoors. Red light therapy has good results, but is still being studied.
Direction
DUBRA FERNANDEZ, ALEXANDER (Tutorships)
DUBRA FERNANDEZ, ALEXANDER (Tutorships)
Court
DUBRA FERNANDEZ, ALEXANDER (Student’s tutor)
DUBRA FERNANDEZ, ALEXANDER (Student’s tutor)
Application of computed tomography and ultrasound in ophthalmology.
Authorship
P.G.N.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
P.G.N.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.08.2025 11:00
07.08.2025 11:00
Summary
Computed tomography and ultrasound are two methods of obtaining images of tissues and organs of the human body. The physical basis on which each of these tests is based allows, in particular, the visualisation of tissues, structures, etc. at the ocular level. Therefore, in the field of ophthalmology, they are used as complementary tests as they facilitate the acquisition of a special image of the anatomy of the eye and other structures that is different from that of other eye tests. The images obtained help health professionals to determine a diagnosis and/or treatment.
Computed tomography and ultrasound are two methods of obtaining images of tissues and organs of the human body. The physical basis on which each of these tests is based allows, in particular, the visualisation of tissues, structures, etc. at the ocular level. Therefore, in the field of ophthalmology, they are used as complementary tests as they facilitate the acquisition of a special image of the anatomy of the eye and other structures that is different from that of other eye tests. The images obtained help health professionals to determine a diagnosis and/or treatment.
Direction
YEBRA-PIMENTEL VILAR, EVA (Tutorships)
YEBRA-PIMENTEL VILAR, EVA (Tutorships)
Court
YEBRA-PIMENTEL VILAR, EVA (Student’s tutor)
YEBRA-PIMENTEL VILAR, EVA (Student’s tutor)
Multiple sclerosis and its visual implications
Authorship
S.G.V.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
S.G.V.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.09.2025 15:00
07.09.2025 15:00
Summary
Multiple sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease derived from the progressive loss of myelin in the neurons of the central nervous system. This work explains the nature of the pathology, as well as its main symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. A literatura review was conducted as the basis of the study to determine the main visual repercussions and the most appropiate optometric management. Highlighting the importance of the optometrist's participation in the detection and therapeutic care of the disease.
Multiple sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease derived from the progressive loss of myelin in the neurons of the central nervous system. This work explains the nature of the pathology, as well as its main symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. A literatura review was conducted as the basis of the study to determine the main visual repercussions and the most appropiate optometric management. Highlighting the importance of the optometrist's participation in the detection and therapeutic care of the disease.
Direction
PEREZ BALADRON, ADRIAN (Tutorships)
PEREZ BALADRON, ADRIAN (Tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
LOPEZ PEREZ, SUGEY DE JESUS (Secretary)
CALO SANTIAGO, ROSA (Member)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
LOPEZ PEREZ, SUGEY DE JESUS (Secretary)
CALO SANTIAGO, ROSA (Member)
The role of binocular vision in ball sports
Authorship
A.G.C.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
A.G.C.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.11.2025 14:00
07.11.2025 14:00
Summary
Binocular vision can be defined as the ability to use both eyes in a coordinated way to perceive a single three-dimensional image. This is an essential ability in sports, as it facilitates the estimation of distances, trajectories and speeds. The proper function of binocular vision can be affected by motor, anatomical or sensorial dysfunctions, among others. These impairments directly compromise visual performance in activities that require high visuomotor precision, such as ball sports. To optimize visual performance in sports practice, a comprehensive optometric examination is recommended, combined with a progressive and well structured visual training program, that encompasses everything from basic sensory function to full integration into the sports environment. The influence of visual performance is clearly evident in disciplines such as tennis, soccer, and basketball which, despite their dynamic differences, share a high demand for visual skills. In tennis, a fast-paced individual sport, expert players stand out for their superior ability to process visual information, which gives them an advantage in quick and constantly changing situations. The same concept applies to soccer, where proper binocular functioning facilitates the development of actions such as passing, shooting, or defending. Basketball also requires strong binocular vision to maintain accuracy in passes and shots. Overall, the available evidence highlights that binocular vision is not only essential for visual perception but also impacts motor performance and real time decision making. Despite the differences between individual and team sports, all depend on a coordinated visual system that enables players to respond with precision, speed and efficiency during the game. The training and assessment of binocular vision should be considered an integral part of athlete preparation, especially in sports that involve continuous interaction with a ball. This work presents a comprehensive review of the existing scientific literature to understand the critical role of binocular vision in ball sports.
Binocular vision can be defined as the ability to use both eyes in a coordinated way to perceive a single three-dimensional image. This is an essential ability in sports, as it facilitates the estimation of distances, trajectories and speeds. The proper function of binocular vision can be affected by motor, anatomical or sensorial dysfunctions, among others. These impairments directly compromise visual performance in activities that require high visuomotor precision, such as ball sports. To optimize visual performance in sports practice, a comprehensive optometric examination is recommended, combined with a progressive and well structured visual training program, that encompasses everything from basic sensory function to full integration into the sports environment. The influence of visual performance is clearly evident in disciplines such as tennis, soccer, and basketball which, despite their dynamic differences, share a high demand for visual skills. In tennis, a fast-paced individual sport, expert players stand out for their superior ability to process visual information, which gives them an advantage in quick and constantly changing situations. The same concept applies to soccer, where proper binocular functioning facilitates the development of actions such as passing, shooting, or defending. Basketball also requires strong binocular vision to maintain accuracy in passes and shots. Overall, the available evidence highlights that binocular vision is not only essential for visual perception but also impacts motor performance and real time decision making. Despite the differences between individual and team sports, all depend on a coordinated visual system that enables players to respond with precision, speed and efficiency during the game. The training and assessment of binocular vision should be considered an integral part of athlete preparation, especially in sports that involve continuous interaction with a ball. This work presents a comprehensive review of the existing scientific literature to understand the critical role of binocular vision in ball sports.
Direction
PENA VERDEAL, HUGO (Tutorships)
NOYA PADIN, VERONICA (Co-tutorships)
PENA VERDEAL, HUGO (Tutorships)
NOYA PADIN, VERONICA (Co-tutorships)
Court
POMBO RAMOS, CELIA MARIA (Chairman)
Punín Dorrio, Eva (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PEREZ, ANA ISABEL (Member)
POMBO RAMOS, CELIA MARIA (Chairman)
Punín Dorrio, Eva (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PEREZ, ANA ISABEL (Member)
New Perspectives in the Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome Using Artificial Tears
Authorship
M.L.L.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
M.L.L.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.09.2025 11:00
07.09.2025 11:00
Summary
Conventional treatment for dry eye disease (DED) has historically focused on the use of artificial tears, without taking into account the different clinical forms of this condition. Given the limited effectiveness of this approach and the marked variability in clinical cases, this study examines more recent therapeutic formulations that not only offer symptomatic relief but also aim to restore the balance of the tear film and control persistent inflammation. A new typology for tear substitutes is proposed, classifying them into three groups: humectants, multi-action agents, and ocular surface modulators. The latter group represents the most notable innovation, as it acts directly on epithelial cells. Among the most novel components are hyaluronic acid (HA), hydroxypropyl guar (HPG), and T-LysYal, the latter being particularly promising due to its superior regenerative and anti-inflammatory effect. The study also includes a meta-analysis of nine studies that analyze the effectiveness of different topical treatments on tear film breakup time (TBUT). The results show a significant improvement (standardized mean difference of 0.6541; p menor 0.0001), with no evidence of heterogeneity, which consistently supports their effectiveness. New therapeutic alternatives are also addressed, such as blood-derived products (such as autologous serum and platelet-rich plasma), specific growth factors such as Rh-NGF, and cell therapies with stem cell exosomes. Added to this are innovative biotechnological approaches such as gene therapy and cultured epithelium transplantation. Modern sustained-release systems, such as nano-liposomes and therapeutic contact lenses, are also explored. The study concludes by identifying significant barriers to the clinical application of these therapies, including regulatory requirements, high costs, and limited availability. Finally, it is proposed that future research address these barriers through more robust clinical trials, long-term safety studies, and therapeutic strategies tailored to specific populations, such as young people.
Conventional treatment for dry eye disease (DED) has historically focused on the use of artificial tears, without taking into account the different clinical forms of this condition. Given the limited effectiveness of this approach and the marked variability in clinical cases, this study examines more recent therapeutic formulations that not only offer symptomatic relief but also aim to restore the balance of the tear film and control persistent inflammation. A new typology for tear substitutes is proposed, classifying them into three groups: humectants, multi-action agents, and ocular surface modulators. The latter group represents the most notable innovation, as it acts directly on epithelial cells. Among the most novel components are hyaluronic acid (HA), hydroxypropyl guar (HPG), and T-LysYal, the latter being particularly promising due to its superior regenerative and anti-inflammatory effect. The study also includes a meta-analysis of nine studies that analyze the effectiveness of different topical treatments on tear film breakup time (TBUT). The results show a significant improvement (standardized mean difference of 0.6541; p menor 0.0001), with no evidence of heterogeneity, which consistently supports their effectiveness. New therapeutic alternatives are also addressed, such as blood-derived products (such as autologous serum and platelet-rich plasma), specific growth factors such as Rh-NGF, and cell therapies with stem cell exosomes. Added to this are innovative biotechnological approaches such as gene therapy and cultured epithelium transplantation. Modern sustained-release systems, such as nano-liposomes and therapeutic contact lenses, are also explored. The study concludes by identifying significant barriers to the clinical application of these therapies, including regulatory requirements, high costs, and limited availability. Finally, it is proposed that future research address these barriers through more robust clinical trials, long-term safety studies, and therapeutic strategies tailored to specific populations, such as young people.
Direction
Giráldez Fernández, María Jesús (Tutorships)
SANCHEZ SELLERO, CESAR ANDRES (Co-tutorships)
Giráldez Fernández, María Jesús (Tutorships)
SANCHEZ SELLERO, CESAR ANDRES (Co-tutorships)
Court
Giráldez Fernández, María Jesús (Student’s tutor)
SANCHEZ SELLERO, CESAR ANDRES (Student’s tutor)
Giráldez Fernández, María Jesús (Student’s tutor)
SANCHEZ SELLERO, CESAR ANDRES (Student’s tutor)
Myopia control
Authorship
I.M.R.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
I.M.R.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.09.2025 15:00
07.09.2025 15:00
Summary
Myopia consists of a refractive error that prevents clear vision of distant objects, caused by the focusing of light rays in front of the retina as they enter the eye. In recent decades, myopia has increased drastically, becoming a global health problem that significantly affects both quality of life and visual quality, and that can lead to serious visual complications if its progression is not properly monitored, such as retinal detachment or glaucoma, among others. The increase in this ametropia may be due to several risk factors, such as ethnicity, age, limited outdoor exposure, or excessive near work, including reading and writing or the use of digital screens, which are highly prevalent in modern lifestyles. Projections estimate that this ametropia will affect half of the world’s population in about 25 years, which is why the search for methods that limit its prevalence and prevent the development of serious complications is of great interest. Various techniques studied in recent years have shown beneficial results in slowing the progression of myopia. Specialized contact lenses are used, for example, hydrophilic and rigid gas-permeable lenses, including lenses with extended depth of focus designs or orthokeratology lenses, among others. Also remarkable in reducing this increase is low-level red-light therapy, trough which the eye is exposed to light emitted by a device for a determined period of time. In addition to optical therapies, studies are being conducted on pharmacological therapies such as atropine, although this treatment may present rebound effects. To limit the presence of these adverse or rebound effects, as well as to achieve more positive outcomes, recent studies have proposed the combination of several monotherapies, which have shown good results. Despite advances in research, it is necessary to conduct studies that take into account various factors, such as different ethnicities or different age groups, in order to obtain more prominent conclusions at a general level regarding the effectiveness of treatment techniques.
Myopia consists of a refractive error that prevents clear vision of distant objects, caused by the focusing of light rays in front of the retina as they enter the eye. In recent decades, myopia has increased drastically, becoming a global health problem that significantly affects both quality of life and visual quality, and that can lead to serious visual complications if its progression is not properly monitored, such as retinal detachment or glaucoma, among others. The increase in this ametropia may be due to several risk factors, such as ethnicity, age, limited outdoor exposure, or excessive near work, including reading and writing or the use of digital screens, which are highly prevalent in modern lifestyles. Projections estimate that this ametropia will affect half of the world’s population in about 25 years, which is why the search for methods that limit its prevalence and prevent the development of serious complications is of great interest. Various techniques studied in recent years have shown beneficial results in slowing the progression of myopia. Specialized contact lenses are used, for example, hydrophilic and rigid gas-permeable lenses, including lenses with extended depth of focus designs or orthokeratology lenses, among others. Also remarkable in reducing this increase is low-level red-light therapy, trough which the eye is exposed to light emitted by a device for a determined period of time. In addition to optical therapies, studies are being conducted on pharmacological therapies such as atropine, although this treatment may present rebound effects. To limit the presence of these adverse or rebound effects, as well as to achieve more positive outcomes, recent studies have proposed the combination of several monotherapies, which have shown good results. Despite advances in research, it is necessary to conduct studies that take into account various factors, such as different ethnicities or different age groups, in order to obtain more prominent conclusions at a general level regarding the effectiveness of treatment techniques.
Direction
GARCIA MONTERO, SILVIA (Tutorships)
GARCIA MONTERO, SILVIA (Tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
LOPEZ PEREZ, SUGEY DE JESUS (Secretary)
CALO SANTIAGO, ROSA (Member)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
LOPEZ PEREZ, SUGEY DE JESUS (Secretary)
CALO SANTIAGO, ROSA (Member)
Advances in scleral lens fitting up to guided free-form design
Authorship
D.M.V.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
D.M.V.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.07.2025 17:30
07.07.2025 17:30
Summary
In the field of optometry, the fitting of scleral contact lenses plays a fundamental role on one hand, due to their ability to create a tear reservoir that neutralizes corneal irregularities, and on the other, due to their scleral support, which reduces mechanical stress on the corneal area, improving visual quality and comfort. Their main indications include keratoconus, irregular astigmatism, dry eye, and post-corneal surgery, among many other conditions. The diameter of scleral lenses is a key factor that affects their fit, comfort, and ocular oxygenation. Based on diameter, they can be classified as semi-scleral, mini-scleral, and large scleral lenses. Currently, there is a preference for smaller diameters rather than larger ones when selecting scleral lenses. In this regard, the importance of customized designs lies in the anatomical complexity of the sclera. Numerous studies show that the sclera is not perfectly spherical, with variations in sagittal height and corneo-scleral angles that impact lens fitting. For this reason, a generic design may lead to poor fit, discomfort, and potential ocular health risks. Quadrant-specific and free-form scleral lens designs represent the most innovative advancement in lens fitting. While quadrant-specific designs allow for independent modification of the central, mid-peripheral, limbal, and scleral zones, free-form designs enable limitless, highly precise, and fully customized fitting. These latter designs are based on corneo-scleral topographies obtained through silicone impressions or image scanning. As such, the use of computer software provides 3D maps to visualize and compare the sagittal height of the cornea and sclera. When combined with specific systems, free-form designs make it possible to avoid contact with pingueculae and enable visual correction for both presbyopic patients and higher-order aberrations.
In the field of optometry, the fitting of scleral contact lenses plays a fundamental role on one hand, due to their ability to create a tear reservoir that neutralizes corneal irregularities, and on the other, due to their scleral support, which reduces mechanical stress on the corneal area, improving visual quality and comfort. Their main indications include keratoconus, irregular astigmatism, dry eye, and post-corneal surgery, among many other conditions. The diameter of scleral lenses is a key factor that affects their fit, comfort, and ocular oxygenation. Based on diameter, they can be classified as semi-scleral, mini-scleral, and large scleral lenses. Currently, there is a preference for smaller diameters rather than larger ones when selecting scleral lenses. In this regard, the importance of customized designs lies in the anatomical complexity of the sclera. Numerous studies show that the sclera is not perfectly spherical, with variations in sagittal height and corneo-scleral angles that impact lens fitting. For this reason, a generic design may lead to poor fit, discomfort, and potential ocular health risks. Quadrant-specific and free-form scleral lens designs represent the most innovative advancement in lens fitting. While quadrant-specific designs allow for independent modification of the central, mid-peripheral, limbal, and scleral zones, free-form designs enable limitless, highly precise, and fully customized fitting. These latter designs are based on corneo-scleral topographies obtained through silicone impressions or image scanning. As such, the use of computer software provides 3D maps to visualize and compare the sagittal height of the cornea and sclera. When combined with specific systems, free-form designs make it possible to avoid contact with pingueculae and enable visual correction for both presbyopic patients and higher-order aberrations.
Direction
LEMA GESTO, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
López López, Maite (Co-tutorships)
LEMA GESTO, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
López López, Maite (Co-tutorships)
Court
LEMA GESTO, MARIA ISABEL (Student’s tutor)
López López, Maite (Student’s tutor)
LEMA GESTO, MARIA ISABEL (Student’s tutor)
López López, Maite (Student’s tutor)
Diagnosis of Meibomian gland dysfunction.
Authorship
N.N.A.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
N.N.A.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
02.12.2025 11:00
02.12.2025 11:00
Summary
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is one of the main causes of evaporative dry eye, affecting a significant proportion of the world's population and compromising both visual quality and quality of life. This work comprehensively compiles the clinical manifestations, advanced diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies available to combat MGD, developing an analysis of techniques such as meibography, IPL (intense pulsed light) laser, interferometry as well as validated questionnaires such as the OSDI and their benefit in clinical practice. The results obtained highlight the need for more accessible and personalized diagnoses, together with preventive strategies based on patient education. This comprehensive approach is key to optimizing clinical outcomes and improving the quality of life of those affected.
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is one of the main causes of evaporative dry eye, affecting a significant proportion of the world's population and compromising both visual quality and quality of life. This work comprehensively compiles the clinical manifestations, advanced diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies available to combat MGD, developing an analysis of techniques such as meibography, IPL (intense pulsed light) laser, interferometry as well as validated questionnaires such as the OSDI and their benefit in clinical practice. The results obtained highlight the need for more accessible and personalized diagnoses, together with preventive strategies based on patient education. This comprehensive approach is key to optimizing clinical outcomes and improving the quality of life of those affected.
Direction
YEBRA-PIMENTEL VILAR, EVA (Tutorships)
YEBRA-PIMENTEL VILAR, EVA (Tutorships)
Court
YEBRA-PIMENTEL VILAR, EVA (Student’s tutor)
YEBRA-PIMENTEL VILAR, EVA (Student’s tutor)
Impact of strabismus on visual development
Authorship
J.O.G.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
J.O.G.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.10.2025 12:50
07.10.2025 12:50
Summary
Strabismus is a common visual disorder in childhood that affects the alignment of the ocular axes, compromising binocular function and normal visual development. Firstly, the physiological foundations of binocular vision development will be reviewed, highlighting the importance of brain plasticity and adequate visual stimulation during the first years of life. The different forms of strabismus, their clinical classification, the visual effects they produce, and the sensory adaptation mechanisms developed by the brain in response to the dissociation of retinal images, such as suppression or anomalous retinal correspondence, will also be described. The paper will extensively address two common consequences of untreated strabismus: loss of stereopsis and amblyopia. The lack of depth perception will significantly affect visuomotor skills, while amblyopia will constitute a visual deficit that can persist into adulthood if early intervention is not provided. Additionally, the psychological repercussions of strabismus will be analyzed, including social stigma, low self esteem, learning difficulties, and decreased quality of life in adults with uncorrected deviations. The clinical approach to strabismus will also be discussed, albeit to a lesser extent. The main diagnostic methods will be compared, including basic optometric tests, stereopsis measurements, and instrumental techniques. Regarding treatment, optical, surgical, and therapeutic options will be covered.
Strabismus is a common visual disorder in childhood that affects the alignment of the ocular axes, compromising binocular function and normal visual development. Firstly, the physiological foundations of binocular vision development will be reviewed, highlighting the importance of brain plasticity and adequate visual stimulation during the first years of life. The different forms of strabismus, their clinical classification, the visual effects they produce, and the sensory adaptation mechanisms developed by the brain in response to the dissociation of retinal images, such as suppression or anomalous retinal correspondence, will also be described. The paper will extensively address two common consequences of untreated strabismus: loss of stereopsis and amblyopia. The lack of depth perception will significantly affect visuomotor skills, while amblyopia will constitute a visual deficit that can persist into adulthood if early intervention is not provided. Additionally, the psychological repercussions of strabismus will be analyzed, including social stigma, low self esteem, learning difficulties, and decreased quality of life in adults with uncorrected deviations. The clinical approach to strabismus will also be discussed, albeit to a lesser extent. The main diagnostic methods will be compared, including basic optometric tests, stereopsis measurements, and instrumental techniques. Regarding treatment, optical, surgical, and therapeutic options will be covered.
Direction
ARINES PIFERRER, JUSTO (Tutorships)
ARINES PIFERRER, JUSTO (Tutorships)
Court
ARINES PIFERRER, JUSTO (Student’s tutor)
ARINES PIFERRER, JUSTO (Student’s tutor)
Current State of Optometry in Different Countries. Optometry in Europe: Academic Training and Competences
Authorship
L.P.A.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
L.P.A.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.09.2025 12:30
07.09.2025 12:30
Summary
This thesis analyzes the situation of Optometry in four European countries: Spain, France, the United Kingdom, and Portugal. The main objective is to show how academic training, professional recognition, regulation of the profession, and the competences acquired in the practice of Optometry vary across these countries. It addresses the role played by both education and current legislation in shaping the professional profile of optometrists, as well as the possibility of practicing the profession in an international context. In addition, the thesis includes a specific section that examines the key differences between educational models, professional competences, and recognition procedures using official sources. This analysis is enriched with information obtained through direct contact with regulatory bodies such as the General Optical Council (GOC) in the United Kingdom and the Direção-Geral do Ensino Superior (DGES) in Portugal. These contributions allow for a more accurate contextualization of the real opportunities and challenges faced by optometry graduates when attempting to practice in other European countries. With regard to professional regulation, a notable disparity is observed. In the United Kingdom, Optometry is strictly regulated, with rigorous university education and a demanding process to obtain professional qualification. In contrast, Portugal has a completely liberalized model in which the profession is not officially regulated, resulting in a regulatory vacuum that affects both the quality of services and professional mobility. France, for its part, maintains a technical approach to training, with limited specialization options. Spain stands out for its solid university education, with a healthcare-oriented approach that has evolved toward a more clinical profile in recent years. Despite the existence of European initiatives such as Directive 2005/36/EC, aimed at facilitating the mutual recognition of professional qualifications, significant differences between countries persist. These disparities create substantial barriers to the labor mobility of optometrists, particularly for those wishing to practice in countries with more restrictive systems or very specific requirements. In this regard, the thesis concludes by emphasizing the need to move toward greater regulatory and academic harmonization at the European level, in order to ensure not only the mobility of professionals but also the provision of high-quality and equitable optometric care throughout the European Union.
This thesis analyzes the situation of Optometry in four European countries: Spain, France, the United Kingdom, and Portugal. The main objective is to show how academic training, professional recognition, regulation of the profession, and the competences acquired in the practice of Optometry vary across these countries. It addresses the role played by both education and current legislation in shaping the professional profile of optometrists, as well as the possibility of practicing the profession in an international context. In addition, the thesis includes a specific section that examines the key differences between educational models, professional competences, and recognition procedures using official sources. This analysis is enriched with information obtained through direct contact with regulatory bodies such as the General Optical Council (GOC) in the United Kingdom and the Direção-Geral do Ensino Superior (DGES) in Portugal. These contributions allow for a more accurate contextualization of the real opportunities and challenges faced by optometry graduates when attempting to practice in other European countries. With regard to professional regulation, a notable disparity is observed. In the United Kingdom, Optometry is strictly regulated, with rigorous university education and a demanding process to obtain professional qualification. In contrast, Portugal has a completely liberalized model in which the profession is not officially regulated, resulting in a regulatory vacuum that affects both the quality of services and professional mobility. France, for its part, maintains a technical approach to training, with limited specialization options. Spain stands out for its solid university education, with a healthcare-oriented approach that has evolved toward a more clinical profile in recent years. Despite the existence of European initiatives such as Directive 2005/36/EC, aimed at facilitating the mutual recognition of professional qualifications, significant differences between countries persist. These disparities create substantial barriers to the labor mobility of optometrists, particularly for those wishing to practice in countries with more restrictive systems or very specific requirements. In this regard, the thesis concludes by emphasizing the need to move toward greater regulatory and academic harmonization at the European level, in order to ensure not only the mobility of professionals but also the provision of high-quality and equitable optometric care throughout the European Union.
Direction
GARCIA DOMINGUEZ, GONZALO (Tutorships)
GARCIA DOMINGUEZ, GONZALO (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA DOMINGUEZ, GONZALO (Student’s tutor)
GARCIA DOMINGUEZ, GONZALO (Student’s tutor)
rebound effect in myopia control treatments
Authorship
A.G.R.P.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
A.G.R.P.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.09.2025 15:00
07.09.2025 15:00
Summary
Myopia is a refractive error in which parallel rays to the optical axis are focused in front of the retina when the eye's accommodation is relaxed. This condition causes blurred vision of distant objects. Worldwide, the prevalence of myopia in 2010 was 28.3%, and it is estimated that by 2050 it will affect 49.8% of the population. Myopia is a risk factor for the development of various ocular complications, including myopic macular degeneration, posterior staphylomas, cataracts, glaucoma, as well as posterior vitreous and retinal detachment. These conditions occur more frequently in older individuals and are more common as the degree of myopia increases. Furthermore, an increase in axial length has been identified as the main risk factor for these disorders. For this reason, the scientific community has shown growing interest in developing methods to slow down or halt the progression of this refractive error. The main interventions include optical treatments (soft contact lenses, orthokeratology, and ophthalmic lenses), pharmacological treatments (atropine), and light therapies (low intensity red light therapy). Several studies have shown that most of these interventions are effective in slowing myopia progression during the period in which they are applied. However, there is still uncertainty about whether this deceleration continues once the treatment is discontinued, whether myopia progresses at the same rate as before the treatment or even accelerates. These questions give rise to the concept of the rebound effect, which is defined as a faster increase in axial length and myopia after stopping myopia control treatment, compared to a similar untreated group. Therefore, this study conducted a review of the most recent articles evaluating the rebound effect in different myopia control treatments, in order to determine the existence and magnitude of this phenomenon.
Myopia is a refractive error in which parallel rays to the optical axis are focused in front of the retina when the eye's accommodation is relaxed. This condition causes blurred vision of distant objects. Worldwide, the prevalence of myopia in 2010 was 28.3%, and it is estimated that by 2050 it will affect 49.8% of the population. Myopia is a risk factor for the development of various ocular complications, including myopic macular degeneration, posterior staphylomas, cataracts, glaucoma, as well as posterior vitreous and retinal detachment. These conditions occur more frequently in older individuals and are more common as the degree of myopia increases. Furthermore, an increase in axial length has been identified as the main risk factor for these disorders. For this reason, the scientific community has shown growing interest in developing methods to slow down or halt the progression of this refractive error. The main interventions include optical treatments (soft contact lenses, orthokeratology, and ophthalmic lenses), pharmacological treatments (atropine), and light therapies (low intensity red light therapy). Several studies have shown that most of these interventions are effective in slowing myopia progression during the period in which they are applied. However, there is still uncertainty about whether this deceleration continues once the treatment is discontinued, whether myopia progresses at the same rate as before the treatment or even accelerates. These questions give rise to the concept of the rebound effect, which is defined as a faster increase in axial length and myopia after stopping myopia control treatment, compared to a similar untreated group. Therefore, this study conducted a review of the most recent articles evaluating the rebound effect in different myopia control treatments, in order to determine the existence and magnitude of this phenomenon.
Direction
PENA VERDEAL, HUGO (Tutorships)
NOYA PADIN, VERONICA (Co-tutorships)
PENA VERDEAL, HUGO (Tutorships)
NOYA PADIN, VERONICA (Co-tutorships)
Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
LOPEZ PEREZ, SUGEY DE JESUS (Secretary)
CALO SANTIAGO, ROSA (Member)
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
LOPEZ PEREZ, SUGEY DE JESUS (Secretary)
CALO SANTIAGO, ROSA (Member)
History of Orthokeratology. Beginnings, development, and current status.
Authorship
L.R.G.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
L.R.G.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.11.2025 14:00
07.11.2025 14:00
Summary
Orthokeratology, or corneal refractive therapy, is a visual correction technique characterized by inducing a temporary corneal molding. In this way, it allows for the correction of visual ametropias such as myopia, astigmatism, or hyperopia through the adaptation of rigid gas-permeable contact lenses worn during the night, thereby achieving good visual quality during the day without the need for any optical aids. The origin of this practice dates back to the application of small sandbags on the eyelids in the ancestral medicine of East Asia, as a treatment option for high myopes. Later, the study of corneal pathologies such as keratoconus considered the option of adapting completely flat contact lenses with the aim of improving patients’ visual acuity. Thus, around the 1960s, the pioneering design in this area emerged under the authorship of George Jessen. From that moment, the term “Orthokeratology” was globally introduced through a congress held by the International Contact Lens Society in Chicago. Subsequently, this initial proposal was refined by May-Grant, alongside the dissemination of Tabb’s Paradox. These initial contributions were key to the evolution of the mentioned technique, but it was not until the appearance of reverse geometry contact lenses that we can speak of the true revolution of modern Ortho-K. These lenses allowed for more favorable clinical results in a shorter time frame with minimal risk of complications. This new era was further boosted by improvements in material manufacturing techniques and in the study of the corneal surface, among which “the Hage” stood out due to the advent of corneal topography. Consequently, all these advances led multiple researchers to conduct controlled studies, ensuring the effectiveness and safety of this practice. It was finally approved by the FDA in 2002 for overnight use without age restrictions. From that point on, numerous designs with different beneficial features have emerged, culminating in the current Ortho-K, which has become a preferred technique in many clinical cases compared to other methods with similar purposes, such as LASIK. Lastly, it is important to highlight the optometric involvement of this contact lens subspecialty in controlling myopia progression in children.
Orthokeratology, or corneal refractive therapy, is a visual correction technique characterized by inducing a temporary corneal molding. In this way, it allows for the correction of visual ametropias such as myopia, astigmatism, or hyperopia through the adaptation of rigid gas-permeable contact lenses worn during the night, thereby achieving good visual quality during the day without the need for any optical aids. The origin of this practice dates back to the application of small sandbags on the eyelids in the ancestral medicine of East Asia, as a treatment option for high myopes. Later, the study of corneal pathologies such as keratoconus considered the option of adapting completely flat contact lenses with the aim of improving patients’ visual acuity. Thus, around the 1960s, the pioneering design in this area emerged under the authorship of George Jessen. From that moment, the term “Orthokeratology” was globally introduced through a congress held by the International Contact Lens Society in Chicago. Subsequently, this initial proposal was refined by May-Grant, alongside the dissemination of Tabb’s Paradox. These initial contributions were key to the evolution of the mentioned technique, but it was not until the appearance of reverse geometry contact lenses that we can speak of the true revolution of modern Ortho-K. These lenses allowed for more favorable clinical results in a shorter time frame with minimal risk of complications. This new era was further boosted by improvements in material manufacturing techniques and in the study of the corneal surface, among which “the Hage” stood out due to the advent of corneal topography. Consequently, all these advances led multiple researchers to conduct controlled studies, ensuring the effectiveness and safety of this practice. It was finally approved by the FDA in 2002 for overnight use without age restrictions. From that point on, numerous designs with different beneficial features have emerged, culminating in the current Ortho-K, which has become a preferred technique in many clinical cases compared to other methods with similar purposes, such as LASIK. Lastly, it is important to highlight the optometric involvement of this contact lens subspecialty in controlling myopia progression in children.
Direction
GARCIA DOMINGUEZ, GONZALO (Tutorships)
GARCIA DOMINGUEZ, GONZALO (Tutorships)
Court
POMBO RAMOS, CELIA MARIA (Chairman)
Punín Dorrio, Eva (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PEREZ, ANA ISABEL (Member)
POMBO RAMOS, CELIA MARIA (Chairman)
Punín Dorrio, Eva (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PEREZ, ANA ISABEL (Member)
Analysis of retinographies for the detection of diabetic retinopathy in optometric practice.
Authorship
M.R.R.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
M.R.R.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.09.2025 16:20
07.09.2025 16:20
Summary
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes and one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide. It is caused by damage to the small vessels of the retina due to hyperglycemia, which triggers a series of retinal changes, such as microaneurysms, exudates, and, in advanced stages, neovascularization. There are two main types of diabetic retinopathy: non-proliferative, with a better prognosis and varying degrees of severity; and proliferative, with a higher risk of vision loss. Likewise, diabetic macular edema is one of the main causes of visual impairment in this type of patient. Its development is related to various factors such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, and the duration of diabetes, among others. Therefore, early detection and rigorous metabolic control, especially in the early stages, are essential to slow its progression and minimize the impact on the diabetic patient's quality of life. The diagnosis of this retinal pathology is facilitated by the use of a retinal photograph, an instrument that captures photographs of the fundus and, through the clinical detection of signs, diagnoses a possible disease. This instrument, especially its non-mydriatic version, is fast, simple, and noninvasive, making it an excellent detection tool. Due to the exponential growth in diabetes cases and the global shortage of ophthalmologists, we are beginning to see the integration of non-ophthalmology professionals such as optometrists into screening programs. These healthcare professionals, with appropriate training, have demonstrated the ability to identify diabetic retinopathy with high reliability, comparable to that of ophthalmologists specializing in retinal imaging. This helps relieve congestion in the healthcare system and improve access to diagnosis in rural or underserved areas. The ideal model of care for diabetic patients is one based on interprofessional collaboration, where staff such as primary care doctors, optometrists, and nurses work together to detect and monitor diabetics. However, the limited number of training staff and the inclusion of artificial intelligence are poised to change the future of detection by offering automated retinal image analysis with high sensitivity and specificity, thus making diagnosis faster, more accessible, and less expensive.
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes and one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide. It is caused by damage to the small vessels of the retina due to hyperglycemia, which triggers a series of retinal changes, such as microaneurysms, exudates, and, in advanced stages, neovascularization. There are two main types of diabetic retinopathy: non-proliferative, with a better prognosis and varying degrees of severity; and proliferative, with a higher risk of vision loss. Likewise, diabetic macular edema is one of the main causes of visual impairment in this type of patient. Its development is related to various factors such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, and the duration of diabetes, among others. Therefore, early detection and rigorous metabolic control, especially in the early stages, are essential to slow its progression and minimize the impact on the diabetic patient's quality of life. The diagnosis of this retinal pathology is facilitated by the use of a retinal photograph, an instrument that captures photographs of the fundus and, through the clinical detection of signs, diagnoses a possible disease. This instrument, especially its non-mydriatic version, is fast, simple, and noninvasive, making it an excellent detection tool. Due to the exponential growth in diabetes cases and the global shortage of ophthalmologists, we are beginning to see the integration of non-ophthalmology professionals such as optometrists into screening programs. These healthcare professionals, with appropriate training, have demonstrated the ability to identify diabetic retinopathy with high reliability, comparable to that of ophthalmologists specializing in retinal imaging. This helps relieve congestion in the healthcare system and improve access to diagnosis in rural or underserved areas. The ideal model of care for diabetic patients is one based on interprofessional collaboration, where staff such as primary care doctors, optometrists, and nurses work together to detect and monitor diabetics. However, the limited number of training staff and the inclusion of artificial intelligence are poised to change the future of detection by offering automated retinal image analysis with high sensitivity and specificity, thus making diagnosis faster, more accessible, and less expensive.
Direction
ABALO LOJO, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
BANDE RODRIGUEZ, MANUEL FRANCISCO (Co-tutorships)
ABALO LOJO, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
BANDE RODRIGUEZ, MANUEL FRANCISCO (Co-tutorships)
Court
ABALO LOJO, JOSE MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
BANDE RODRIGUEZ, MANUEL FRANCISCO (Student’s tutor)
ABALO LOJO, JOSE MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
BANDE RODRIGUEZ, MANUEL FRANCISCO (Student’s tutor)
Optimizing residual vision in people with maculopathies
Authorship
L.R.V.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
L.R.V.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.11.2025 14:00
07.11.2025 14:00
Summary
Maculopathies are eye pathologies that affect the retina, in the area of the macula, where the fovea is located. These pathologies cause a loss of central vision, which incapacitates many people who suffer from it to carry out everyday activities, such as recognising faces or reading, but most of the time they retain their peripheral vision. In the treatment of these pathologies, apart from including medical-surgical solutions, such as anti-VEGF injections, visual rehabilitation is of vital importance for these patients in order to make the most of the remaining vision they have. In this work, we mainly investigate the aetiology of the different existing maculopathies and the evaluation of visual rehabilitation in people suffering from these pathologies, as well as the optical and non-optical aids that can be provided. A bibliographic review has been carried out for the evaluation of the different existing macular diseases, such as, for example, Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Diabetic Retinopathy or Stadtgart's Disease. Information has also been included regarding a complete visual examination that should be carried out, such as Contrast Sensitivity or Chromatic Vision, and the possible results of these tests. Finally, it has been completed with the visual rehabilitation of people with maculopathies who present central scotomas, which prevent the person from continuing with an autonomous rhythm of life. This has been based on adapting to the use of eccentric vision in these patients and obtaining a new point of fixation, thus optimising the rest of the vision. Visual rehabilitation not only improves patients' vision, but also improves their quality of life. In this work, therefore, the importance of an optometric assessment together with personalised visual rehabilitation in these people has been taken into account, combining current technology with strategies to optimise the remaining vision of each patient.
Maculopathies are eye pathologies that affect the retina, in the area of the macula, where the fovea is located. These pathologies cause a loss of central vision, which incapacitates many people who suffer from it to carry out everyday activities, such as recognising faces or reading, but most of the time they retain their peripheral vision. In the treatment of these pathologies, apart from including medical-surgical solutions, such as anti-VEGF injections, visual rehabilitation is of vital importance for these patients in order to make the most of the remaining vision they have. In this work, we mainly investigate the aetiology of the different existing maculopathies and the evaluation of visual rehabilitation in people suffering from these pathologies, as well as the optical and non-optical aids that can be provided. A bibliographic review has been carried out for the evaluation of the different existing macular diseases, such as, for example, Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Diabetic Retinopathy or Stadtgart's Disease. Information has also been included regarding a complete visual examination that should be carried out, such as Contrast Sensitivity or Chromatic Vision, and the possible results of these tests. Finally, it has been completed with the visual rehabilitation of people with maculopathies who present central scotomas, which prevent the person from continuing with an autonomous rhythm of life. This has been based on adapting to the use of eccentric vision in these patients and obtaining a new point of fixation, thus optimising the rest of the vision. Visual rehabilitation not only improves patients' vision, but also improves their quality of life. In this work, therefore, the importance of an optometric assessment together with personalised visual rehabilitation in these people has been taken into account, combining current technology with strategies to optimise the remaining vision of each patient.
Direction
PEREZ BALADRON, ADRIAN (Tutorships)
PEREZ BALADRON, ADRIAN (Tutorships)
Court
POMBO RAMOS, CELIA MARIA (Chairman)
Punín Dorrio, Eva (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PEREZ, ANA ISABEL (Member)
POMBO RAMOS, CELIA MARIA (Chairman)
Punín Dorrio, Eva (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PEREZ, ANA ISABEL (Member)
Polarisers and their application in optometry clinics
Authorship
P.R.R.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
P.R.R.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.09.2025 12:00
07.09.2025 12:00
Summary
Polarisers are optical elements capable of modifying the direction of light vibration, allowing only certain orientations of the electric field to pass through. This property has been exploited in many fields, including optometry, where its use has led to significant advances in both the assessment of binocular vision and the improvement of various clinical techniques. This final degree project is a literature review that explores in depth the physical functioning of polarizers, the different types that exist (such as linear and circular polarizers), and their specific application within the field of optometry. It analyses how polarized light can be used to study binocular vision, facilitating the evaluation of phenomena such as fusion, suppression and stereopsis. It also examines techniques that use polarised filters in clinical tests such as vectograms or certain stereopsis tests, which require partial or total visual dissociation of both eyes. The paper also delves into the relationship between the use of polarised filters and the physiology of the visual cortex, especially with regard to ocular dominance columns, which explain how the brain processes information from both eyes and how it responds to monocular or binocular stimulation. In addition, emerging applications are explored, such as the use of polarised screens in digital devices and visual rehabilitation tools. The limitations of polarised filters are also discussed, both in terms of their use in clinical conditions and the factors that can influence their effectiveness (such as alignment, the quality of the polarising material or patient cooperation). In short, this work aims to provide a clear, up-to-date and structured overview of the role played by polarizers in modern optometry, from both a theoretical and applied point of view.
Polarisers are optical elements capable of modifying the direction of light vibration, allowing only certain orientations of the electric field to pass through. This property has been exploited in many fields, including optometry, where its use has led to significant advances in both the assessment of binocular vision and the improvement of various clinical techniques. This final degree project is a literature review that explores in depth the physical functioning of polarizers, the different types that exist (such as linear and circular polarizers), and their specific application within the field of optometry. It analyses how polarized light can be used to study binocular vision, facilitating the evaluation of phenomena such as fusion, suppression and stereopsis. It also examines techniques that use polarised filters in clinical tests such as vectograms or certain stereopsis tests, which require partial or total visual dissociation of both eyes. The paper also delves into the relationship between the use of polarised filters and the physiology of the visual cortex, especially with regard to ocular dominance columns, which explain how the brain processes information from both eyes and how it responds to monocular or binocular stimulation. In addition, emerging applications are explored, such as the use of polarised screens in digital devices and visual rehabilitation tools. The limitations of polarised filters are also discussed, both in terms of their use in clinical conditions and the factors that can influence their effectiveness (such as alignment, the quality of the polarising material or patient cooperation). In short, this work aims to provide a clear, up-to-date and structured overview of the role played by polarizers in modern optometry, from both a theoretical and applied point of view.
Direction
GARCIA DOMINGUEZ, GONZALO (Tutorships)
GARCIA DOMINGUEZ, GONZALO (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA DOMINGUEZ, GONZALO (Student’s tutor)
GARCIA DOMINGUEZ, GONZALO (Student’s tutor)
Artificial tears and their implication in ocular comfort during contact lens wear
Authorship
L.T.S.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
L.T.S.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.11.2025 14:00
07.11.2025 14:00
Summary
Ocular discomfort is one of the main causes of contact lens discontinuation. Among the available strategies to improve comfort, the use of artificial tear stands out due to its efficacy, accessibility, and favourable safety profile. Thanks to the wide variety of existing formulations, these solutions help stabilize the tear film and protect the ocular surface, thereby reducing the discomfort during contact lens wear. Nonetheless, their effectiveness may be influenced by individual factors, such as lens type, the user’s normal ocular physiology, or environmental conditions. According to the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society (TFOS), ocular discomfort arises when the compatibility between the lens and the ocular surface is compromised, leading to reduced wearing time or even complete discontinuation. Symptoms may occur with or without clinical signs. Moreover, the insertion of a contact lens disrupts the normal physiological structure of the tear film, which may contribute to discomfort. For an accurate assessment of discomfort, it is essential to use specific tools, such as validated symptomatologic questionnaires and clinical tests. The Contact Lens Discomfort Report (CLDR) proposes a series of measures aimed at preventing or alleviating this condition, including modifications in lens design or material, changes in replacement frequency, nutritional supplement and especially, the use of artificial tears. These strategies may enhance lubrication, reduce friction between the lens and eyelids, lower tear osmolarity and help maintain tear film balance. In particular, preservative-free hypotonic formulations containing hyaluronic acid have been shown to improve comfort and reduce clinical signs such as corneal and conjunctival staining. Furthermore, it has been shown that artificial tears tend to be more effective in users of daily disposable contact lenses, which suggests that the frequency of lens replacement may influence their effectiveness. Finally, experimental evidence reinforces the use of preservative-free formulations in individuals with increased ocular sensitivity, as they not only relieve symptoms but also help prevent epithelial damage and support the regeneration of ocular tissues.
Ocular discomfort is one of the main causes of contact lens discontinuation. Among the available strategies to improve comfort, the use of artificial tear stands out due to its efficacy, accessibility, and favourable safety profile. Thanks to the wide variety of existing formulations, these solutions help stabilize the tear film and protect the ocular surface, thereby reducing the discomfort during contact lens wear. Nonetheless, their effectiveness may be influenced by individual factors, such as lens type, the user’s normal ocular physiology, or environmental conditions. According to the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society (TFOS), ocular discomfort arises when the compatibility between the lens and the ocular surface is compromised, leading to reduced wearing time or even complete discontinuation. Symptoms may occur with or without clinical signs. Moreover, the insertion of a contact lens disrupts the normal physiological structure of the tear film, which may contribute to discomfort. For an accurate assessment of discomfort, it is essential to use specific tools, such as validated symptomatologic questionnaires and clinical tests. The Contact Lens Discomfort Report (CLDR) proposes a series of measures aimed at preventing or alleviating this condition, including modifications in lens design or material, changes in replacement frequency, nutritional supplement and especially, the use of artificial tears. These strategies may enhance lubrication, reduce friction between the lens and eyelids, lower tear osmolarity and help maintain tear film balance. In particular, preservative-free hypotonic formulations containing hyaluronic acid have been shown to improve comfort and reduce clinical signs such as corneal and conjunctival staining. Furthermore, it has been shown that artificial tears tend to be more effective in users of daily disposable contact lenses, which suggests that the frequency of lens replacement may influence their effectiveness. Finally, experimental evidence reinforces the use of preservative-free formulations in individuals with increased ocular sensitivity, as they not only relieve symptoms but also help prevent epithelial damage and support the regeneration of ocular tissues.
Direction
García Queiruga, Jacobo (Tutorships)
García Queiruga, Jacobo (Tutorships)
Court
POMBO RAMOS, CELIA MARIA (Chairman)
Punín Dorrio, Eva (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PEREZ, ANA ISABEL (Member)
POMBO RAMOS, CELIA MARIA (Chairman)
Punín Dorrio, Eva (Secretary)
RODRIGUEZ PEREZ, ANA ISABEL (Member)
Benefits of vision therapy.
Authorship
B.V.S.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
B.V.S.
Bachelor of Optics and Optometry
Defense date
07.10.2025 12:30
07.10.2025 12:30
Summary
This paper will address the study of vision therapy from both a theoretical and clinical perspective, exploring its foundations, applications, limitations, and the available scientific evidence. It will begin with an introduction to vision therapy and binocular vision, explaining how it develops from the first months of life and its importance for three-dimensional perception and oculomotor coordination. Vision therapy is understood as a set of non-surgical and non-pharmacological techniques aimed at improving the functioning of the visual system, especially in cases where lenses or surgery are not sufficient. Throughout the paper, an analysis will be made of what vision therapy consists of, the types of dysfunctions it treats, and the materials and procedures used in clinical practice. Instruments such as the Brock string, flippers, red-green anaglyphs, or the Marsden ball, among others, will be described, explaining their usefulness in training accommodation, convergence, and other visual skills. The planning and development of a vision therapy program will also be detailed, taking into account individual patient factors such as age, cognitive level, or attentional capacity. In addition, the main visual dysfunctions that can be treated through vision therapy will be explored in depth: amblyopia, strabismus, accommodative, oculomotor, and non-strabismic binocular dysfunctions. For each of these, the most appropriate therapeutic approach will be reviewed, as well as the results observed in recent studies. Finally, this paper will offer a global overview of vision therapy based on the most recent scientific evidence, with the aim of clearly defining its clinical indications, therapeutic potential, and the challenges it still faces in order to gain wider acceptance in the healthcare field.
This paper will address the study of vision therapy from both a theoretical and clinical perspective, exploring its foundations, applications, limitations, and the available scientific evidence. It will begin with an introduction to vision therapy and binocular vision, explaining how it develops from the first months of life and its importance for three-dimensional perception and oculomotor coordination. Vision therapy is understood as a set of non-surgical and non-pharmacological techniques aimed at improving the functioning of the visual system, especially in cases where lenses or surgery are not sufficient. Throughout the paper, an analysis will be made of what vision therapy consists of, the types of dysfunctions it treats, and the materials and procedures used in clinical practice. Instruments such as the Brock string, flippers, red-green anaglyphs, or the Marsden ball, among others, will be described, explaining their usefulness in training accommodation, convergence, and other visual skills. The planning and development of a vision therapy program will also be detailed, taking into account individual patient factors such as age, cognitive level, or attentional capacity. In addition, the main visual dysfunctions that can be treated through vision therapy will be explored in depth: amblyopia, strabismus, accommodative, oculomotor, and non-strabismic binocular dysfunctions. For each of these, the most appropriate therapeutic approach will be reviewed, as well as the results observed in recent studies. Finally, this paper will offer a global overview of vision therapy based on the most recent scientific evidence, with the aim of clearly defining its clinical indications, therapeutic potential, and the challenges it still faces in order to gain wider acceptance in the healthcare field.
Direction
ARINES PIFERRER, JUSTO (Tutorships)
ARINES PIFERRER, JUSTO (Tutorships)
Court
ARINES PIFERRER, JUSTO (Student’s tutor)
ARINES PIFERRER, JUSTO (Student’s tutor)