Study on drug-facilitated sexual assault
Authorship
D.A.A.
Bachelor of Criminology
D.A.A.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:30
07.16.2025 12:30
Summary
In recent years, drug-facilitated sexual assaults have increased significantly, generating growing social alarm. The objective of this Final Degree Project is to examine the recent scientific literature on this type of facilitated sexual assaults, seeking to update existing knowledge on the subject and shed light on the status of the problem, as well as to guide its approach to achieve greater effectiveness in action protocols. A search was conducted in the Web of Science and PubMed databases for articles published between 2020 and 2025, both included. The search yielded a total of 236 documents, which were reduced to 19. Other documents and legislation obtained from other bibliographic sources were added. As a result, it was possible to identify that the most frequent victim profile is a young woman, while the perpetrator profile is usually a man with an average age of 33 years. Furthermore, the data analysed show that alcohol is the most used substance in these assaults. These tend to occur in nightlife settings and in private homes, demonstrating the existence of recurring patterns in the setting and circumstances in which these crimes occur. Recent legislative changes to the Penal Code have adapted criminal responses to these types of attacks. The Ministry of Justice's Guide to Good Practices for Forensic Action (2022) establishes guidelines for the proper assessment and documentation of injuries in cases of psychoactive substances-facilitated crimes. The SERGAS protocol (2025) coordinates the actions of the healthcare services, the on-call court, and the IMELGA to ensure comprehensive and specialized care for victims of chemical submission.
In recent years, drug-facilitated sexual assaults have increased significantly, generating growing social alarm. The objective of this Final Degree Project is to examine the recent scientific literature on this type of facilitated sexual assaults, seeking to update existing knowledge on the subject and shed light on the status of the problem, as well as to guide its approach to achieve greater effectiveness in action protocols. A search was conducted in the Web of Science and PubMed databases for articles published between 2020 and 2025, both included. The search yielded a total of 236 documents, which were reduced to 19. Other documents and legislation obtained from other bibliographic sources were added. As a result, it was possible to identify that the most frequent victim profile is a young woman, while the perpetrator profile is usually a man with an average age of 33 years. Furthermore, the data analysed show that alcohol is the most used substance in these assaults. These tend to occur in nightlife settings and in private homes, demonstrating the existence of recurring patterns in the setting and circumstances in which these crimes occur. Recent legislative changes to the Penal Code have adapted criminal responses to these types of attacks. The Ministry of Justice's Guide to Good Practices for Forensic Action (2022) establishes guidelines for the proper assessment and documentation of injuries in cases of psychoactive substances-facilitated crimes. The SERGAS protocol (2025) coordinates the actions of the healthcare services, the on-call court, and the IMELGA to ensure comprehensive and specialized care for victims of chemical submission.
Direction
SÁNCHEZ SELLERO, INÉS (Tutorships)
SÁNCHEZ SELLERO, INÉS (Tutorships)
Court
SÁNCHEZ SELLERO, INÉS (Student’s tutor)
SÁNCHEZ SELLERO, INÉS (Student’s tutor)
Artificial Intelligence and automated decisions by the Public Administration in Spain
Authorship
N.A.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.A.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 11:00
07.18.2025 11:00
Summary
Artificial Intelligence es a scientific discipline that, through the use of algorithms and data, is capable, by means of AI systems, of analyzing the information provided, ordering it, filtering it and obtaining from it a solution for the achievement of a series of specific objectives. In this paper we will talk about the evolution of AI and its impact on society, economy and environment of the great powers. Specifically, the European Union and Spain. The aim of these AI systems is to benefit human begin by causing only those damages necessary to achieve this objective. The importance of the protection of fundamental rights and the values of the Union is highlighted when trying to achieve these objectives, as well as the protection of Democracy and the Rule of Law. It is well known that AI entails harm and risks, but the Member States of the Union must be prepared for any challenges that may arise and for this purpose, guidelines are created such as the Ethical Guidelines for a reliable AI, or the European Strategy for shaping a prosperous future in Europe as well as many others. The same happens with AI in Spain, where we will also talk about its regulatory framework as well as the AI Strategies that Spain has and ants to put in place to make AI, in line with the EU, reliable, ethical, legal and robust. In addition, in this work we will also analyze important cases such as BOSCO, COMPAS or Syri. These cases have been fundamental to understand the scope and dangers of AI in relation to the opacity and lack of transparency of AI systems such as the risks of automated decisions of Public Administrations and the lack of auditability and accountability
Artificial Intelligence es a scientific discipline that, through the use of algorithms and data, is capable, by means of AI systems, of analyzing the information provided, ordering it, filtering it and obtaining from it a solution for the achievement of a series of specific objectives. In this paper we will talk about the evolution of AI and its impact on society, economy and environment of the great powers. Specifically, the European Union and Spain. The aim of these AI systems is to benefit human begin by causing only those damages necessary to achieve this objective. The importance of the protection of fundamental rights and the values of the Union is highlighted when trying to achieve these objectives, as well as the protection of Democracy and the Rule of Law. It is well known that AI entails harm and risks, but the Member States of the Union must be prepared for any challenges that may arise and for this purpose, guidelines are created such as the Ethical Guidelines for a reliable AI, or the European Strategy for shaping a prosperous future in Europe as well as many others. The same happens with AI in Spain, where we will also talk about its regulatory framework as well as the AI Strategies that Spain has and ants to put in place to make AI, in line with the EU, reliable, ethical, legal and robust. In addition, in this work we will also analyze important cases such as BOSCO, COMPAS or Syri. These cases have been fundamental to understand the scope and dangers of AI in relation to the opacity and lack of transparency of AI systems such as the risks of automated decisions of Public Administrations and the lack of auditability and accountability
Direction
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
Court
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Student’s tutor)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Student’s tutor)
Copyright and Artificial Intelligence
Authorship
L.A.A.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.A.A.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 12:00
07.14.2025 12:00
Summary
The development of AI systems has impacted the functioning of societies on a global scale; in this context, copyright law has been particularly challenged. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the legal issues arising at each stage of an AI system's lifecycle: the inputs, concerning the use of protected material in training datasets without the consent of the intellectual property holder; the prompts, addressing the possibility that a user’s instruction may contain a level of creativity sufficient to warrant protection; and the outputs, which raise issues that go beyond merely recognizing a right and identifying its holder. This analysis is based on a systematic review of legal scholarship, case law, and state responses to this phenomenon, with a particular focus on Spain and the European Union. Among the main conclusions, it is identified that while a European legal framework exists regarding inputs, it requires further development; in contrast, there is currently no regulation addressing the prompt and output phases, either at the European or national level.
The development of AI systems has impacted the functioning of societies on a global scale; in this context, copyright law has been particularly challenged. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the legal issues arising at each stage of an AI system's lifecycle: the inputs, concerning the use of protected material in training datasets without the consent of the intellectual property holder; the prompts, addressing the possibility that a user’s instruction may contain a level of creativity sufficient to warrant protection; and the outputs, which raise issues that go beyond merely recognizing a right and identifying its holder. This analysis is based on a systematic review of legal scholarship, case law, and state responses to this phenomenon, with a particular focus on Spain and the European Union. Among the main conclusions, it is identified that while a European legal framework exists regarding inputs, it requires further development; in contrast, there is currently no regulation addressing the prompt and output phases, either at the European or national level.
Direction
GARCIA VIDAL, ANGEL (Tutorships)
GARCIA VIDAL, ANGEL (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA VIDAL, ANGEL (Student’s tutor)
GARCIA VIDAL, ANGEL (Student’s tutor)
Victims of human trafficking in European Union law: Analysis of reparation mechanisms
Authorship
C.A.E.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.A.E.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:30
07.15.2025 11:30
Summary
In May 2024, the Unión European legislation increased with the adoption of Directive (EU) 2024/1385 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 on combating violence against women and domestic violence. This directive, among other things, incorporates new rights and protection measures for these victims and also partially amends Directive 2011/36 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting victims, because it don´t fully address the specific needs of victims. The crime of human trafficking, the subject of this paper, is not only a serious violation of the human rights, but also a specific form of this violence. In light of the increase in the number of victims of trafficking, taking into account the negative consequences it generates for its victims and, taking advantage of the commitment that the European Union has expressed to their reparation, this work seeks to identify the specific reparation mechanisms that are provided in European Union legislation. Starting from the five modalities of reparation established by the UN at the beginning of this century in Resolution 60/147, both Directives provide for compensation, rehabilitation measures and guarantees of non-repetition. However, they do not do so with respect to satisfaction. Furthermore, only one of them refers to restitution. The two laws share the regulation of these measures, but when it comes to making comparisons, Directive (EU) 2024/1385, which has yet to be transposed into de majority of domestic legislation, offers a more extensive and detailed regulation. In addition, to maintaining the “traditional” modalities of reparation, it includes measures related to new technologies, especially those relating to online support, which are more relevant to the current context.
In May 2024, the Unión European legislation increased with the adoption of Directive (EU) 2024/1385 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 on combating violence against women and domestic violence. This directive, among other things, incorporates new rights and protection measures for these victims and also partially amends Directive 2011/36 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting victims, because it don´t fully address the specific needs of victims. The crime of human trafficking, the subject of this paper, is not only a serious violation of the human rights, but also a specific form of this violence. In light of the increase in the number of victims of trafficking, taking into account the negative consequences it generates for its victims and, taking advantage of the commitment that the European Union has expressed to their reparation, this work seeks to identify the specific reparation mechanisms that are provided in European Union legislation. Starting from the five modalities of reparation established by the UN at the beginning of this century in Resolution 60/147, both Directives provide for compensation, rehabilitation measures and guarantees of non-repetition. However, they do not do so with respect to satisfaction. Furthermore, only one of them refers to restitution. The two laws share the regulation of these measures, but when it comes to making comparisons, Directive (EU) 2024/1385, which has yet to be transposed into de majority of domestic legislation, offers a more extensive and detailed regulation. In addition, to maintaining the “traditional” modalities of reparation, it includes measures related to new technologies, especially those relating to online support, which are more relevant to the current context.
Direction
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Tutorships)
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Tutorships)
Court
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Student’s tutor)
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Student’s tutor)
The Presumption of Innocence in Sexual Offense Cases
Authorship
C.A.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.A.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 12:00
07.15.2025 12:00
Summary
The presumption of innocence is a fundamental pillar of the modern Rule of Law. Its safeguard prevents inquisitorial proceedings typical of the Ancient Régime. However, there are criminal offenses, such as sexual assaults, that, due to their tendency to occur in private settings, often rely solely on the victim's testimony as the only evidence for the prosecution. For this testimony to be considered sufficient evidence, it must meet certain requirements established by case law: absence of spurious interest, absence of subjective incredibility, and consistency in the accusation. Although this may seem straightforward, there are various cases in which the issue becomes complex. For instance, there are situations in which the victim delays reporting the events, is in a personal situation that raises doubts about the credibility of their testimony or, due to their age, the reliability of their words is questioned. Furthermore, the boundaries of what constitutes a sexual assault are not always clearly defined. According to the Spanish Supreme Court (TS), a sexual assault occurs whenever two elements are present: an objective element, the commission of the acts, and a subjective element, the perpetrator’s lascivious intent. A paper of this nature cannot fail to mention the case of Dani Alves, in which the footballer was charged with sexual assault at a nightclub in Barcelona. The ruling, which was appealed twice, initially convicted Alves, who was later acquitted. In my view, the analysis of the evidence in the acquittal ruling is deficient, as it does not adequately consider the nature of the peripheral elements of the case. Therefore, I believe that the most appropriate outcome would have been to convict the player.
The presumption of innocence is a fundamental pillar of the modern Rule of Law. Its safeguard prevents inquisitorial proceedings typical of the Ancient Régime. However, there are criminal offenses, such as sexual assaults, that, due to their tendency to occur in private settings, often rely solely on the victim's testimony as the only evidence for the prosecution. For this testimony to be considered sufficient evidence, it must meet certain requirements established by case law: absence of spurious interest, absence of subjective incredibility, and consistency in the accusation. Although this may seem straightforward, there are various cases in which the issue becomes complex. For instance, there are situations in which the victim delays reporting the events, is in a personal situation that raises doubts about the credibility of their testimony or, due to their age, the reliability of their words is questioned. Furthermore, the boundaries of what constitutes a sexual assault are not always clearly defined. According to the Spanish Supreme Court (TS), a sexual assault occurs whenever two elements are present: an objective element, the commission of the acts, and a subjective element, the perpetrator’s lascivious intent. A paper of this nature cannot fail to mention the case of Dani Alves, in which the footballer was charged with sexual assault at a nightclub in Barcelona. The ruling, which was appealed twice, initially convicted Alves, who was later acquitted. In my view, the analysis of the evidence in the acquittal ruling is deficient, as it does not adequately consider the nature of the peripheral elements of the case. Therefore, I believe that the most appropriate outcome would have been to convict the player.
Direction
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Tutorships)
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Tutorships)
Court
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Student’s tutor)
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Student’s tutor)
Analysis of criminal sentences for child sexual assault crimes
Authorship
M.D.C.A.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
M.D.C.A.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:00
07.15.2025 11:00
Summary
Child sexual abuse includes any sexual activity involving a child who is not capable of giving free and informed consent. This study aims to examine the latest data on this type of crime through an analysis of judicial rulings. To this end, 100 random criminal court rulings from the year 2024 were analysed, specifically involving sexual assault crimes against minors under the age of 16, which included physical contact with the victim and resulted in a guilty verdict. The information obtained was analysed across four dimensions: judicial aspects, victim characteristics, offender characteristics, and crime-related variables. Chi-square, Pearson’s r, and Student’s t-test statistics were applied to analyse the relationships between variables.The results showed that 91% of the victims were female, while all of the offenders were male. The highest risk period for victimization is during childhood, with the victim-offender relationship most commonly being intrafamilial. The crime typically occurred in a residential setting, was committed in person, and involved coercion or abuse of power. Notably, the most frequently prosecuted type of assault was penetration, which was often repeated over time.
Child sexual abuse includes any sexual activity involving a child who is not capable of giving free and informed consent. This study aims to examine the latest data on this type of crime through an analysis of judicial rulings. To this end, 100 random criminal court rulings from the year 2024 were analysed, specifically involving sexual assault crimes against minors under the age of 16, which included physical contact with the victim and resulted in a guilty verdict. The information obtained was analysed across four dimensions: judicial aspects, victim characteristics, offender characteristics, and crime-related variables. Chi-square, Pearson’s r, and Student’s t-test statistics were applied to analyse the relationships between variables.The results showed that 91% of the victims were female, while all of the offenders were male. The highest risk period for victimization is during childhood, with the victim-offender relationship most commonly being intrafamilial. The crime typically occurred in a residential setting, was committed in person, and involved coercion or abuse of power. Notably, the most frequently prosecuted type of assault was penetration, which was often repeated over time.
Direction
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Tutorships)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Tutorships)
Court
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Student’s tutor)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Student’s tutor)
Occupational risk prevention in special employment regime in domestic service: a critical approach from a gender perspective.
Authorship
M.A.A.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
M.A.A.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
Defense date
07.14.2025 11:00
07.14.2025 11:00
Summary
This Final Degree Project presents a critical analysis of occupational risk prevention within the framework of the special employment regime in the domestic service sector, with particular attention to its unique characteristics. The study begins with a review of the legal framework that has historically governed this group up to the present day and explores the structural challenges that difficults the effectiveness of preventive policies in the sector. These challenges are related to the fact that the work is carried out within private households and from the legal and practical limits this involves. This analysis includes a gender perspective, as it is essential to understanding the feminization of the workforce and the multiple forms of vulnerability faced by domestic workers, most of whom are women and migrants. Lastly, the project examines the innovations introduced by Real Derecreto 893/2024, de 10 de septiembre, por el que se regula la protección de la seguridad. This regulation represents, at least on paper, a significant step forward in equalizing occupational health and safety rights for a group historically marked by precarious working conditions.
This Final Degree Project presents a critical analysis of occupational risk prevention within the framework of the special employment regime in the domestic service sector, with particular attention to its unique characteristics. The study begins with a review of the legal framework that has historically governed this group up to the present day and explores the structural challenges that difficults the effectiveness of preventive policies in the sector. These challenges are related to the fact that the work is carried out within private households and from the legal and practical limits this involves. This analysis includes a gender perspective, as it is essential to understanding the feminization of the workforce and the multiple forms of vulnerability faced by domestic workers, most of whom are women and migrants. Lastly, the project examines the innovations introduced by Real Derecreto 893/2024, de 10 de septiembre, por el que se regula la protección de la seguridad. This regulation represents, at least on paper, a significant step forward in equalizing occupational health and safety rights for a group historically marked by precarious working conditions.
Direction
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
Court
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Chairman)
TORRES GARCIA, BARBARA (Secretary)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Member)
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Chairman)
TORRES GARCIA, BARBARA (Secretary)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Member)
The Control of Public Subsidies and Aid.
Authorship
J.A.A.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
J.A.A.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 13:00
07.15.2025 13:00
Summary
This paper examines the legal framework governing the recovery of public subsidies in Spain, focusing on the General Subsidies Law as the main regulatory instrument. It analyzes how this mechanism allows for the recovery of public funds when the conditions justifying their award are altered, thereby safeguarding public assets. The research addresses both substantive and procedural aspects, offering a comprehensive view from the causes to the legal consequences of recovery. The methodology is based on doctrinal, jurisprudential, and regulatory analysis, classifying the grounds for recovery into two main categories: the invalidity of the initial administrative act (nullity and voidability) and revocation due to subsequent non-compliance, in accordance with Article 37 of the Law. Various causes are examined, ranging from unlawful procurement through falsification, lack of justification, and failure to meet objectives, to resistance to oversight and receipt of aid incompatible with European law. The study also explores the system for calculating recovery amounts, including the principal sum and late-payment interest, analyzing the evolution of the applicable interest rate and the rules for time computation. The obligated parties are identified, distinguishing between main beneficiaries and jointly or subsidiarily liable parties. Finally, the administrative procedure for recovery is analyzed, from initiation to resolution, with a review of safeguards, deadlines, precautionary measures such as payment withholdings, and judicial interpretation regarding motivation and proportionality in the determination of the recovery amount.
This paper examines the legal framework governing the recovery of public subsidies in Spain, focusing on the General Subsidies Law as the main regulatory instrument. It analyzes how this mechanism allows for the recovery of public funds when the conditions justifying their award are altered, thereby safeguarding public assets. The research addresses both substantive and procedural aspects, offering a comprehensive view from the causes to the legal consequences of recovery. The methodology is based on doctrinal, jurisprudential, and regulatory analysis, classifying the grounds for recovery into two main categories: the invalidity of the initial administrative act (nullity and voidability) and revocation due to subsequent non-compliance, in accordance with Article 37 of the Law. Various causes are examined, ranging from unlawful procurement through falsification, lack of justification, and failure to meet objectives, to resistance to oversight and receipt of aid incompatible with European law. The study also explores the system for calculating recovery amounts, including the principal sum and late-payment interest, analyzing the evolution of the applicable interest rate and the rules for time computation. The obligated parties are identified, distinguishing between main beneficiaries and jointly or subsidiarily liable parties. Finally, the administrative procedure for recovery is analyzed, from initiation to resolution, with a review of safeguards, deadlines, precautionary measures such as payment withholdings, and judicial interpretation regarding motivation and proportionality in the determination of the recovery amount.
Direction
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Tutorships)
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Tutorships)
Court
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Student’s tutor)
Garrido Juncal, Andrea (Student’s tutor)
The SWAP contract: jurisprudential development of the presumption of error due to breach of information duties
Authorship
R.B.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
R.B.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 10:00
07.18.2025 10:00
Summary
The foundation of this work is to provide a general understanding of the concept of financial derivative instruments, particularly interest rate swap contracts, their legal classification, the socioeconomic function from which they arise, and a critical review of the case law development that has led to a presumption of error in contracting due to a breach of information duties. Preguntar a ChatGPT
The foundation of this work is to provide a general understanding of the concept of financial derivative instruments, particularly interest rate swap contracts, their legal classification, the socioeconomic function from which they arise, and a critical review of the case law development that has led to a presumption of error in contracting due to a breach of information duties. Preguntar a ChatGPT
Direction
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Student’s tutor)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Student’s tutor)
The consideration of suicide as an occupational accident
Authorship
C.B.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.B.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 12:30
07.17.2025 12:30
Summary
Suicide is one of the most pressing problems in our country. Numerous authors have conducted studies on the causes that lead individuals to exhibit and carry out self-harming behaviours. Self-inflicted death in the workplace arises as a result of the combination of individual vulnerabilities, job-related stress and personal life difficulties. In recent years, alarm bells have unfortunately been ringing following the emergence of cases such as the one from France Télécom telecommunications company or the worker who was victim of sexual harassment at the company Iveco. Moreover, self-inflicted death can be triggered by numerous factors, not only those linked to economic or business reasons, but also related to psychosocial risk factors such as workplace stress, burnout syndrome, moral or sexual harassment or other forms of violence. This “Trabajo de Fin de Grado” offers a review of the evolution of case law regarding the classification of suicide as a workplace accident. To this end, key court rulings will be analysed in order to identify the requirements that, to this day, our courts consider relevant for such classification. Among these the sentences from the Tribunal Supremo of September 25, 2007 and of February 27, 2023, stand out. Finally, the importance of mental health for employee well-being and the development of a healthy work environment will be emphasized as factors that are essential in preventing the risk of self-harming behaviours.
Suicide is one of the most pressing problems in our country. Numerous authors have conducted studies on the causes that lead individuals to exhibit and carry out self-harming behaviours. Self-inflicted death in the workplace arises as a result of the combination of individual vulnerabilities, job-related stress and personal life difficulties. In recent years, alarm bells have unfortunately been ringing following the emergence of cases such as the one from France Télécom telecommunications company or the worker who was victim of sexual harassment at the company Iveco. Moreover, self-inflicted death can be triggered by numerous factors, not only those linked to economic or business reasons, but also related to psychosocial risk factors such as workplace stress, burnout syndrome, moral or sexual harassment or other forms of violence. This “Trabajo de Fin de Grado” offers a review of the evolution of case law regarding the classification of suicide as a workplace accident. To this end, key court rulings will be analysed in order to identify the requirements that, to this day, our courts consider relevant for such classification. Among these the sentences from the Tribunal Supremo of September 25, 2007 and of February 27, 2023, stand out. Finally, the importance of mental health for employee well-being and the development of a healthy work environment will be emphasized as factors that are essential in preventing the risk of self-harming behaviours.
Direction
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
Court
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Student’s tutor)
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Student’s tutor)
The figure of the undercover agent in criminal proceedings: special reference to the undercover computer agent
Authorship
L.B.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.B.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 15:00
07.17.2025 15:00
Summary
This paper will focus on the concept of the undercover agent as a new investigative measure, with particular emphasis on the concept of the undercover computer agent. The emergence of new forms of crime has brought with it the need to seek new investigative means through which crime can be curbed more effectively, and it is precisely in this context that the concept of the undercover police officer emerges. Thus, the following pages will address topics such as the balance between the concept of the undercover agent and certain fundamental rights, the legal requirements and conditions that judicial authorization must meet, the duration and extension of the measure, as well as the evidentiary value and potential criminal liability of the agent. A significant portion of the paper will also be devoted to the concept of the undercover computer agent, a modality introduced by Organic Law 13/2015, which seeks to combat new forms of online crime, particularly focusing on cases of child pornography.
This paper will focus on the concept of the undercover agent as a new investigative measure, with particular emphasis on the concept of the undercover computer agent. The emergence of new forms of crime has brought with it the need to seek new investigative means through which crime can be curbed more effectively, and it is precisely in this context that the concept of the undercover police officer emerges. Thus, the following pages will address topics such as the balance between the concept of the undercover agent and certain fundamental rights, the legal requirements and conditions that judicial authorization must meet, the duration and extension of the measure, as well as the evidentiary value and potential criminal liability of the agent. A significant portion of the paper will also be devoted to the concept of the undercover computer agent, a modality introduced by Organic Law 13/2015, which seeks to combat new forms of online crime, particularly focusing on cases of child pornography.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Unaccompanied Foreign Minors and Delinquency: A Current Review.
Authorship
N.C.V.
Bachelor of Criminology
N.C.V.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.15.2025 12:30
07.15.2025 12:30
Summary
The phenomenon of immigration continues to grow but, with the emergence of new social contexts, it adapts and changes, forcing administrations and societies to seek new solutions to meet the needs of such vulnerable groups as unaccompanied foreign minors, who face multiple challenges before and during the migration process, but also once they arrive in the host country. Therefore, we will try to explore, from a criminological perspective, the influence of these new migratory flows on delinquency, taking into account the role of migration and child protection policies, as well as the various factors that can influence their life trajectory and modulate the risk of developing deviant behavior.
The phenomenon of immigration continues to grow but, with the emergence of new social contexts, it adapts and changes, forcing administrations and societies to seek new solutions to meet the needs of such vulnerable groups as unaccompanied foreign minors, who face multiple challenges before and during the migration process, but also once they arrive in the host country. Therefore, we will try to explore, from a criminological perspective, the influence of these new migratory flows on delinquency, taking into account the role of migration and child protection policies, as well as the various factors that can influence their life trajectory and modulate the risk of developing deviant behavior.
Direction
GOMEZ FRAGUELA, Xosé Antón (Tutorships)
GOMEZ FRAGUELA, Xosé Antón (Tutorships)
Court
GOMEZ FRAGUELA, Xosé Antón (Student’s tutor)
GOMEZ FRAGUELA, Xosé Antón (Student’s tutor)
Mediation in the Family Sphere: A Special Focus on Custody After Separation or Divorce
Authorship
S.C.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.C.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 10:30
07.17.2025 10:30
Summary
This paper analyzes mediation in the family sphere, with special attention to custody and care following separation or divorce. It begins by recognizing conflict as an inherent element of human coexistence and presents mediation as an alternative, peaceful, and humanized route compared to judicial proceedings-particularly useful in family conflicts marked by a high emotional burden. The first part focuses on the foundations of family mediation: its concept, legal regulation (both at the national and regional levels, especially in Galicia) and guiding principles such as voluntariness, impartiality, confidentiality, good faith, and the best interests of the child. It also provides a detailed description of the mediation process and the new provisions introduced by Organic Law 1/2025 of January 2, on measures to improve the efficiency of the Public Justice Service. The second part addresses the concepts of parental responsibility, parental authority, and custody and care, distinguishing between their various forms and highlighting the role of the best interests of the child as the key criterion in decision-making. It also examines the impact of relationship breakdowns on children, their psychological and emotional consequences, and the relevance of mediation as a tool to minimize these effects. The importance of communication with minors, their indirect involvement in the process, and the maintenance of a healthy parental relationship after separation is emphasized. In conclusion, the paper advocates for family mediation as an effective and necessary instrument for reaching lasting, responsible, and respectful agreements that meet the needs of all parties involved, always prioritizing the well-being of the child.
This paper analyzes mediation in the family sphere, with special attention to custody and care following separation or divorce. It begins by recognizing conflict as an inherent element of human coexistence and presents mediation as an alternative, peaceful, and humanized route compared to judicial proceedings-particularly useful in family conflicts marked by a high emotional burden. The first part focuses on the foundations of family mediation: its concept, legal regulation (both at the national and regional levels, especially in Galicia) and guiding principles such as voluntariness, impartiality, confidentiality, good faith, and the best interests of the child. It also provides a detailed description of the mediation process and the new provisions introduced by Organic Law 1/2025 of January 2, on measures to improve the efficiency of the Public Justice Service. The second part addresses the concepts of parental responsibility, parental authority, and custody and care, distinguishing between their various forms and highlighting the role of the best interests of the child as the key criterion in decision-making. It also examines the impact of relationship breakdowns on children, their psychological and emotional consequences, and the relevance of mediation as a tool to minimize these effects. The importance of communication with minors, their indirect involvement in the process, and the maintenance of a healthy parental relationship after separation is emphasized. In conclusion, the paper advocates for family mediation as an effective and necessary instrument for reaching lasting, responsible, and respectful agreements that meet the needs of all parties involved, always prioritizing the well-being of the child.
Direction
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Tutorships)
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Tutorships)
Court
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Student’s tutor)
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Student’s tutor)
Inciting hatred and violence through social media: stigmatization of immigrants in X
Authorship
S.C.M.
Bachelor of Criminology
S.C.M.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.18.2025 10:00
07.18.2025 10:00
Summary
The main objectives of this study are to analyze how online hate speech directed at immigrants is configured and its possible link to violent behavior outside the digital environment. After providing a theoretical context on the phenomenon of migration, hate speech, racism, xenophobia, and the role of social media in spreading such discourse, it was found that, although there are indications of a relationship between online hate and offline violence, studies analyzing this link are still scarce. Subsequently, using a qualitative methodology and intentional sampling, 168 comments posted on social network X during the Ceuta migration crisis in May 2021 were analyzed. The analysis showed frequent patterns of stigmatization and dehumanization. Many of the messages describe immigration, in this context, as an invasion or a threat, using generalizations, derogatory terms, and symbolic oppositions between nationals and foreigners. Comments were also found that directly or indirectly incited violence and the expulsion of immigrants.
The main objectives of this study are to analyze how online hate speech directed at immigrants is configured and its possible link to violent behavior outside the digital environment. After providing a theoretical context on the phenomenon of migration, hate speech, racism, xenophobia, and the role of social media in spreading such discourse, it was found that, although there are indications of a relationship between online hate and offline violence, studies analyzing this link are still scarce. Subsequently, using a qualitative methodology and intentional sampling, 168 comments posted on social network X during the Ceuta migration crisis in May 2021 were analyzed. The analysis showed frequent patterns of stigmatization and dehumanization. Many of the messages describe immigration, in this context, as an invasion or a threat, using generalizations, derogatory terms, and symbolic oppositions between nationals and foreigners. Comments were also found that directly or indirectly incited violence and the expulsion of immigrants.
Direction
LABORA GONZALEZ, JUAN JOSE (Tutorships)
LABORA GONZALEZ, JUAN JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
LABORA GONZALEZ, JUAN JOSE (Student’s tutor)
LABORA GONZALEZ, JUAN JOSE (Student’s tutor)
Israeli military action against Gaza in 2023 as an act of genocide.
Authorship
A.C.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.C.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 12:00
07.14.2025 12:00
Summary
The study will focus on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, detailing the occupation since 1967, as well as settlement policies and the blockade of Gaza. It will also analyse the Israeli offensive following the Hamas attacks of 7 October 2023, assessing the effects on the civilian population, the proportionality of military responses and compliance with the rules of international humanitarian law. This paper will examine whether the current Israeli military offensive in the Gaza Strip can constitute an act of genocide under the rules of international law. Based on the definition provided by the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, it will examine the various elements required: the existence of criminalised acts and a specific intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. Through the analysis of international jurisprudence, pronouncements by different bodies, reports by human rights organisations and statements by political leaders, we can identify a number of elements that may constitute serious indications of genocidal intent.
The study will focus on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, detailing the occupation since 1967, as well as settlement policies and the blockade of Gaza. It will also analyse the Israeli offensive following the Hamas attacks of 7 October 2023, assessing the effects on the civilian population, the proportionality of military responses and compliance with the rules of international humanitarian law. This paper will examine whether the current Israeli military offensive in the Gaza Strip can constitute an act of genocide under the rules of international law. Based on the definition provided by the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, it will examine the various elements required: the existence of criminalised acts and a specific intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. Through the analysis of international jurisprudence, pronouncements by different bodies, reports by human rights organisations and statements by political leaders, we can identify a number of elements that may constitute serious indications of genocidal intent.
Direction
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Tutorships)
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Tutorships)
Court
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Student’s tutor)
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Student’s tutor)
Forensic and criminological analysis of gunshot wounds
Authorship
S.C.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
S.C.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 17:00
07.16.2025 17:00
Summary
Firearms are a key element in the criminological and forensic analysis of lethal violence. Their injury potential varies depending on the type of weapon, the ammunition used, and the context in which they are employed. The main objective of this study was to analyze the differences between handguns and long guns, as well as their relationship with injury patterns, while also considering the medico-legal implications in cases of suicide, homicide, and mass shootings. A comparative literature review was conducted between civilian and military contexts, and across different geographical regions, highlighting the higher incidence of firearm suicides in the United States compared to significantly lower figures in European countries. Furthermore, the technical evolution of weaponry was examined, revealing an increase in its lethality. These findings underscore the need to further regulate firearm availability and strengthen forensic training in the interpretation of their effects.
Firearms are a key element in the criminological and forensic analysis of lethal violence. Their injury potential varies depending on the type of weapon, the ammunition used, and the context in which they are employed. The main objective of this study was to analyze the differences between handguns and long guns, as well as their relationship with injury patterns, while also considering the medico-legal implications in cases of suicide, homicide, and mass shootings. A comparative literature review was conducted between civilian and military contexts, and across different geographical regions, highlighting the higher incidence of firearm suicides in the United States compared to significantly lower figures in European countries. Furthermore, the technical evolution of weaponry was examined, revealing an increase in its lethality. These findings underscore the need to further regulate firearm availability and strengthen forensic training in the interpretation of their effects.
Direction
Rodriguez Calvo, Maria Sol (Tutorships)
Rodriguez Calvo, Maria Sol (Tutorships)
Court
Rodriguez Calvo, Maria Sol (Student’s tutor)
Rodriguez Calvo, Maria Sol (Student’s tutor)
Jury Court in Spain: Legal and Social Analysis of Its Influences and Dysfunctions
Authorship
S.C.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.C.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:00
07.16.2025 12:00
Summary
This article analyzes the role of the Jury Tribunal in the Spanish legal system. It begins with an evolutionary and contextualized analysis of its origin as an institution and its incorporation into the Spanish legal system, protected by the Spanish Constitution. From there, its structure and content are developed in accordance with Organic Law 5/1995. On this basis, its main shortcomings and problems are presented in relation to the essential elements of its legal structure. Special emphasis is placed on the risks of manipulation by both internal and external influences, as well as its impact at the individual and collective levels. Factors such as fear, social pressure, and media influence are addressed in particularly sensitive cases, illustrated by current examples. Conscientious objection is also included as a possible element to consider in a future reform. Furthermore, graphs are included that attempt to reflect the potential punitive tendency of the jury tribunal based on empirical data. The aim of this work is to promote reflection on the current legal framework, providing both regulatory and practical information. The objective of this work is to offer a comprehensive and contrasting view of the popular jury in Spain, encompassing the social, psychological, and legal considerations that influence its functioning.
This article analyzes the role of the Jury Tribunal in the Spanish legal system. It begins with an evolutionary and contextualized analysis of its origin as an institution and its incorporation into the Spanish legal system, protected by the Spanish Constitution. From there, its structure and content are developed in accordance with Organic Law 5/1995. On this basis, its main shortcomings and problems are presented in relation to the essential elements of its legal structure. Special emphasis is placed on the risks of manipulation by both internal and external influences, as well as its impact at the individual and collective levels. Factors such as fear, social pressure, and media influence are addressed in particularly sensitive cases, illustrated by current examples. Conscientious objection is also included as a possible element to consider in a future reform. Furthermore, graphs are included that attempt to reflect the potential punitive tendency of the jury tribunal based on empirical data. The aim of this work is to promote reflection on the current legal framework, providing both regulatory and practical information. The objective of this work is to offer a comprehensive and contrasting view of the popular jury in Spain, encompassing the social, psychological, and legal considerations that influence its functioning.
Direction
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Tutorships)
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Tutorships)
Court
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Student’s tutor)
Rodríguez Boente, Sonia Esperanza (Student’s tutor)
Abuse of Dominant Position in Digital Markets: Analysis of the Apple Case (At.40437)
Authorship
S.E.C.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.E.C.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 10:00
07.16.2025 10:00
Summary
The growing development of digital markets and the platforms that interact within them has brought about a significant shift in the structure and functioning of the global economic system. These markets present unique characteristics that make them considerably different from traditional markets, resulting in an ideal environment for the proliferation of anticompetitive behavior. In this sense, antitrust law faces new challenges in mitigating potentially abusive conduct by companies that hold an advantageous market position. Thus, this thesis focuses on the analysis of this phenomenon, taking as a reference the Apple v. Spotify case (AT 40437), which represents a relevant and recent example of how a large technology company can distort market functioning by abusing its privileged position.
The growing development of digital markets and the platforms that interact within them has brought about a significant shift in the structure and functioning of the global economic system. These markets present unique characteristics that make them considerably different from traditional markets, resulting in an ideal environment for the proliferation of anticompetitive behavior. In this sense, antitrust law faces new challenges in mitigating potentially abusive conduct by companies that hold an advantageous market position. Thus, this thesis focuses on the analysis of this phenomenon, taking as a reference the Apple v. Spotify case (AT 40437), which represents a relevant and recent example of how a large technology company can distort market functioning by abusing its privileged position.
Direction
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
Court
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Student’s tutor)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Student’s tutor)
The position in the Galician successión of the surviving spouse and the de facto partner registered
Authorship
M.C.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.C.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 09:30
07.15.2025 09:30
Summary
This work presents the possibilities available to a testator to delegate decisions regarding their own inheritance to their partner, specific features of Galician law in contrast to the general principle of personal nature of wills in state law. In turn, we will also analyze the protection that the post-nuptial community itself grants to the spouse, as well as the protection that the testator can provide in favor of the partner in a will or in succession agreements.
This work presents the possibilities available to a testator to delegate decisions regarding their own inheritance to their partner, specific features of Galician law in contrast to the general principle of personal nature of wills in state law. In turn, we will also analyze the protection that the post-nuptial community itself grants to the spouse, as well as the protection that the testator can provide in favor of the partner in a will or in succession agreements.
Direction
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Tutorships)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Tutorships)
Court
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Student’s tutor)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Student’s tutor)
Sexual violence among university students: a study of risk perception
Authorship
N.C.I.
Bachelor of Criminology
N.C.I.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.15.2025 10:00
07.15.2025 10:00
Summary
Sexual violence is a serious health and persistent social problem that disproportionately affects women and girls, causing physical, psychological and social consequences. In the university context, where factors such as alcohol consumption and an active social life converge, the risk of suffering this type of aggression is accentuated. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyse how university students perceive sexual violence, focusing on three key aspects: perceived fear in certain situations, the perception of being a potential victim and the relationship between risk and alcohol consumption. It also collects real testimonies of students who have suffered this type of violence. The research is based on a sample of 292 university students, mostly women. An anonymous online questionnaire was used, including questions about personal experiences, alcohol consumption and situations that could lead to sexual aggression. The results indicate that women have significantly higher levels of fear and risk perception than men, especially in situations involving alcohol or drugs. There is also a positive correlation between alcohol consumption and increased risk perception. The study highlights the vulnerability perceived by university women and the need to take preventive and educational measures. It also shows how factors such as alcohol consumption and the environment influence the occurrence and perception of these crimes.
Sexual violence is a serious health and persistent social problem that disproportionately affects women and girls, causing physical, psychological and social consequences. In the university context, where factors such as alcohol consumption and an active social life converge, the risk of suffering this type of aggression is accentuated. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyse how university students perceive sexual violence, focusing on three key aspects: perceived fear in certain situations, the perception of being a potential victim and the relationship between risk and alcohol consumption. It also collects real testimonies of students who have suffered this type of violence. The research is based on a sample of 292 university students, mostly women. An anonymous online questionnaire was used, including questions about personal experiences, alcohol consumption and situations that could lead to sexual aggression. The results indicate that women have significantly higher levels of fear and risk perception than men, especially in situations involving alcohol or drugs. There is also a positive correlation between alcohol consumption and increased risk perception. The study highlights the vulnerability perceived by university women and the need to take preventive and educational measures. It also shows how factors such as alcohol consumption and the environment influence the occurrence and perception of these crimes.
Direction
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Tutorships)
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Tutorships)
Court
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Student’s tutor)
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Student’s tutor)
Intersectional discrimination in law labor
Authorship
U.C.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
U.C.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:00
07.16.2025 12:00
Summary
The aim of this End of Degree work is consider on the existence of the intersectional discrimination (being a different figure of the multiple discrimination) in the field of labor law. The study begins with a route by the evolution of the normative frame in Europe, continuing with the development in the Spanish juridical legislation ,in state level and in autonomic level, standing out the importance of the Law 15/2022, of 12 July, integral for the equality of deal and the no discrimination, that for the first time defines both concepts. To continue, this work analyses the origin and evolution of the term from his beginnings in the black feminism, showing the conceptual differences between the multiple and intersectional terms, signalling how a part of the doctrine still tends to employ them like synonymous. Next, comes the analyse of the distinct forms of discriminatory concurrence in the labour relations, such as the combination of etnia and gender or people LGTBI with disability, standing out the disccrimination caused by the combination of being a woman and another factor. In this line, also analyses the jurisprudential answer in front of this type of situations,warning that his application keeps on being scarce at present, and as there are cases in which it could have resorted to the approach intersectional without this happended. The study concludes signalling the need of a more effective application of the interseccionality in the public politics, including this in the equality plans of the companies and how is the control by the Inspection of Work.
The aim of this End of Degree work is consider on the existence of the intersectional discrimination (being a different figure of the multiple discrimination) in the field of labor law. The study begins with a route by the evolution of the normative frame in Europe, continuing with the development in the Spanish juridical legislation ,in state level and in autonomic level, standing out the importance of the Law 15/2022, of 12 July, integral for the equality of deal and the no discrimination, that for the first time defines both concepts. To continue, this work analyses the origin and evolution of the term from his beginnings in the black feminism, showing the conceptual differences between the multiple and intersectional terms, signalling how a part of the doctrine still tends to employ them like synonymous. Next, comes the analyse of the distinct forms of discriminatory concurrence in the labour relations, such as the combination of etnia and gender or people LGTBI with disability, standing out the disccrimination caused by the combination of being a woman and another factor. In this line, also analyses the jurisprudential answer in front of this type of situations,warning that his application keeps on being scarce at present, and as there are cases in which it could have resorted to the approach intersectional without this happended. The study concludes signalling the need of a more effective application of the interseccionality in the public politics, including this in the equality plans of the companies and how is the control by the Inspection of Work.
Direction
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Tutorships)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Tutorships)
Court
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Student’s tutor)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Student’s tutor)
Liquidation of joint property: conflicting assumptions in the formation of inventory assets
Authorship
C.D.D.D.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.D.D.D.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 10:00
07.15.2025 10:00
Summary
This Final Degree Project deals with the difficulties that may exist when it comes to drawing up the assets of the inventory of the community property company. Initially, and by way of introducing the central theme of the work, the steps to be followed in a procedure for the dissolution and liquidation of the community property company are detailed, also giving importance to the presumption of community property and the peculiarity of the case of a de facto separation with respect to the moment at which the legal community property company must be understood to be dissolved. Thus, the central core of the work lies in the identification and the corresponding explanation of those cases that are conflictive in practice due to the difficulties that exist regarding whether or not the assets or rights that form part of the community of property are considered to be community property or separate property and whether or not they should be included in the assets of the marital partnership inventory; these are cases such as the opening of joint current accounts, the case of who owns the family home and in what percentage, the possible compensation that one of the spouses may receive due to dismissal or sick leave, the different improvements or increases in assets that occur in accordance with article 1359 CC, the professional or business activity of one or both spouses and the formalisation of pension or retirement plans.
This Final Degree Project deals with the difficulties that may exist when it comes to drawing up the assets of the inventory of the community property company. Initially, and by way of introducing the central theme of the work, the steps to be followed in a procedure for the dissolution and liquidation of the community property company are detailed, also giving importance to the presumption of community property and the peculiarity of the case of a de facto separation with respect to the moment at which the legal community property company must be understood to be dissolved. Thus, the central core of the work lies in the identification and the corresponding explanation of those cases that are conflictive in practice due to the difficulties that exist regarding whether or not the assets or rights that form part of the community of property are considered to be community property or separate property and whether or not they should be included in the assets of the marital partnership inventory; these are cases such as the opening of joint current accounts, the case of who owns the family home and in what percentage, the possible compensation that one of the spouses may receive due to dismissal or sick leave, the different improvements or increases in assets that occur in accordance with article 1359 CC, the professional or business activity of one or both spouses and the formalisation of pension or retirement plans.
Direction
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Tutorships)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Tutorships)
Court
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Student’s tutor)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Student’s tutor)
Freedom of expression in the digital environment: from classical limits to contemporary ones
Authorship
A.D.T.
Bachelor of Criminology
A.D.T.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 11:00
07.16.2025 11:00
Summary
Freedom of expression is one of the fundamental pillars of any democratic state, as it allows citizens to communicate ideas, opinions, and criticism, this contributing to pluralism and the public debate necessary for social and political development. However, for this freedom not to become a tool for disorder or a source of harm, it is essential to promote a responsible and appropriate use of this right, thereby ensuring social order and peace. Throughout this article, we will analyse the classical limits that have traditionally been applied to freedom of expression, such as the prohibition of hate speech, slander, and libel, and how these limits have evolved and been redefined in response to the new challenges posed by social media. These digital platforms have transformed the way in which freedom of expression is exercised, generating complex debates on content regulation, the responsibility of intermediaries, in this case, the serviceproviding platforms, and the protection of related rights. We are witnessing new conceptual boundaries to freedom of expression due to the spread of cultural movements such as the woke culture and cancel culture, as well as other problems that arise in the digital environment, such as fake news, deepfakes, and haters. The focus will be primarily on the Spanish and European legal frameworks, while also examining the international context, with special reference to the United States' conception of freedom of expression, as most of these platforms originate there. From this point, we can observe how few limits are imposed on this right in the U.S., whereas in the rest of the world, more balanced models are pursued, or even approaches more inclined toward censorship of the content being shared.
Freedom of expression is one of the fundamental pillars of any democratic state, as it allows citizens to communicate ideas, opinions, and criticism, this contributing to pluralism and the public debate necessary for social and political development. However, for this freedom not to become a tool for disorder or a source of harm, it is essential to promote a responsible and appropriate use of this right, thereby ensuring social order and peace. Throughout this article, we will analyse the classical limits that have traditionally been applied to freedom of expression, such as the prohibition of hate speech, slander, and libel, and how these limits have evolved and been redefined in response to the new challenges posed by social media. These digital platforms have transformed the way in which freedom of expression is exercised, generating complex debates on content regulation, the responsibility of intermediaries, in this case, the serviceproviding platforms, and the protection of related rights. We are witnessing new conceptual boundaries to freedom of expression due to the spread of cultural movements such as the woke culture and cancel culture, as well as other problems that arise in the digital environment, such as fake news, deepfakes, and haters. The focus will be primarily on the Spanish and European legal frameworks, while also examining the international context, with special reference to the United States' conception of freedom of expression, as most of these platforms originate there. From this point, we can observe how few limits are imposed on this right in the U.S., whereas in the rest of the world, more balanced models are pursued, or even approaches more inclined toward censorship of the content being shared.
Direction
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Tutorships)
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Tutorships)
Court
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Student’s tutor)
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Student’s tutor)
The EU Morocco Agreements and Western Sahara: A Legal Analysis
Authorship
S.V.D.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.V.D.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 10:00
07.14.2025 10:00
Summary
Since the Spanish decolonization in 1975, the legal, political, and economic situation of Western Sahara has been surrounded by controversy. The designation of Western Sahara as a non-self-governing territory has led to a series of issues affecting its rights, primarily the right to self-determination of peoples, recognized by the United Nations in its Charter, as well as permanent sovereignty over its territory and the exploitation of its resources, or the principle of the relative effect of treaties. This situation stems from the occupation carried out by Morocco, which claims the territory as its own despite the opposition of Western Sahara´s representative, the Polisario Front. As a result, the Kingdom of Morocco, disregarding the principle of the relative effect of treaties, has entered into a series of agreements with the European Union that directly affect parts of Western Sahara. The root of the problem lies in the lack of consultation with the Sahrawi people and the Polisario Front, as their representative, regarding the adoption of these agreements involving their territory. In response, the Polisario Front has challenged the decisions approving such agreements and has engaged in a legal battle against the European institutions, Morocco, and Moroccan fishing cooperatives in favor of continuing the agreements. This has led to a lengthy period of proceedings before the judicial bodies of the European Union in an attempt to resolve a conflict that, to this day, remains unresolved.
Since the Spanish decolonization in 1975, the legal, political, and economic situation of Western Sahara has been surrounded by controversy. The designation of Western Sahara as a non-self-governing territory has led to a series of issues affecting its rights, primarily the right to self-determination of peoples, recognized by the United Nations in its Charter, as well as permanent sovereignty over its territory and the exploitation of its resources, or the principle of the relative effect of treaties. This situation stems from the occupation carried out by Morocco, which claims the territory as its own despite the opposition of Western Sahara´s representative, the Polisario Front. As a result, the Kingdom of Morocco, disregarding the principle of the relative effect of treaties, has entered into a series of agreements with the European Union that directly affect parts of Western Sahara. The root of the problem lies in the lack of consultation with the Sahrawi people and the Polisario Front, as their representative, regarding the adoption of these agreements involving their territory. In response, the Polisario Front has challenged the decisions approving such agreements and has engaged in a legal battle against the European institutions, Morocco, and Moroccan fishing cooperatives in favor of continuing the agreements. This has led to a lengthy period of proceedings before the judicial bodies of the European Union in an attempt to resolve a conflict that, to this day, remains unresolved.
Direction
TEIJO GARCIA, CARLOS (Tutorships)
TEIJO GARCIA, CARLOS (Tutorships)
Court
TEIJO GARCIA, CARLOS (Student’s tutor)
TEIJO GARCIA, CARLOS (Student’s tutor)
The notion of conformity in the contract for the supply of digital content and services
Authorship
Y.D.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Y.D.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 12:00
07.18.2025 12:00
Summary
This paper deals with the contract as a key legal figure in private law. It analyzes its evolution over time and how it adapts to social and technological changes, as well as to electronic commerce, with special attention to the protection of the consumer, considered the weaker party in the contractual relationship. The parties involved in the contract (consumers and businesses) are identified, along with the content of the obligations undertaken and the legal effects that arise from the contract. A central point is the analysis of non-conformity, distinguishing between subjective and objective requirements for a good or service to be considered in accordance with the agreement. The study also reviews consumer rights, such as data protection and the possibility of terminating the contract, as well as the obligations of businesses, including the delivery of conforming goods and service updates. Finally, it examines the legal remedies available in cases of non-conformity, both those established at the European level and those under national law, as well as their hierarchy.
This paper deals with the contract as a key legal figure in private law. It analyzes its evolution over time and how it adapts to social and technological changes, as well as to electronic commerce, with special attention to the protection of the consumer, considered the weaker party in the contractual relationship. The parties involved in the contract (consumers and businesses) are identified, along with the content of the obligations undertaken and the legal effects that arise from the contract. A central point is the analysis of non-conformity, distinguishing between subjective and objective requirements for a good or service to be considered in accordance with the agreement. The study also reviews consumer rights, such as data protection and the possibility of terminating the contract, as well as the obligations of businesses, including the delivery of conforming goods and service updates. Finally, it examines the legal remedies available in cases of non-conformity, both those established at the European level and those under national law, as well as their hierarchy.
Direction
LETE ACHIRICA, JAVIER (Tutorships)
LETE ACHIRICA, JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Chairman)
Herrero Oviedo, Margarita Cristina (Secretary)
DIAZ MARTINEZ, ANA (Member)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Chairman)
Herrero Oviedo, Margarita Cristina (Secretary)
DIAZ MARTINEZ, ANA (Member)
Analysis of the Constitutional Court’s Doctrine Regarding the Tax on the Increase in Value of Urban Land
Authorship
A.M.F.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.M.F.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 11:30
07.18.2025 11:30
Summary
The Tax on the Increase in Value of Urban Land, commonly known as the “municipal capital gains tax” (plusvalía municipal), is a local, optional, direct, real, objective, and instantaneous tax that levies the increase in value of urban land arising from legal transactions, whether for consideration or gratuitous, and whether inter vivos or mortis causa. It represents a significant portion of municipal revenue, historically accounting for between 6% and 8% of the total tax revenues of local authorities in Spain, amounting to over €2.6 billion in 2018. However, following several rulings of the Constitutional Court and their legal consequences, the total amount of revenue has steadily declined according to official data, falling to €2.075 billion in 2021, with projections of only €85 million for 2023. Thus, this matter constitutes a controversy of considerable economic importance, as it directly affects the financial resources through which municipalities implement and execute their budgets. In recent years, there has been a fundamental transformation of this tax due to the Constitutional Court's rulings declaring several provisions of the Consolidated Text of the Law Regulating Local Treasuries-its foundational legal framework-to be unconstitutional. Compliance with the constitutional principles of economic capacity and the prohibition of confiscatory taxation, enshrined in Article 31.1 of the Spanish Constitution, serves as the cornerstone for all legislative amendments concerning this tax. This paper will examine the legal consequences of the Constitutional Court’s judgments, which ultimately led to the enactment of Royal Decree-Law 26/2021, of 8 November, which adapted the Consolidated Text of the Law Regulating Local Treasuries (TRLHL) to constitutional jurisprudence.
The Tax on the Increase in Value of Urban Land, commonly known as the “municipal capital gains tax” (plusvalía municipal), is a local, optional, direct, real, objective, and instantaneous tax that levies the increase in value of urban land arising from legal transactions, whether for consideration or gratuitous, and whether inter vivos or mortis causa. It represents a significant portion of municipal revenue, historically accounting for between 6% and 8% of the total tax revenues of local authorities in Spain, amounting to over €2.6 billion in 2018. However, following several rulings of the Constitutional Court and their legal consequences, the total amount of revenue has steadily declined according to official data, falling to €2.075 billion in 2021, with projections of only €85 million for 2023. Thus, this matter constitutes a controversy of considerable economic importance, as it directly affects the financial resources through which municipalities implement and execute their budgets. In recent years, there has been a fundamental transformation of this tax due to the Constitutional Court's rulings declaring several provisions of the Consolidated Text of the Law Regulating Local Treasuries-its foundational legal framework-to be unconstitutional. Compliance with the constitutional principles of economic capacity and the prohibition of confiscatory taxation, enshrined in Article 31.1 of the Spanish Constitution, serves as the cornerstone for all legislative amendments concerning this tax. This paper will examine the legal consequences of the Constitutional Court’s judgments, which ultimately led to the enactment of Royal Decree-Law 26/2021, of 8 November, which adapted the Consolidated Text of the Law Regulating Local Treasuries (TRLHL) to constitutional jurisprudence.
Direction
NIETO MONTERO, JUAN JOSE (Tutorships)
NIETO MONTERO, JUAN JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
NIETO MONTERO, JUAN JOSE (Student’s tutor)
NIETO MONTERO, JUAN JOSE (Student’s tutor)
Legal Person, Criminal Compliance and Exemption from Criminal Liability in Spain
Authorship
I.F.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
I.F.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 11:30
07.17.2025 11:30
Summary
This final degree project focuses on the criminal liability of legal entities and on the criminal risk prevention program (criminal compliance) in its threefold role: as a instrument for adapting to a culture of compliance and for exempting or mitigating criminal liability. After briefly summarizing the key aspects of the regulatory framework governing the criminal liability of legal entities in the Spanish Penal Code, particularly, the essential requirements for attributing criminal responsibility to a legal entity for an offense committed by a natural person, the project then analyzes the requirements that compliance programs must meet in order to be considered effective and suitable for excluding such criminal liability. Finally, the figure of the compliance officer is addressed.
This final degree project focuses on the criminal liability of legal entities and on the criminal risk prevention program (criminal compliance) in its threefold role: as a instrument for adapting to a culture of compliance and for exempting or mitigating criminal liability. After briefly summarizing the key aspects of the regulatory framework governing the criminal liability of legal entities in the Spanish Penal Code, particularly, the essential requirements for attributing criminal responsibility to a legal entity for an offense committed by a natural person, the project then analyzes the requirements that compliance programs must meet in order to be considered effective and suitable for excluding such criminal liability. Finally, the figure of the compliance officer is addressed.
Direction
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Tutorships)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Tutorships)
Court
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Student’s tutor)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Student’s tutor)
Greenwashing as a barrier to the ecological transition in the textile sector: the need for effective regulation.
Authorship
L.F.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.F.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 14:00
07.18.2025 14:00
Summary
Based on the concern for environmental impact and misleading communications, the phenomenon of greenwashing is studied, especially in the textile sector, one of the most affected by the use of unfair environmental claims as a commercial advantage. To do this, the first step is to understand and describe the essential characteristics of the concept, identifying the most common practices and their environmental and social impact. Next, attention is focused on the current regulatory framework, analyzing its real capacity to deal with this type of behavior. In this regard, the Directive (UE) 2024/825, stands out with special emphasis, which complements and reinforces the provisions particularly in Law 3/1991 on Unfair Competition. Through the review, as well as the assessment of practical cases, the aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of these standards, both in the international and national contexts. Finally, complementary measures, both binding and voluntary, are addressed, which can contribute to a more solid regulation and the transformation of the production model. In conclusion, it is worth highlighting the need to strengthen institutional control, promote corporate responsibility and encourage critical thinking among consumers.
Based on the concern for environmental impact and misleading communications, the phenomenon of greenwashing is studied, especially in the textile sector, one of the most affected by the use of unfair environmental claims as a commercial advantage. To do this, the first step is to understand and describe the essential characteristics of the concept, identifying the most common practices and their environmental and social impact. Next, attention is focused on the current regulatory framework, analyzing its real capacity to deal with this type of behavior. In this regard, the Directive (UE) 2024/825, stands out with special emphasis, which complements and reinforces the provisions particularly in Law 3/1991 on Unfair Competition. Through the review, as well as the assessment of practical cases, the aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of these standards, both in the international and national contexts. Finally, complementary measures, both binding and voluntary, are addressed, which can contribute to a more solid regulation and the transformation of the production model. In conclusion, it is worth highlighting the need to strengthen institutional control, promote corporate responsibility and encourage critical thinking among consumers.
Direction
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Tutorships)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Tutorships)
Court
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Chairman)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Secretary)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Member)
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Chairman)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Secretary)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Member)
Fentanyl in Forensic Toxicology
Authorship
D.F.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
D.F.L.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.17.2025 12:20
07.17.2025 12:20
Summary
Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid up to one hundred times more potent than morphine, whose global proliferation has triggered a public health crisis in several countries. This thesis explores its impact from a forensic toxicology perspective, analyzing its pharmacological properties, detection methods, legal implications, and involvement in criminal cases such as drug-facilitated sexual assault. Through a comprehensive review of scientific literature, the main analytical techniques for its detection are examined, along with the challenges in post-mortem interpretation and the legal difficulties posed by the emergence of unregulated analogs. Furthermore, real forensic cases and the broader societal impact are discussed, proposing preventive strategies and improvements in detection protocols. The study concludes that fentanyl represents a multidimensional threat that demands a coordinated, multidisciplinary, and institutional response.
Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid up to one hundred times more potent than morphine, whose global proliferation has triggered a public health crisis in several countries. This thesis explores its impact from a forensic toxicology perspective, analyzing its pharmacological properties, detection methods, legal implications, and involvement in criminal cases such as drug-facilitated sexual assault. Through a comprehensive review of scientific literature, the main analytical techniques for its detection are examined, along with the challenges in post-mortem interpretation and the legal difficulties posed by the emergence of unregulated analogs. Furthermore, real forensic cases and the broader societal impact are discussed, proposing preventive strategies and improvements in detection protocols. The study concludes that fentanyl represents a multidimensional threat that demands a coordinated, multidisciplinary, and institutional response.
Direction
BERMEJO BARRERA, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
BERMEJO BARRERA, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
BERMEJO BARRERA, ANA MARIA (Student’s tutor)
BERMEJO BARRERA, ANA MARIA (Student’s tutor)
The out-of-court resolution of individual labor disputes: its evolution.
Authorship
A.F.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.F.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 11:30
07.16.2025 11:30
Summary
This final project aims to study the out-of-court resolution of individual labor disputes, with especial attention to its evolution. Firstly, it analyzes the legal foundations of out-of-court resolution in Spanish labor law, addressing the different stages of the constitutional period. Next, the concept of labor conflict is defined, drawing a distinction between individual, collective and plural conflicts. The project then delves into a detailed analysis of the methods of out-of- court resolution. It begins with a study of the historical background of extrajudicial procedures in Spain and focuses on their development at the national level and on the various interprofessional agreements development by the Autonomous Communities. Within this research, further attention is given to those Autonomous Communities that were pioneers in implementing their own systems of out-court dispute resolution, as well as to how each of the seventeen communities addresses the inclusion or exclusion of individual conflicts in their respective agreements. Finally, the project concludes with a critical study of the limitations of mandatory pre-ligation conciliation, especially in highly relevant disputes such as dismissal, setting out the reasons why we consider that this pre-procedural requirement, despite its mandatory nature, fails to achieve effective practica results.
This final project aims to study the out-of-court resolution of individual labor disputes, with especial attention to its evolution. Firstly, it analyzes the legal foundations of out-of-court resolution in Spanish labor law, addressing the different stages of the constitutional period. Next, the concept of labor conflict is defined, drawing a distinction between individual, collective and plural conflicts. The project then delves into a detailed analysis of the methods of out-of- court resolution. It begins with a study of the historical background of extrajudicial procedures in Spain and focuses on their development at the national level and on the various interprofessional agreements development by the Autonomous Communities. Within this research, further attention is given to those Autonomous Communities that were pioneers in implementing their own systems of out-court dispute resolution, as well as to how each of the seventeen communities addresses the inclusion or exclusion of individual conflicts in their respective agreements. Finally, the project concludes with a critical study of the limitations of mandatory pre-ligation conciliation, especially in highly relevant disputes such as dismissal, setting out the reasons why we consider that this pre-procedural requirement, despite its mandatory nature, fails to achieve effective practica results.
Direction
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Tutorships)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Tutorships)
Court
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Student’s tutor)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Student’s tutor)
Proposals for improving police attention to intimate-partner violence victims from a Therapeutic Jurisprudence perspective
Authorship
C.F.B.
Bachelor of Criminology
C.F.B.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:00
07.16.2025 12:00
Summary
Intimate-Partner Violence has been recognized at both the national and international levels as a complex social issue and a form of discrimination with far-reaching consequences that affects the lives, rights, and freedoms of women. Therefore, it must be addressed comprehensively and urgently. In Spain, the high number of reports filed each year highlights the need for a coordinated, effective, and victim-centered institutional response. Most of these reports are filed with the Law Enforcement Agencies, at National Police stations and Guardia Civil posts, positioning these bodies as essential actors not only in immediate response but also in ongoing support and monitoring tasks, in which local police forces are also involved. This study introduces the Spanish legal and policing framework regarding Intimate-Partner Violence. From the perspective of Therapeutic Jurisprudence, which posits that laws and their implementation should maximize therapeutic outcomes and minimize those that may be iatrogenic, the paper reflects on the importance of police intervention that not only meets legal requirements but also considers the psychological impact of institutional action on victims. Beyond risk management, police attention should also consider the psychological and emotional dimensions of victims. The need to design and implement police protocols oriented toward Therapeutic Jurisprudence is proposed, as they may contribute to the psychological well-being of victims.
Intimate-Partner Violence has been recognized at both the national and international levels as a complex social issue and a form of discrimination with far-reaching consequences that affects the lives, rights, and freedoms of women. Therefore, it must be addressed comprehensively and urgently. In Spain, the high number of reports filed each year highlights the need for a coordinated, effective, and victim-centered institutional response. Most of these reports are filed with the Law Enforcement Agencies, at National Police stations and Guardia Civil posts, positioning these bodies as essential actors not only in immediate response but also in ongoing support and monitoring tasks, in which local police forces are also involved. This study introduces the Spanish legal and policing framework regarding Intimate-Partner Violence. From the perspective of Therapeutic Jurisprudence, which posits that laws and their implementation should maximize therapeutic outcomes and minimize those that may be iatrogenic, the paper reflects on the importance of police intervention that not only meets legal requirements but also considers the psychological impact of institutional action on victims. Beyond risk management, police attention should also consider the psychological and emotional dimensions of victims. The need to design and implement police protocols oriented toward Therapeutic Jurisprudence is proposed, as they may contribute to the psychological well-being of victims.
Direction
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Tutorships)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Tutorships)
Court
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Chairman)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Secretary)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Member)
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Chairman)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Secretary)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Member)
Reacting in self-defence against non-state actors: an analysis of international practice
Authorship
A.F.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.F.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 11:30
07.14.2025 11:30
Summary
This paper seeks to analyse the evolution of the applicability of the right to self-defence from a doctrinal, jurisprudential and practical perspective, analysing its change from a tool of reaction to inter-state aggression to its appeal to threats from non-state armed groups, in circumstances such as international terrorism. It will study the interpretative tensions that have arisen as a result of these new threats. It will also describe and analyse its development from the initial wording of Article 51 of the UN Charter to the most recent practice, as well as its current legal and jurisprudential configuration. The emergence of new forms of global terrorism has highlighted the need to restructure the EU security system. The seriousness of attacks perpetrated by non-state actors has encouraged victim states to exercise force against them, which has led to a rethinking of certain legal structures already consolidated in the international legal order, such as the right to legitimate self-defence, an institution that has often been used by states to destroy the territorial bases of terrorist groups.The study also analyses emblematic cases, such as the International Court of Justice's judgement in Nicaragua v. United States, and addresses the legitimacy of doctrines such as preventive self-defence and the theory of the ‘unwilling or unable state’. The uneven response of the international community to these practices and the ambiguity in the development of customary norms highlight the fragility of the legal consensus on the use of force.
This paper seeks to analyse the evolution of the applicability of the right to self-defence from a doctrinal, jurisprudential and practical perspective, analysing its change from a tool of reaction to inter-state aggression to its appeal to threats from non-state armed groups, in circumstances such as international terrorism. It will study the interpretative tensions that have arisen as a result of these new threats. It will also describe and analyse its development from the initial wording of Article 51 of the UN Charter to the most recent practice, as well as its current legal and jurisprudential configuration. The emergence of new forms of global terrorism has highlighted the need to restructure the EU security system. The seriousness of attacks perpetrated by non-state actors has encouraged victim states to exercise force against them, which has led to a rethinking of certain legal structures already consolidated in the international legal order, such as the right to legitimate self-defence, an institution that has often been used by states to destroy the territorial bases of terrorist groups.The study also analyses emblematic cases, such as the International Court of Justice's judgement in Nicaragua v. United States, and addresses the legitimacy of doctrines such as preventive self-defence and the theory of the ‘unwilling or unable state’. The uneven response of the international community to these practices and the ambiguity in the development of customary norms highlight the fragility of the legal consensus on the use of force.
Direction
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Tutorships)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Tutorships)
Court
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Student’s tutor)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Student’s tutor)
The praetor´s interdicts: A manifestation of his Imperium
Authorship
N.F.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.F.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 12:00
07.14.2025 12:00
Summary
Among all the magistracies that constitutes the cursus honorum, the praetorship stands out for its leading role within private law. The figure of the praetor; vested with the imperium mixtum (this is a reinforced power linked to civil iurisdictio) has the duty to safeguard the proper conduct of litigation. To achieve this, it makes use of a broad range of resources, such as the stipulatio or the missio, being the interdictum the most relevant of them all. The interdictal order allows the praetor not only to prohibit certain behaviors, but also to require the restitution or exhibition of certain goods. All of this aims to provide an effective solution to disputes between private individuals. It is in practice, however, where it truly reveals its full potential. Being instruments in continuous evolution, they seek to adapt to the needs of legal reality. As a result, they became the cornerstone for the protection of institutions, such as the possession, which, without interdicts like unde vi or uti possidetis, would be completely unprotected. But their effectiveness also extends to other areas, playing a fundamental role in disputes between neighboring estates. They serve to protect not only the physical integrity of the estates but also the legal integrity of those rights arising from the coexistence of properties, as is the case with servitudes.
Among all the magistracies that constitutes the cursus honorum, the praetorship stands out for its leading role within private law. The figure of the praetor; vested with the imperium mixtum (this is a reinforced power linked to civil iurisdictio) has the duty to safeguard the proper conduct of litigation. To achieve this, it makes use of a broad range of resources, such as the stipulatio or the missio, being the interdictum the most relevant of them all. The interdictal order allows the praetor not only to prohibit certain behaviors, but also to require the restitution or exhibition of certain goods. All of this aims to provide an effective solution to disputes between private individuals. It is in practice, however, where it truly reveals its full potential. Being instruments in continuous evolution, they seek to adapt to the needs of legal reality. As a result, they became the cornerstone for the protection of institutions, such as the possession, which, without interdicts like unde vi or uti possidetis, would be completely unprotected. But their effectiveness also extends to other areas, playing a fundamental role in disputes between neighboring estates. They serve to protect not only the physical integrity of the estates but also the legal integrity of those rights arising from the coexistence of properties, as is the case with servitudes.
Direction
GONZALEZ BUSTELO, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
GONZALEZ BUSTELO, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
GONZALEZ BUSTELO, ANA MARIA (Student’s tutor)
GONZALEZ BUSTELO, ANA MARIA (Student’s tutor)
Penal process and proof
Authorship
M.G.A.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.G.A.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 15:30
07.17.2025 15:30
Summary
Proof is one of the fundamental pillars of the penal process as it garantees that judicial decisions are based on the veracity of the facts and on an objective and rational evaluation of the evidentiary facts presented. Its proper practice and assessment mean the rights of the victims and accused are weighed up thus promoting procedural equity. In accordance with constitutional and legal provisions, in the absence of any legitimate evidentiary proof, the penal process loses its essential nature of impartiality, legitimacy and effectiveness. Technical evolution has brought about a significant transformation in the evidentiary domain with the incorporation of new tools like digital proof and the progressive use of artificial intelligence in the judicial sphere. Due to these advances, procedures have speeded up and new sources of evidence are available which contribute to significant progress. However, its implementation presents ethnic and judicial challenges which have to do with the protection of fundamental rights. Likewise, the contemporary penal process should integrate gender perspective in a transversal manner in order to ensure an effective and inclusive justice which is sensitive to the structural inequalities which disproportionally affect women.
Proof is one of the fundamental pillars of the penal process as it garantees that judicial decisions are based on the veracity of the facts and on an objective and rational evaluation of the evidentiary facts presented. Its proper practice and assessment mean the rights of the victims and accused are weighed up thus promoting procedural equity. In accordance with constitutional and legal provisions, in the absence of any legitimate evidentiary proof, the penal process loses its essential nature of impartiality, legitimacy and effectiveness. Technical evolution has brought about a significant transformation in the evidentiary domain with the incorporation of new tools like digital proof and the progressive use of artificial intelligence in the judicial sphere. Due to these advances, procedures have speeded up and new sources of evidence are available which contribute to significant progress. However, its implementation presents ethnic and judicial challenges which have to do with the protection of fundamental rights. Likewise, the contemporary penal process should integrate gender perspective in a transversal manner in order to ensure an effective and inclusive justice which is sensitive to the structural inequalities which disproportionally affect women.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Precontractual liability in the Proposal for the modernisation of the Civil Code
Authorship
L.G.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.G.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:00
07.16.2025 12:00
Summary
This paper deals with pre-contractual liability, which arises when the parties to a negotiation prior to the conclusion of a contract do not behave in accordance with the requirements of good faith, causing damage to the other party. The regime of this liability is not regulated in Spain, but attention in the subject is growing. The main cases that generate pre-contractual liability are dealt with, as well as the grey areas of this legal figure, within the framework of the proposal for the modernisation of the Civil Code drawn up by the General Codification Commission of the Ministry of Justice in 2023.
This paper deals with pre-contractual liability, which arises when the parties to a negotiation prior to the conclusion of a contract do not behave in accordance with the requirements of good faith, causing damage to the other party. The regime of this liability is not regulated in Spain, but attention in the subject is growing. The main cases that generate pre-contractual liability are dealt with, as well as the grey areas of this legal figure, within the framework of the proposal for the modernisation of the Civil Code drawn up by the General Codification Commission of the Ministry of Justice in 2023.
Direction
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
Court
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Chairman)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Chairman)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
The right of the accused not to testify against himself: scope and consequences in criminal proceedings.
Authorship
N.G.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.G.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 16:00
07.17.2025 16:00
Summary
Through this work, we try to give a broad vision of the right not to declare against oneself, as well as, putting it in relation to others that derive from the same, located in article 24.2 of the Spanish Constitution and in article 118 of the Criminal Procedure Act. We also deal with its application both in the penitentiary sphere and in the administrative sanctioning sphere, underlining its progressive extension to other procedures with a punitive nature. We also mention diverse jurisprudence, both national and international, which offers distinctive answers on the repercussions, limits and possibilities of exercising this right in its different versions, such as: the right to remain silent and the right to lie. With respect to the right to remain silent, we will work on how this silence should be evaluated in a specific case, thus causing a limitation in the defence of the person under investigation, if this alternative is chosen. Along the same lines is the right to lie, since, until the notorious Marta de Castillo case, a passive subject was never punished for not telling the truth about the whereabouts of the corpse or simply about his or her statement. Finally, we develop the statement of the investigated person, as a means of proof or defence, its value and the importance it has within a process and in police proceedings. Likewise, the possibility of admitting or not the confession as a result of obtaining evidence contrary to the law.
Through this work, we try to give a broad vision of the right not to declare against oneself, as well as, putting it in relation to others that derive from the same, located in article 24.2 of the Spanish Constitution and in article 118 of the Criminal Procedure Act. We also deal with its application both in the penitentiary sphere and in the administrative sanctioning sphere, underlining its progressive extension to other procedures with a punitive nature. We also mention diverse jurisprudence, both national and international, which offers distinctive answers on the repercussions, limits and possibilities of exercising this right in its different versions, such as: the right to remain silent and the right to lie. With respect to the right to remain silent, we will work on how this silence should be evaluated in a specific case, thus causing a limitation in the defence of the person under investigation, if this alternative is chosen. Along the same lines is the right to lie, since, until the notorious Marta de Castillo case, a passive subject was never punished for not telling the truth about the whereabouts of the corpse or simply about his or her statement. Finally, we develop the statement of the investigated person, as a means of proof or defence, its value and the importance it has within a process and in police proceedings. Likewise, the possibility of admitting or not the confession as a result of obtaining evidence contrary to the law.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
The non-punishment clause in article 177 bis.11 of the criminal code: case law analysis.
Authorship
C.G.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.G.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 13:00
07.15.2025 13:00
Summary
This Bachelor’s Thesis examines Article 177 bis.11 of the Spanish Criminal Code (commonly referred to as the non-punishment clause) through legal, jurisprudential, and human rights lenses, with special emphasis on case law analysis. That provision grants a criminal immunity to victims of human trafficking who have committed offenses as a direct result of their exploitation. The thesis begins by framing human trafficking as a modern form of slavery that undermines human dignity. It then reviews the international framework supporting the non-punishment principle, highlighting instruments such as the Palermo Protocol, Directive 2011/36/EU, and the Council of Europe’s Warsaw Convention, as well as their gradual incorporation into domestic law. Next, the work analyzes Article 177 bis (especially section 11) which introduces an exculpatory clause that courts have often interpreted narrowly. It compares three key judgments: SAP Barcelona 183/2020 and STSJ Cataluña 315/2021, which adopt a protective application of the clause, and STS 960/2023, which takes a restrictive stance. The Supreme Court’s approach has been legally questioned and criticized for undermining fundamental rights, as noted in a dissenting opinion. The thesis also evaluates the reforms introduced by Directive (EU) 2024/1712, which broadens the definition of exploitative practices constituting trafficking, extends the non- punishment principle to administrative offenses, and strengthens victim protection through an intersectional, victim-centered approach. Finally, the thesis criticizes the institutional revictimization that stems from a formalistic application of criminal law and calls for a gender-sensitive, victim-focused paradigm. In conclusion, it advocates for an interpretation of Article 177 bis.11 that aligns with international obligations and upholds human rights.
This Bachelor’s Thesis examines Article 177 bis.11 of the Spanish Criminal Code (commonly referred to as the non-punishment clause) through legal, jurisprudential, and human rights lenses, with special emphasis on case law analysis. That provision grants a criminal immunity to victims of human trafficking who have committed offenses as a direct result of their exploitation. The thesis begins by framing human trafficking as a modern form of slavery that undermines human dignity. It then reviews the international framework supporting the non-punishment principle, highlighting instruments such as the Palermo Protocol, Directive 2011/36/EU, and the Council of Europe’s Warsaw Convention, as well as their gradual incorporation into domestic law. Next, the work analyzes Article 177 bis (especially section 11) which introduces an exculpatory clause that courts have often interpreted narrowly. It compares three key judgments: SAP Barcelona 183/2020 and STSJ Cataluña 315/2021, which adopt a protective application of the clause, and STS 960/2023, which takes a restrictive stance. The Supreme Court’s approach has been legally questioned and criticized for undermining fundamental rights, as noted in a dissenting opinion. The thesis also evaluates the reforms introduced by Directive (EU) 2024/1712, which broadens the definition of exploitative practices constituting trafficking, extends the non- punishment principle to administrative offenses, and strengthens victim protection through an intersectional, victim-centered approach. Finally, the thesis criticizes the institutional revictimization that stems from a formalistic application of criminal law and calls for a gender-sensitive, victim-focused paradigm. In conclusion, it advocates for an interpretation of Article 177 bis.11 that aligns with international obligations and upholds human rights.
Direction
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
Analysis of legal communication on social networks: study of the X platform
Authorship
I.G.O.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
I.G.O.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 09:30
07.14.2025 09:30
Summary
Social networks play a key role in today's society, offering users the opportunity to exchange experiences, express opinions and even learn about new opportunities at work. These online platforms have evolved significantly since their beginnings in the 1990s, when websites such as classmates.com and sixdegrees.com appeared. Today, the development of social networks is so great that we can find various categories, each of them specialized in a specific purpose, so that general social networks, professional social networks and social networks specialized in specific objectives and with a series of their own characteristics appear. To analyze legal communication within the X platform, we used a mixed methodology, consisting of a descriptive section, constructing a theoretical and conceptual framework for bibliographic and documentary research, accompanied by an analytical section comprising the collection, analysis, and classification of data that would lead to the primary source of the research. After further analyzing the recorded information, we observed several results, such as a predominance of males among the disseminators of legal information within X; they were of a similar age; only half of their publications contained legal material; and communication predominated from members of the Judiciary and Prosecutor's Office. Like other branches of knowledge, the legal field is also counting on communicators on the new platforms that the Internet offers us, but this fact also brings challenges regarding the protection of information and personal data. Addressing all these issues is key to building a more reliable virtual space for all users.
Social networks play a key role in today's society, offering users the opportunity to exchange experiences, express opinions and even learn about new opportunities at work. These online platforms have evolved significantly since their beginnings in the 1990s, when websites such as classmates.com and sixdegrees.com appeared. Today, the development of social networks is so great that we can find various categories, each of them specialized in a specific purpose, so that general social networks, professional social networks and social networks specialized in specific objectives and with a series of their own characteristics appear. To analyze legal communication within the X platform, we used a mixed methodology, consisting of a descriptive section, constructing a theoretical and conceptual framework for bibliographic and documentary research, accompanied by an analytical section comprising the collection, analysis, and classification of data that would lead to the primary source of the research. After further analyzing the recorded information, we observed several results, such as a predominance of males among the disseminators of legal information within X; they were of a similar age; only half of their publications contained legal material; and communication predominated from members of the Judiciary and Prosecutor's Office. Like other branches of knowledge, the legal field is also counting on communicators on the new platforms that the Internet offers us, but this fact also brings challenges regarding the protection of information and personal data. Addressing all these issues is key to building a more reliable virtual space for all users.
Direction
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
The crime of gender-based persecution under the Taliban regime: an analysis based on international criminal law
Authorship
B.G.T.
Bachelor of Criminology
B.G.T.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.17.2025 10:00
07.17.2025 10:00
Summary
In Afghanistan, the policies and actions of the Taliban regime have raised questions as to whether they qualify as a gender-based crime under the Rome Statute and other international criminal law instruments. This paper examines the fundamental elements of this crime, starting from article 7.1.h of the Statute, and contextualizes the situation of Afghan women, who face severe restrictions in education, employment and public life, This shows a discriminatory intention which reinforces their social exclusion. The study assesses the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Afghanistan, highlighting the importance of the principle of complementarity and the unwillingness of the Afghan judicial system to address these crimes. It also points out how the Taliban regime’s rejection of the authority of the Court represents a challenge to international justice. In addition, specific barriers associated with gender crimes are identified, including cultural and social barriers that hinder victims' access to justice. Finally, measures are proposed to strengthen international mechanisms, improve victim protection and promote effective accountability
In Afghanistan, the policies and actions of the Taliban regime have raised questions as to whether they qualify as a gender-based crime under the Rome Statute and other international criminal law instruments. This paper examines the fundamental elements of this crime, starting from article 7.1.h of the Statute, and contextualizes the situation of Afghan women, who face severe restrictions in education, employment and public life, This shows a discriminatory intention which reinforces their social exclusion. The study assesses the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Afghanistan, highlighting the importance of the principle of complementarity and the unwillingness of the Afghan judicial system to address these crimes. It also points out how the Taliban regime’s rejection of the authority of the Court represents a challenge to international justice. In addition, specific barriers associated with gender crimes are identified, including cultural and social barriers that hinder victims' access to justice. Finally, measures are proposed to strengthen international mechanisms, improve victim protection and promote effective accountability
Direction
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Tutorships)
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Tutorships)
Court
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Student’s tutor)
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Student’s tutor)
The demand for international criminal responsibility in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Authorship
Z.I.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Z.I.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:00
07.16.2025 12:00
Summary
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, despite being a long-standing and widely debated reality, is a highly topical and constantly evolving issue, involving debate on matters of public international law, becoming necessary the establishment of a legal framework. To this end, it is important to begin with a brief historical context, laying the background for the subsequent determination of legal issues. Specifically, the application of international humanitarian law will be adressed, with the aim of determining the obligations of the conflicting parties. Other controversial matters will then be approached, such as Palestinian statehood, a topic which analysis is essential to reach the ultimate goal of this study: determining the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and the requirement for international criminal accountability before it.
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, despite being a long-standing and widely debated reality, is a highly topical and constantly evolving issue, involving debate on matters of public international law, becoming necessary the establishment of a legal framework. To this end, it is important to begin with a brief historical context, laying the background for the subsequent determination of legal issues. Specifically, the application of international humanitarian law will be adressed, with the aim of determining the obligations of the conflicting parties. Other controversial matters will then be approached, such as Palestinian statehood, a topic which analysis is essential to reach the ultimate goal of this study: determining the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and the requirement for international criminal accountability before it.
Direction
LIROLA DELGADO, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
LIROLA DELGADO, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
Court
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Chairman)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Secretary)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Member)
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Chairman)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Secretary)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Member)
The renewal of the CGPJ in a context of political polarisation
Authorship
S.I.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.I.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 11:30
07.16.2025 11:30
Summary
The Spanish Constitution of 1978 introduces the CGPJ as the governing body of the Judicial Power with the objective of ensuring its independence. The French and Italian High Councils of the Judiciary established after the Second World War will serve as models for our CGPJ. The Spanish CGPJ is formed by members of judicial origin and jurists of recognised competence, but the Constitution only regulates the election system of the latter. Currently all members of the CGPJ are elected by the Parliament and, consequently, the political confrontation has resulted in a six-year blockage of the CGPJ’s renewal. In this paper, after introducing the principle of the separation of powers, we will analyse the European models that inspire our CGPJ, the regulation of the CGPJ in the Spanish legal system and the development of the election system of members of judicial origin, focusing on the difficulties in the last renewal of the CGPJ and the national and international recommendations and reform proposals.
The Spanish Constitution of 1978 introduces the CGPJ as the governing body of the Judicial Power with the objective of ensuring its independence. The French and Italian High Councils of the Judiciary established after the Second World War will serve as models for our CGPJ. The Spanish CGPJ is formed by members of judicial origin and jurists of recognised competence, but the Constitution only regulates the election system of the latter. Currently all members of the CGPJ are elected by the Parliament and, consequently, the political confrontation has resulted in a six-year blockage of the CGPJ’s renewal. In this paper, after introducing the principle of the separation of powers, we will analyse the European models that inspire our CGPJ, the regulation of the CGPJ in the Spanish legal system and the development of the election system of members of judicial origin, focusing on the difficulties in the last renewal of the CGPJ and the national and international recommendations and reform proposals.
Direction
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Tutorships)
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Tutorships)
Court
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Student’s tutor)
LOPEZ PORTAS, MARIA BEGOÑA (Student’s tutor)
The digitization of notarial and registration procedures: regulatory developments, European momentum, and analysis of Law 11/2023
Authorship
A.I.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.I.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 13:30
07.16.2025 13:30
Summary
This paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the digitization process of notaries and registries in Spain, culminating in the publication of Law 11/2023 of May 8 as the regulatory framework for structural transformation in notarial activity. This law did not arise in isolation, but is the result of regulatory, technical, and social developments that have taken place in Spain over more than two decades. It is therefore also placed in its historical and spatial context, studying European law and how it has driven this law. It presents a review of how digitization has progressed from its early stages, going back to the beginning of the computerization of notaries and the creation of the Single Computerized Index, to the implementation of systems such as SIGNO and qualified electronic signatures. A section is also devoted to an in-depth analysis of Law 11/2023 and the tools it introduces: electronic protocol, notarial videoconferencing, the issuance of authorized electronic copies, advanced digital identification, and the telematic incorporation of companies. It also focuses on the transitional regime and the phased application of the Law, the main challenges identified in its implementation, such as territorial inequality, technical limitations, and the need for organizational adaptation. Finally, it includes the main criticisms of the limits of the reform and a mention of the remaining challenges, which by extension could not be addressed. It concludes with an assessment of the future of digital notary services in a more interconnected and citizen-centered context. Translated with DeepL.com (free version)
This paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the digitization process of notaries and registries in Spain, culminating in the publication of Law 11/2023 of May 8 as the regulatory framework for structural transformation in notarial activity. This law did not arise in isolation, but is the result of regulatory, technical, and social developments that have taken place in Spain over more than two decades. It is therefore also placed in its historical and spatial context, studying European law and how it has driven this law. It presents a review of how digitization has progressed from its early stages, going back to the beginning of the computerization of notaries and the creation of the Single Computerized Index, to the implementation of systems such as SIGNO and qualified electronic signatures. A section is also devoted to an in-depth analysis of Law 11/2023 and the tools it introduces: electronic protocol, notarial videoconferencing, the issuance of authorized electronic copies, advanced digital identification, and the telematic incorporation of companies. It also focuses on the transitional regime and the phased application of the Law, the main challenges identified in its implementation, such as territorial inequality, technical limitations, and the need for organizational adaptation. Finally, it includes the main criticisms of the limits of the reform and a mention of the remaining challenges, which by extension could not be addressed. It concludes with an assessment of the future of digital notary services in a more interconnected and citizen-centered context. Translated with DeepL.com (free version)
Direction
Trigo García, María Belén (Tutorships)
Trigo García, María Belén (Tutorships)
Court
Trigo García, María Belén (Student’s tutor)
Trigo García, María Belén (Student’s tutor)
The protection of the informant in law 2/2023: analysis of the spanish legal system after the transposition of directive (EU) 2019/1937
Authorship
R.L.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
R.L.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 19:00
07.15.2025 19:00
Summary
This paper analyses Law 2/2023, of 20 February, regulating the protection of whistleblowers and the fight against corruption. The law transposes Directive (EU) 2019/1937 into Spanish law and establishes a legal framework aimed at encouraging whistleblowing by protecting the whistleblower from retaliation. Firstly, the regulatory background to the adoption of the Law is studied, as well as it main purpose and complementary objectives. Next, its personal, material and temporal scope of application is delimited. The analysis continues with the internal information systems and their legal regime. The external information channel, which is managed by independent authorities, is then addressed. Its particularities and procedures are also described. A section is devoted to the Independent Authority for the Protection of Whistleblowers, which discusses how it is set up and its powers. Public disclosure as an extraordinary means of reporting infringements is also examined. The work concludes by analysing the whistleblower protection measures, as well as the sanctioning regime envisaged by the Law, which classifies infringements and determines the applicable sanctions.
This paper analyses Law 2/2023, of 20 February, regulating the protection of whistleblowers and the fight against corruption. The law transposes Directive (EU) 2019/1937 into Spanish law and establishes a legal framework aimed at encouraging whistleblowing by protecting the whistleblower from retaliation. Firstly, the regulatory background to the adoption of the Law is studied, as well as it main purpose and complementary objectives. Next, its personal, material and temporal scope of application is delimited. The analysis continues with the internal information systems and their legal regime. The external information channel, which is managed by independent authorities, is then addressed. Its particularities and procedures are also described. A section is devoted to the Independent Authority for the Protection of Whistleblowers, which discusses how it is set up and its powers. Public disclosure as an extraordinary means of reporting infringements is also examined. The work concludes by analysing the whistleblower protection measures, as well as the sanctioning regime envisaged by the Law, which classifies infringements and determines the applicable sanctions.
Direction
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Tutorships)
BETETOS AGRELO, NOELIA (Co-tutorships)
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Tutorships)
BETETOS AGRELO, NOELIA (Co-tutorships)
Court
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Student’s tutor)
BETETOS AGRELO, NOELIA (Student’s tutor)
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Student’s tutor)
BETETOS AGRELO, NOELIA (Student’s tutor)
Analysis of the regulation of the Artificial Intelligence in collective bargaining
Authorship
L.L.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.L.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:30
07.16.2025 12:30
Summary
The rise of digitalization and the implementation of AI systems has affected all aspects of daily life, including the workplace. Its novelty and quick development have hampered legislator’s ability to respond , leading to situations with a latent risk of violating workers fundamental rights. This paper analyzes the current regulations on the use of AI in the workplace. We will address the national and European regulatory framework , as well as the role of collective bargaining. The collective bargaining agreements of IBEX 35 companies will be studied , analyzing the regulations established therein and the potencial effects they may have on workers.
The rise of digitalization and the implementation of AI systems has affected all aspects of daily life, including the workplace. Its novelty and quick development have hampered legislator’s ability to respond , leading to situations with a latent risk of violating workers fundamental rights. This paper analyzes the current regulations on the use of AI in the workplace. We will address the national and European regulatory framework , as well as the role of collective bargaining. The collective bargaining agreements of IBEX 35 companies will be studied , analyzing the regulations established therein and the potencial effects they may have on workers.
Direction
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Tutorships)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Tutorships)
Court
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Student’s tutor)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Student’s tutor)
Permanent Disability in Employment Contracts: Key Legal Challenges
Authorship
M.L.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.L.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:00
07.15.2025 11:00
Summary
In recent decades, the legal conception and treatment of persons with disabilities have evolved significantly. The former medical-rehabilitative approach, which regarded these individuals as passive recipients of care, has given way to a social model that recognizes them as active subjects, with full rights and the capacity to fully contribute to society. This paradigm shift has led to a profound transformation in the understanding of disability, linking it not only to individual conditions but also to social and structural barriers that hinder equal participation. This new approach has been supported by a solid regulatory framework that promotes equal treatment and prohibits all forms of discrimination. At both the international and European levels, principles have been consolidated that guarantee the right of persons with disabilities to decent work and require employers to adopt specific measures to remove obstacles, including the need to provide reasonable accommodations in the workplace. At the national level, important reforms have been adopted to strengthen accessibility, equal opportunities, and active inclusion in the labor market. These changes reflect a growing commitment to the effective protection of the rights of persons with disabilities and the promotion of a fairer and more equitable working environment. This Final Degree Project examines the right of persons with disabilities to decent work, analyzing both its legal and jurisprudential dimensions. It explores key concepts such as reasonable accommodations, sheltered employment, positive action measures, and, notably, the evolution of the regulation of contract termination due to permanent disability, with particular attention to the most recent developments regarding non-discrimination and workplace accessibility.
In recent decades, the legal conception and treatment of persons with disabilities have evolved significantly. The former medical-rehabilitative approach, which regarded these individuals as passive recipients of care, has given way to a social model that recognizes them as active subjects, with full rights and the capacity to fully contribute to society. This paradigm shift has led to a profound transformation in the understanding of disability, linking it not only to individual conditions but also to social and structural barriers that hinder equal participation. This new approach has been supported by a solid regulatory framework that promotes equal treatment and prohibits all forms of discrimination. At both the international and European levels, principles have been consolidated that guarantee the right of persons with disabilities to decent work and require employers to adopt specific measures to remove obstacles, including the need to provide reasonable accommodations in the workplace. At the national level, important reforms have been adopted to strengthen accessibility, equal opportunities, and active inclusion in the labor market. These changes reflect a growing commitment to the effective protection of the rights of persons with disabilities and the promotion of a fairer and more equitable working environment. This Final Degree Project examines the right of persons with disabilities to decent work, analyzing both its legal and jurisprudential dimensions. It explores key concepts such as reasonable accommodations, sheltered employment, positive action measures, and, notably, the evolution of the regulation of contract termination due to permanent disability, with particular attention to the most recent developments regarding non-discrimination and workplace accessibility.
Direction
MELLA MENDEZ, LOURDES (Tutorships)
MELLA MENDEZ, LOURDES (Tutorships)
Court
MELLA MENDEZ, LOURDES (Student’s tutor)
MELLA MENDEZ, LOURDES (Student’s tutor)
Analysis of the regulation of prostitution in Spain.
Authorship
S.L.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.L.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:30
07.15.2025 11:30
Summary
Prostitution is, and has always been, the subject of social, legal, and political debate, as it is a complex and controversial issue often linked to the violation of human rights, particularly those of women. In Spain, there is no clear and uniform regulation of this phenomenon, and it is often said that prostitution exists in a state of legal ambiguity. This paper aims to study the existing legal framework in Spain that addresses this activity, as well as to compile the various legal models proposed in relation to it. To this end, we will begin by analyzing the concept of prostitution and its distinction from other closely related figures. We will also examine its current status from both a social and legal perspective. Finally, we will compare the different regulatory systems that have been proposed to govern what is colloquially referred to as the oldest profession in the world.
Prostitution is, and has always been, the subject of social, legal, and political debate, as it is a complex and controversial issue often linked to the violation of human rights, particularly those of women. In Spain, there is no clear and uniform regulation of this phenomenon, and it is often said that prostitution exists in a state of legal ambiguity. This paper aims to study the existing legal framework in Spain that addresses this activity, as well as to compile the various legal models proposed in relation to it. To this end, we will begin by analyzing the concept of prostitution and its distinction from other closely related figures. We will also examine its current status from both a social and legal perspective. Finally, we will compare the different regulatory systems that have been proposed to govern what is colloquially referred to as the oldest profession in the world.
Direction
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Tutorships)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Tutorships)
Court
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Student’s tutor)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Student’s tutor)
Personality rights. Gender identity.
Authorship
U.L.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
U.L.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:00
07.15.2025 11:00
Summary
In this Final Degree Project, we study one of the rights considered by the doctrine as «new»s personality rights in the Spanish legal system: the right to gender identity, through a doctrinal and jurisprudential perspective, with references to comparative law. From the study of personality rights, especially those that make up its constitutional hard core (art. 18 EC), it is concluded that the right to personal identity, including the aspect related to gender, is a new right that, although not specifically regulated in the Constitution, is closely linked to the principles of human dignity and the free development of personality typified in art. 10 CE. Starting from the premise of its constitutional interest, the first manifestations and evolution of the term «gender identity» are examined. Initially it was used interchangeably with the expression «sexual identity», but the recent case law of the Spanish Constitutional Court of 2022 has dispelled the possible confusion that this indistinction could create by clearly defining and differentiating the terms «sex» (biological) and «gender» (social and feeling), thus reinforcing the protection of the rights of trans persons. Finally, an analysis is made of the legislative and jurisprudential evolution of the treatment of this right, from its first jurisprudential manifestations in the 1980s, to its legislative consolidation in norms such as Law 3/2007 or the current Trans Law (4/2023), highlighting the progressive advances from one law to another, especially in matters of registry rectification of the mention of sex and in relation to transsexual minors.
In this Final Degree Project, we study one of the rights considered by the doctrine as «new»s personality rights in the Spanish legal system: the right to gender identity, through a doctrinal and jurisprudential perspective, with references to comparative law. From the study of personality rights, especially those that make up its constitutional hard core (art. 18 EC), it is concluded that the right to personal identity, including the aspect related to gender, is a new right that, although not specifically regulated in the Constitution, is closely linked to the principles of human dignity and the free development of personality typified in art. 10 CE. Starting from the premise of its constitutional interest, the first manifestations and evolution of the term «gender identity» are examined. Initially it was used interchangeably with the expression «sexual identity», but the recent case law of the Spanish Constitutional Court of 2022 has dispelled the possible confusion that this indistinction could create by clearly defining and differentiating the terms «sex» (biological) and «gender» (social and feeling), thus reinforcing the protection of the rights of trans persons. Finally, an analysis is made of the legislative and jurisprudential evolution of the treatment of this right, from its first jurisprudential manifestations in the 1980s, to its legislative consolidation in norms such as Law 3/2007 or the current Trans Law (4/2023), highlighting the progressive advances from one law to another, especially in matters of registry rectification of the mention of sex and in relation to transsexual minors.
Direction
AMMERMAN YEBRA, JULIA (Tutorships)
AMMERMAN YEBRA, JULIA (Tutorships)
Court
AMMERMAN YEBRA, JULIA (Student’s tutor)
AMMERMAN YEBRA, JULIA (Student’s tutor)
The undercover agent: value as a method of investigation in criminal procedure.
Authorship
P.M.A.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
P.M.A.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.17.2025 16:30
07.17.2025 16:30
Summary
This undergratuate dissertation addresses the investigative method provided for in Article 282 of the LECrim (Spanish Criminal Procedure ACT), which is the use of undercover agents in the investigation of organized crime, analyzing the nature of the undercover agent. First, the undercover agent is conceptually analyzed in order to establish a conceptual delineation regarding the casuistry of the relationships between officials of the Security Forces and Corps and subjects under investigation, with special reference to the digital undercover agent included in the 2015 reform of the LECrim. Furthermore, this project emphasizes the differentiation between undercover agents and infiltrated police officers, as well as various situations that are not strictly the investigative process of the undercover agent. It also addresses international cooperation, with a mention of undercover agents from foreign countries who carry out their operations in Spain. The second part describes the actions of the undercover agent, starting with its scope of its application and addressing the process of appointing an undercover agent. It traces a logical sequence of the undercover agent's actions, from judicial authorization and the provision of an assumed identity to the value of the evidence they produce. The legal framework used is Article 282 bis of the Criminal Procedure Code, complemented by recent scholarly works and articles on this subject and largely accompanied by the Spanish Supreme Court jurisprudence, which is extremely important for understanding the scope of the undercover agent.
This undergratuate dissertation addresses the investigative method provided for in Article 282 of the LECrim (Spanish Criminal Procedure ACT), which is the use of undercover agents in the investigation of organized crime, analyzing the nature of the undercover agent. First, the undercover agent is conceptually analyzed in order to establish a conceptual delineation regarding the casuistry of the relationships between officials of the Security Forces and Corps and subjects under investigation, with special reference to the digital undercover agent included in the 2015 reform of the LECrim. Furthermore, this project emphasizes the differentiation between undercover agents and infiltrated police officers, as well as various situations that are not strictly the investigative process of the undercover agent. It also addresses international cooperation, with a mention of undercover agents from foreign countries who carry out their operations in Spain. The second part describes the actions of the undercover agent, starting with its scope of its application and addressing the process of appointing an undercover agent. It traces a logical sequence of the undercover agent's actions, from judicial authorization and the provision of an assumed identity to the value of the evidence they produce. The legal framework used is Article 282 bis of the Criminal Procedure Code, complemented by recent scholarly works and articles on this subject and largely accompanied by the Spanish Supreme Court jurisprudence, which is extremely important for understanding the scope of the undercover agent.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
The analysis of the integration of testamentary provisions in Succession Law
Authorship
M.M.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.M.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 11:00
07.14.2025 11:00
Summary
Alongside the process of interpreting the statement expressed in the will, aimed at understanding the real intention that such a statement encompasses, there is the process of integrative interpretation of the succession business, whose purpose is to reconstruct the hypothetical will of the deceased to respond to situations not foreseen by them at the time of granting. The importance of this matter is unquestionable, as the practice of the courts and the registration dynamics confirm that the solution to a large part of the existing controversies in the field of succession lies in ascertaining the will of the deceased. Controversies that, at times, could be avoided through appropriate channeling by notaries and lawyers of the will transmitted to them and the objectives sought by the grantor, through complete and adapted clauses to the current legal framework. In this final degree project, two key rulings have been analyzed in depth to decipher the issue of integration in testamentary matters as well as questions related to false cause and the interpretative function of the will.
Alongside the process of interpreting the statement expressed in the will, aimed at understanding the real intention that such a statement encompasses, there is the process of integrative interpretation of the succession business, whose purpose is to reconstruct the hypothetical will of the deceased to respond to situations not foreseen by them at the time of granting. The importance of this matter is unquestionable, as the practice of the courts and the registration dynamics confirm that the solution to a large part of the existing controversies in the field of succession lies in ascertaining the will of the deceased. Controversies that, at times, could be avoided through appropriate channeling by notaries and lawyers of the will transmitted to them and the objectives sought by the grantor, through complete and adapted clauses to the current legal framework. In this final degree project, two key rulings have been analyzed in depth to decipher the issue of integration in testamentary matters as well as questions related to false cause and the interpretative function of the will.
Direction
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Tutorships)
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Tutorships)
Court
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
New Trends in Investor Protection
Authorship
S.M.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.M.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 12:30
07.15.2025 12:30
Summary
This TFG aims to study new trends regarding investor protection. It reflects on the specific issues faced by investors in the securities markets. The position of the investor in these markets will be analyzed from the perspective of their protection, taking into account the central role they occupy. The various protection mechanisms provided by both European and national legal frameworks will be reviewed. In particular, the project addresses the issue of informational transparency as a fundamental mechanism underpinning the entire system of investor protection. However, this mechanism proves insufficient to provide adequate support for investors in the markets. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the current crisis of transparency, considering that investors often have no interest in reading the financial reports they receive, nor do they possess the necessary skills to operate in a highly technical area that may cause serious harm to their personal assets and financial well-being. Finally, the project will explore new trends and alternatives, while also proposing innovative ideas concerning investor protection, such as the need to emphasize financial education.
This TFG aims to study new trends regarding investor protection. It reflects on the specific issues faced by investors in the securities markets. The position of the investor in these markets will be analyzed from the perspective of their protection, taking into account the central role they occupy. The various protection mechanisms provided by both European and national legal frameworks will be reviewed. In particular, the project addresses the issue of informational transparency as a fundamental mechanism underpinning the entire system of investor protection. However, this mechanism proves insufficient to provide adequate support for investors in the markets. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the current crisis of transparency, considering that investors often have no interest in reading the financial reports they receive, nor do they possess the necessary skills to operate in a highly technical area that may cause serious harm to their personal assets and financial well-being. Finally, the project will explore new trends and alternatives, while also proposing innovative ideas concerning investor protection, such as the need to emphasize financial education.
Direction
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
Court
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Chairman)
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Secretary)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Chairman)
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Secretary)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Resistencia Galega
Authorship
M.M.C.
Bachelor of Criminology
M.M.C.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 10:00
07.16.2025 10:00
Summary
This thesis analyses the phenomenon of Resistencia Galega, a Galician independence movement that operated in secret in Galicia during the first decade of the XXI century. It appeared in the context of institutional, economic and identity crisis. After the dismantlement of other groups, RG was the subject of a big legal, media and social debate, especially concerning its possible denomination as a terrorist organisation. The investigation explores its origin, evolution, structure and operative activity as well as the reactions it created institutionally, medially and societally. Furthermore, it includes a theoretical review of the concept of terrorism from various perspectives and compares it to others armed groups. Using a qualitative and documental methodology, the study allows the extraction of valuable conclusions on such a delicate topic like the relationship between collective identity, political violence and the ways the State responds within a democratic system. In conclusion, this work not only seeks to understand a specific chapter of the history of Galicia but also to build a critical memory, committed to the nuances, the uncomfortable questions and the need to look to the past to better understand the present. Because what happened with RG is not an isolated incident, but an example of how conflicts are develop, how they are named, and how we choose to remember them.
This thesis analyses the phenomenon of Resistencia Galega, a Galician independence movement that operated in secret in Galicia during the first decade of the XXI century. It appeared in the context of institutional, economic and identity crisis. After the dismantlement of other groups, RG was the subject of a big legal, media and social debate, especially concerning its possible denomination as a terrorist organisation. The investigation explores its origin, evolution, structure and operative activity as well as the reactions it created institutionally, medially and societally. Furthermore, it includes a theoretical review of the concept of terrorism from various perspectives and compares it to others armed groups. Using a qualitative and documental methodology, the study allows the extraction of valuable conclusions on such a delicate topic like the relationship between collective identity, political violence and the ways the State responds within a democratic system. In conclusion, this work not only seeks to understand a specific chapter of the history of Galicia but also to build a critical memory, committed to the nuances, the uncomfortable questions and the need to look to the past to better understand the present. Because what happened with RG is not an isolated incident, but an example of how conflicts are develop, how they are named, and how we choose to remember them.
Direction
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Tutorships)
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
Undergraduate dissertation
Authorship
R.M.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
R.M.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Summary
The purpose of this paper is to conduct a rigorous legal analysis of tax incentives and economic support measures aimed at creating and maintaining employment, both in the Spanish legal system and within the regulatory framework of the European Union. To this end, it begins by examining the constitutional principles governing taxation, in particular those of economic capacity, equality, progressivity and non-confiscatory nature enshrined in Article 31.1 of the Spanish Constitution, as well as the division of powers between the State and the autonomous communities in tax matters. A systematic study of the main incentive instruments in force is carried out, distinguishing between tax incentives in the strict sense, such as deductions from corporation tax, and measures relating to social security contributions, understood as non-tax public benefits, the purpose of which is to encourage recruitment and promote job retention. The analysis incorporates a comparative perspective that allows for an examination of the legal framework for these incentives in the European context, paying particular attention to the limits and requirements derived from State aid rules, in particular Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It also identifies the main challenges posed by the use of these instruments, such as the need to make their application conditional on the creation of stable, high-quality employment, the periodic evaluation of their effectiveness, the prevention of distortions of competition and the proper coordination of incentives within the framework of budgetary sustainability. The paper concludes that, from a legal and tax perspective, tax incentives and social security contribution measures can be valid public policy mechanisms in the field of employment, provided that they are designed in accordance with constitutional principles, are subject to control and evaluation, and are applied with criteria of efficiency, transparency and a link to objective results.
The purpose of this paper is to conduct a rigorous legal analysis of tax incentives and economic support measures aimed at creating and maintaining employment, both in the Spanish legal system and within the regulatory framework of the European Union. To this end, it begins by examining the constitutional principles governing taxation, in particular those of economic capacity, equality, progressivity and non-confiscatory nature enshrined in Article 31.1 of the Spanish Constitution, as well as the division of powers between the State and the autonomous communities in tax matters. A systematic study of the main incentive instruments in force is carried out, distinguishing between tax incentives in the strict sense, such as deductions from corporation tax, and measures relating to social security contributions, understood as non-tax public benefits, the purpose of which is to encourage recruitment and promote job retention. The analysis incorporates a comparative perspective that allows for an examination of the legal framework for these incentives in the European context, paying particular attention to the limits and requirements derived from State aid rules, in particular Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It also identifies the main challenges posed by the use of these instruments, such as the need to make their application conditional on the creation of stable, high-quality employment, the periodic evaluation of their effectiveness, the prevention of distortions of competition and the proper coordination of incentives within the framework of budgetary sustainability. The paper concludes that, from a legal and tax perspective, tax incentives and social security contribution measures can be valid public policy mechanisms in the field of employment, provided that they are designed in accordance with constitutional principles, are subject to control and evaluation, and are applied with criteria of efficiency, transparency and a link to objective results.
Direction
Taboada Villa, Jorge (Tutorships)
Taboada Villa, Jorge (Tutorships)
Court
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Coordinator)
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Coordinator)
Market abuse: price manipulation and insider trading
Authorship
D.M.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
D.M.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 13:00
07.15.2025 13:00
Summary
A state financial system is composed of various markets, among which we find the stock market, a virtual market that functions as a monetary flow space where intangible goods, securities fixed-income and variable-income), and other negotiable instruments/values traded. It is also important to highlight the role of market users, namely investors, who are at the center of the legislative focus, aimed at ensuring their protection. This stock market is threatened by a variety of risks, among which abusive practices stand out. The existence of such abusive practices implies a distortion in price formation and a distortion of resources, ultimately leading to a loss of confidence on the part of investors, which could potentially mean the end of the activity of these markets.The notion of protecting stock markets first gained prominence in the United States following the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Subsequently, this situation and much of the resulting legislation were transferred to the European Union, where many of the foundational elements of stock market protection regulation were adopted. Within the framework of the European Union, we find the Market Abuse Directive of 2003, which represented a significant step forward in protective regulation. Currently, Regulation 596/2014 is in force, identifying practices such as price manipulation as forms of market abuse.
A state financial system is composed of various markets, among which we find the stock market, a virtual market that functions as a monetary flow space where intangible goods, securities fixed-income and variable-income), and other negotiable instruments/values traded. It is also important to highlight the role of market users, namely investors, who are at the center of the legislative focus, aimed at ensuring their protection. This stock market is threatened by a variety of risks, among which abusive practices stand out. The existence of such abusive practices implies a distortion in price formation and a distortion of resources, ultimately leading to a loss of confidence on the part of investors, which could potentially mean the end of the activity of these markets.The notion of protecting stock markets first gained prominence in the United States following the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Subsequently, this situation and much of the resulting legislation were transferred to the European Union, where many of the foundational elements of stock market protection regulation were adopted. Within the framework of the European Union, we find the Market Abuse Directive of 2003, which represented a significant step forward in protective regulation. Currently, Regulation 596/2014 is in force, identifying practices such as price manipulation as forms of market abuse.
Direction
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
Court
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Chairman)
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Secretary)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Chairman)
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Secretary)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
The opportunity principle and the process for minor crimes.
Authorship
M.M.S.
Bachelor of Criminology
M.M.S.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.17.2025 17:00
07.17.2025 17:00
Summary
This Final Degree Project addresses the basic issues that have given rise to the new misdemeanors (old offenses) and the introduction of the principle of opportunity in the Spanish legal system after the reform carried out by Organic Law 1/2015, of March 30, which modifies Organic Law 10/1995, of November 23. Issues such as definitions, identifying characteristics, authorized bodies, regulation and scope of application, among others, will be analyzed.
This Final Degree Project addresses the basic issues that have given rise to the new misdemeanors (old offenses) and the introduction of the principle of opportunity in the Spanish legal system after the reform carried out by Organic Law 1/2015, of March 30, which modifies Organic Law 10/1995, of November 23. Issues such as definitions, identifying characteristics, authorized bodies, regulation and scope of application, among others, will be analyzed.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
The Transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/770 into Spanish Law through the Consolidated Text of the General Law for the Protection of Consumers and Users
Authorship
C.M.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.M.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:30
07.16.2025 12:30
Summary
The present work analyzes how the Spanish legislator has addressed the transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/770 into the national legal system, with its content being developed in the Consolidated Text of the General Law for the Protection of Consumers and Users. This Directive represented a significant step forward in the harmonization of digital contract law within the European Union, setting as its main objective the establishment of common rules concerning certain aspects of contracts concluded between traders and consumers for the supply of digital content and digital services, whether in exchange for a price or through the provision of personal data. In an increasingly technological context, in which digital goods and services play a central role in economic and social life, it became necessary to adopt regulations that ensure an adequate level of consumer protection, while also providing legal certainty for traders operating in this market. The Directive introduces innovative concepts such as the provision of personal data as contractual consideration, the conformity regime, and the remedies available in cases of non-conformity, which have required the adaptation of various rules within Spanish law. This study will focus primarily on the scope of application of the Directive, as well as on the legal regime governing the lack of conformity of the supplied digital content and services.
The present work analyzes how the Spanish legislator has addressed the transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/770 into the national legal system, with its content being developed in the Consolidated Text of the General Law for the Protection of Consumers and Users. This Directive represented a significant step forward in the harmonization of digital contract law within the European Union, setting as its main objective the establishment of common rules concerning certain aspects of contracts concluded between traders and consumers for the supply of digital content and digital services, whether in exchange for a price or through the provision of personal data. In an increasingly technological context, in which digital goods and services play a central role in economic and social life, it became necessary to adopt regulations that ensure an adequate level of consumer protection, while also providing legal certainty for traders operating in this market. The Directive introduces innovative concepts such as the provision of personal data as contractual consideration, the conformity regime, and the remedies available in cases of non-conformity, which have required the adaptation of various rules within Spanish law. This study will focus primarily on the scope of application of the Directive, as well as on the legal regime governing the lack of conformity of the supplied digital content and services.
Direction
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
Court
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Chairman)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Chairman)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
Design of a gender-based violence prevention program for adolescents: 'Xeración Violeta'. A proposal aimed at fourth-year Secondary Education students.
Authorship
M.O.P.
Bachelor of Criminology
M.O.P.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.18.2025 12:00
07.18.2025 12:00
Summary
Gender-based violence is not an issue exclusive to adult couples, as its presence in adolescent romantic relationships is increasingly evident. It often manifests through controlling behaviours, jealousy, domination, or psychological abuse. This type of violence at an early age is frequently normalised due to the influence of romantic love myths and gender stereotypes. In this context, preventive intervention is essential, as adolescence is a crucial stage in constructing personal, emotional, and social identity. Accordingly, this project aims to design an intervention program targeted at students in the fourth year of secondary education (ESO), with the objective of preventing gender-based violence within the educational setting. The proposed program seeks not only to raise awareness among students about the seriousness of this phenomenon but also to address key aspects such as gender roles and stereotypes, the identification of romantic love myths, and the recognition of warning signs in intimate relationships. Furthermore, it aims to equip young people with emotional tools that enable them to build healthy relationships based on respect and equality, as well as to inform them about specialized resources they can turn to if needed. This proposal should be understood as part of a broader and ongoing process of education for equality. It is desirable to incorporate this type of intervention transversally into the educational curriculum, encourage the involvement of families, and adapt the content to new digital socialization formats, where violent behaviours may also occur. Additionally, it would be advisable to evaluate the real impact of such programs in the medium and long term in order to improve their effectiveness and alignment with students’ needs.
Gender-based violence is not an issue exclusive to adult couples, as its presence in adolescent romantic relationships is increasingly evident. It often manifests through controlling behaviours, jealousy, domination, or psychological abuse. This type of violence at an early age is frequently normalised due to the influence of romantic love myths and gender stereotypes. In this context, preventive intervention is essential, as adolescence is a crucial stage in constructing personal, emotional, and social identity. Accordingly, this project aims to design an intervention program targeted at students in the fourth year of secondary education (ESO), with the objective of preventing gender-based violence within the educational setting. The proposed program seeks not only to raise awareness among students about the seriousness of this phenomenon but also to address key aspects such as gender roles and stereotypes, the identification of romantic love myths, and the recognition of warning signs in intimate relationships. Furthermore, it aims to equip young people with emotional tools that enable them to build healthy relationships based on respect and equality, as well as to inform them about specialized resources they can turn to if needed. This proposal should be understood as part of a broader and ongoing process of education for equality. It is desirable to incorporate this type of intervention transversally into the educational curriculum, encourage the involvement of families, and adapt the content to new digital socialization formats, where violent behaviours may also occur. Additionally, it would be advisable to evaluate the real impact of such programs in the medium and long term in order to improve their effectiveness and alignment with students’ needs.
Direction
Mallo López, Sabela Carme (Tutorships)
Mallo López, Sabela Carme (Tutorships)
Court
Mallo López, Sabela Carme (Student’s tutor)
Mallo López, Sabela Carme (Student’s tutor)
Regarding the crime of genocide in Gaza
Authorship
N.P.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.P.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:00
07.15.2025 11:00
Summary
Following the Hamas attacks of October 7, 2023, the already critical humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip (the result of a prolonged conflict and repeated hostilities by the State of Israel) has worsened to unprecedented levels. The scale of the devastation and the methods employed in the military operations have generated deep international concern, reviving the debate on the possible commission of the crime of genocide against the Palestinian population. Within this framework, proceedings have been initiated before the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice with the aim of legally qualifying the events and determining both individual and state responsibilities. This study aims to examine, from a legal perspective, whether the observed conduct can be classified as the crime of genocide under applicable international law.
Following the Hamas attacks of October 7, 2023, the already critical humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip (the result of a prolonged conflict and repeated hostilities by the State of Israel) has worsened to unprecedented levels. The scale of the devastation and the methods employed in the military operations have generated deep international concern, reviving the debate on the possible commission of the crime of genocide against the Palestinian population. Within this framework, proceedings have been initiated before the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice with the aim of legally qualifying the events and determining both individual and state responsibilities. This study aims to examine, from a legal perspective, whether the observed conduct can be classified as the crime of genocide under applicable international law.
Direction
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Tutorships)
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Tutorships)
Court
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Student’s tutor)
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Student’s tutor)
Artificial intelligence in public administration: opportunities and legal challenges
Authorship
A.P.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.P.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:30
07.15.2025 11:30
Summary
Artificial intelligence has burst into all areas of our sphere, offering significant opportunities and advantages such as streamlining procedures, reducing the administrative burden or improving the provision of public services. However, the use of Artificial Intelligence in Public Administration presents important legal challenges, such as the lack of transparency in automated decision-making, possible violations of fundamental rights, as well as problems in the protection of personal data. In this area, the Syri case, judged by the Hague court in 2020, is a perfect way to practically exemplify all these problems, as it was declared illegal due to opacity in its operation, the lack of adequate guarantees for citizens and the risk of discrimination. In this way, it is analysed how artificial intelligence is being progressively implemented in Public Administration, addressing both its benefits and the risks it poses and the need for a regulatory framework that guarantees respect for fundamental rights, for which an analysis of different bibliographical sources is carried out.
Artificial intelligence has burst into all areas of our sphere, offering significant opportunities and advantages such as streamlining procedures, reducing the administrative burden or improving the provision of public services. However, the use of Artificial Intelligence in Public Administration presents important legal challenges, such as the lack of transparency in automated decision-making, possible violations of fundamental rights, as well as problems in the protection of personal data. In this area, the Syri case, judged by the Hague court in 2020, is a perfect way to practically exemplify all these problems, as it was declared illegal due to opacity in its operation, the lack of adequate guarantees for citizens and the risk of discrimination. In this way, it is analysed how artificial intelligence is being progressively implemented in Public Administration, addressing both its benefits and the risks it poses and the need for a regulatory framework that guarantees respect for fundamental rights, for which an analysis of different bibliographical sources is carried out.
Direction
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
Court
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Student’s tutor)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Student’s tutor)
Compensation for Economic Imbalance under Article 97 of the Civil Code.
Authorship
N.T.P.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.T.P.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 13:00
07.16.2025 13:00
Summary
This undergraduate thesis aims to examine the fundamental role of the Supreme Court’s case law in the interpretation and application of Article 97 of the Civil Code. In the analysis of the concept there are undoubtedly certain aspects that are not subject to controversy, such as the nature of the legal concept itself. However, other issues present greater complexity. These include the concept of economic imbalance, the determination of the quantum, the prospective assessment used to determine its duration, and the causes for its termination. The structure of the thesis IS built around the study of four representative rulings, each addressing one of the main contentious issues, supplemented by legal doctrine and other relevant decisions. This approach provides a clear reflection of the practical application of Article 97 of the Civil Code, as well as the guiding principles behind the Supreme Court’s interpretation.
This undergraduate thesis aims to examine the fundamental role of the Supreme Court’s case law in the interpretation and application of Article 97 of the Civil Code. In the analysis of the concept there are undoubtedly certain aspects that are not subject to controversy, such as the nature of the legal concept itself. However, other issues present greater complexity. These include the concept of economic imbalance, the determination of the quantum, the prospective assessment used to determine its duration, and the causes for its termination. The structure of the thesis IS built around the study of four representative rulings, each addressing one of the main contentious issues, supplemented by legal doctrine and other relevant decisions. This approach provides a clear reflection of the practical application of Article 97 of the Civil Code, as well as the guiding principles behind the Supreme Court’s interpretation.
Direction
Trigo García, María Belén (Tutorships)
Trigo García, María Belén (Tutorships)
Court
Trigo García, María Belén (Student’s tutor)
Trigo García, María Belén (Student’s tutor)
Commentary on the CJEU Judgement of 17 June 2021 Mittelbayerischer Verlag KG
Authorship
O.P.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
O.P.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 12:00
07.14.2025 12:00
Summary
This paper offers a critical analysis of the judfement delivered by the Court of Justice of the European Union on 17 June 2021, Mittelbayerischer Verlag KG, in the context of the article 7.2 of the Regulation EU 1215. The ruling adresses the issue of online defamation and the possiblity of bringing legal actions when the claimant is not expressly identified in the allegeldly defamatory content. The study explores the jurisprudential development of the place where the harmful event ocurred, ist, implications for the protection of personality rights and the tension between legal certanty and effective judicial protection in cros border disputes.
This paper offers a critical analysis of the judfement delivered by the Court of Justice of the European Union on 17 June 2021, Mittelbayerischer Verlag KG, in the context of the article 7.2 of the Regulation EU 1215. The ruling adresses the issue of online defamation and the possiblity of bringing legal actions when the claimant is not expressly identified in the allegeldly defamatory content. The study explores the jurisprudential development of the place where the harmful event ocurred, ist, implications for the protection of personality rights and the tension between legal certanty and effective judicial protection in cros border disputes.
Direction
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Tutorships)
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Student’s tutor)
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Student’s tutor)
The ordinary modality of suspending the remainder of the sentence (parole): legal-criminal framework.
Authorship
N.P.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.P.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 12:30
07.15.2025 12:30
Summary
This paper aims to examine the legal framework of parole in its ordinary form, tracing its development from its origins as the final stage within a multi-phase system of prison sentence execution, to its current configuration as a form of suspension of the remaining custodial sentence. A critical approach will be adopted to analyze the various reforms this penal institution has undergone in Spain, with particular emphasis on the impact of Organic Law 1/2015, which significantly altered its legal regime, both in terms of interpretation and procedure. The legal regulation of parole will be presented from both doctrinal and jurisprudential perspectives, addressing its eligibility requirements, the procedure for its granting, the obligations or restrictions that may be imposed on the parolee, and the grounds for its potential revocation.
This paper aims to examine the legal framework of parole in its ordinary form, tracing its development from its origins as the final stage within a multi-phase system of prison sentence execution, to its current configuration as a form of suspension of the remaining custodial sentence. A critical approach will be adopted to analyze the various reforms this penal institution has undergone in Spain, with particular emphasis on the impact of Organic Law 1/2015, which significantly altered its legal regime, both in terms of interpretation and procedure. The legal regulation of parole will be presented from both doctrinal and jurisprudential perspectives, addressing its eligibility requirements, the procedure for its granting, the obligations or restrictions that may be imposed on the parolee, and the grounds for its potential revocation.
Direction
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
The liability of the Health Administration in times of coronavirus
Authorship
C.P.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.P.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:30
07.16.2025 12:30
Summary
This paper focuses on the study of the financial liability of the Health Administration in the extraordinary context of the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the constitutional principle set forth in art. 106.2 of the Spanish Constitution and its regulatory development in the LRJSP. It deals with the basis of this institute as a guarantee against damages which, fulfilling the requirements of effectiveness, unlawfulness, economic evaluability, individuality and causal connection, have had the effect of the normal or abnormal operation of public health services in a situation of such exceptionality. In particular, it concentrates on the analysis of the appropriateness of pecuniary claims in the following areas: the lack of protection of healthcare personnel, contagions occurring in hospital settings, and the adverse effects of vaccination. Likewise, particular attention is paid to the influence of force majeure as a cause exonerating liability in a major health crisis.
This paper focuses on the study of the financial liability of the Health Administration in the extraordinary context of the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the constitutional principle set forth in art. 106.2 of the Spanish Constitution and its regulatory development in the LRJSP. It deals with the basis of this institute as a guarantee against damages which, fulfilling the requirements of effectiveness, unlawfulness, economic evaluability, individuality and causal connection, have had the effect of the normal or abnormal operation of public health services in a situation of such exceptionality. In particular, it concentrates on the analysis of the appropriateness of pecuniary claims in the following areas: the lack of protection of healthcare personnel, contagions occurring in hospital settings, and the adverse effects of vaccination. Likewise, particular attention is paid to the influence of force majeure as a cause exonerating liability in a major health crisis.
Direction
Nogueira López, María da Alba (Tutorships)
Nogueira López, María da Alba (Tutorships)
Court
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Chairman)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Secretary)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Member)
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Chairman)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Secretary)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Member)
Surreptitious advertising, with special reference to the digital environment
Authorship
F.P.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
F.P.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:30
07.15.2025 11:30
Summary
The aim of this paper is to study surreptitious advertising in the digital environment as a form of advertising that, unlike traditional forms, is integrated into the content we consume daily on social networks and other online platforms without clearly revealing its commercial nature. This practice, increasingly common in the media context in which we find ourselves, raises important legal and ethical challenges. The research starts by analyzing the regulation of misleading acts and misleading ommissions in the Unfair Competition Act and the General Advertising Act, highlighting the consideration of disguised advertising as unlawful because it is misleading when the promotional nature of the message is hidden or disguised. At the same time, the necessary requirements to consider an action as surreptitious and its consequences are observed, as well as the differentiating characteristics with other similar figures such as indirect advertising, subliminal advertising or product placement. Based on this review, reference is made to the rise of content creators and influencers, who haver acquired special relevance in the current scenario due to the massive use of social networks and whose activity on them has transformed the way in which advertising is carried out and how it is perceived by consumers. A new reality to which both regulations and self regulatory systems have been adapted in order to offer greater protection to users.
The aim of this paper is to study surreptitious advertising in the digital environment as a form of advertising that, unlike traditional forms, is integrated into the content we consume daily on social networks and other online platforms without clearly revealing its commercial nature. This practice, increasingly common in the media context in which we find ourselves, raises important legal and ethical challenges. The research starts by analyzing the regulation of misleading acts and misleading ommissions in the Unfair Competition Act and the General Advertising Act, highlighting the consideration of disguised advertising as unlawful because it is misleading when the promotional nature of the message is hidden or disguised. At the same time, the necessary requirements to consider an action as surreptitious and its consequences are observed, as well as the differentiating characteristics with other similar figures such as indirect advertising, subliminal advertising or product placement. Based on this review, reference is made to the rise of content creators and influencers, who haver acquired special relevance in the current scenario due to the massive use of social networks and whose activity on them has transformed the way in which advertising is carried out and how it is perceived by consumers. A new reality to which both regulations and self regulatory systems have been adapted in order to offer greater protection to users.
Direction
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Tutorships)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Tutorships)
Court
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Student’s tutor)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Student’s tutor)
Analysis of law firms' use of Social Media.
Authorship
A.R.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.R.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 09:30
07.14.2025 09:30
Summary
Digital law and new technologies have impacted law firms, combining traditional models with social media and bringing about change. This process involves growth and learning through digital laws (LSSI), data protection laws (GDPR) and more. Marketing enables us to position your brand and make it visible internationally. Law firms are increasingly aware that they are businesses that must focus on quality and customer loyalty. A consolidated digital legal marketing strategy enables constant communication between clients and lawyers via platforms such as LinkedIn, Instagram and Twitter (X). The purpose of this Final Thesis is to analyse how law firms use social media, combining the dissemination of legal content with the acquisition of new clients. We highlight the clear positioning of the brand in terms of discovering talent and the frequency with which large and small firms publish and create content. We also analyse the level of interaction they have with users in a more personal way and with more fluid language. We analyse some of the risks and, above all, the challenges that a social media presence poses for many firms, given that the legal profession is traditionally conservative. On a positive note, the use of social media by lawyers and law firms is achieving better results thanks to growing awareness of the transformation of the legal profession.
Digital law and new technologies have impacted law firms, combining traditional models with social media and bringing about change. This process involves growth and learning through digital laws (LSSI), data protection laws (GDPR) and more. Marketing enables us to position your brand and make it visible internationally. Law firms are increasingly aware that they are businesses that must focus on quality and customer loyalty. A consolidated digital legal marketing strategy enables constant communication between clients and lawyers via platforms such as LinkedIn, Instagram and Twitter (X). The purpose of this Final Thesis is to analyse how law firms use social media, combining the dissemination of legal content with the acquisition of new clients. We highlight the clear positioning of the brand in terms of discovering talent and the frequency with which large and small firms publish and create content. We also analyse the level of interaction they have with users in a more personal way and with more fluid language. We analyse some of the risks and, above all, the challenges that a social media presence poses for many firms, given that the legal profession is traditionally conservative. On a positive note, the use of social media by lawyers and law firms is achieving better results thanks to growing awareness of the transformation of the legal profession.
Direction
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
Between simulation and artificial intelligence: a comparative study on credibility and testimony identification
Authorship
N.R.P.
Bachelor of Criminology
N.R.P.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 11:30
07.16.2025 11:30
Summary
This study aims to analyze how testimonies (either generated by artificial intelligence (AI) or simulated by humans) are perceived and evaluated depending on the academic background of the evaluators. In a context where AI is increasingly becoming a key tool across multiple domains, it is essential to examine to what extent its outputs can be mistaken for authentic testimonies, and how this perception varies according to the evaluator’s profile. Data were collected from a sample of 40 participants with backgrounds in community services, law, and criminology, who assessed a series of real and simulated testimonies. Several variables were used for the analysis: the perceived credibility of each testimony, the number of correct identifications of false or AI-generated testimonies, the level of confidence when making the judgment, and the argumentative bases that justified each response. The results show significant differences between groups, particularly regarding the identification of human simulations. It was also observed that perceived credibility does not always correlate with accuracy, and that participants used recurrent patterns in their decision-making, highlighting factors such as internal coherence, emotional content, and verbal fluency. These findings underscore the need to review traditional methods of testimony assessment, as tools such as Reality Monitoring or MMPI-2 scales may be less effective when applied to artificially generated content. Additionally, the role of bias, prior training, and subjective confidence in the evaluation process is discussed. Finally, the study outlines practical implications in various fields and proposes future research directions aimed at adapting forensic methodologies to the emerging challenges posed by AI technologies.
This study aims to analyze how testimonies (either generated by artificial intelligence (AI) or simulated by humans) are perceived and evaluated depending on the academic background of the evaluators. In a context where AI is increasingly becoming a key tool across multiple domains, it is essential to examine to what extent its outputs can be mistaken for authentic testimonies, and how this perception varies according to the evaluator’s profile. Data were collected from a sample of 40 participants with backgrounds in community services, law, and criminology, who assessed a series of real and simulated testimonies. Several variables were used for the analysis: the perceived credibility of each testimony, the number of correct identifications of false or AI-generated testimonies, the level of confidence when making the judgment, and the argumentative bases that justified each response. The results show significant differences between groups, particularly regarding the identification of human simulations. It was also observed that perceived credibility does not always correlate with accuracy, and that participants used recurrent patterns in their decision-making, highlighting factors such as internal coherence, emotional content, and verbal fluency. These findings underscore the need to review traditional methods of testimony assessment, as tools such as Reality Monitoring or MMPI-2 scales may be less effective when applied to artificially generated content. Additionally, the role of bias, prior training, and subjective confidence in the evaluation process is discussed. Finally, the study outlines practical implications in various fields and proposes future research directions aimed at adapting forensic methodologies to the emerging challenges posed by AI technologies.
Direction
VILARIÑO VAZQUEZ, MANUEL (Tutorships)
VILARIÑO VAZQUEZ, MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Coordinator)
VILARIÑO VAZQUEZ, MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Coordinator)
VILARIÑO VAZQUEZ, MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
The right to free lega assistance
Authorship
A.R.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.R.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 11:45
07.18.2025 11:45
Summary
This paper focuses on the analysis of the constitutional right to free legal aid, which guarantees access to justice for people who lack financial resources or who find themselves in unequal situations due to other circumstances, as set forth in Law 1/1996 of January 10, the main axis on which this right hinges. It highlights the process of creation and evolution of the right, its characteristics and regulation based on current regulations, and also the existing criticisms of it, as well as the need for reform. In other words, it addresses some aspects of the past, present, and future of free legal aid in our legal system, emphasizing in particular the urgency of certain changes related to free legal aid as it is currently configured.
This paper focuses on the analysis of the constitutional right to free legal aid, which guarantees access to justice for people who lack financial resources or who find themselves in unequal situations due to other circumstances, as set forth in Law 1/1996 of January 10, the main axis on which this right hinges. It highlights the process of creation and evolution of the right, its characteristics and regulation based on current regulations, and also the existing criticisms of it, as well as the need for reform. In other words, it addresses some aspects of the past, present, and future of free legal aid in our legal system, emphasizing in particular the urgency of certain changes related to free legal aid as it is currently configured.
Direction
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Tutorships)
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Tutorships)
Court
RODRIGUEZ ALVAREZ, ANA (Chairman)
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Secretary)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Member)
RODRIGUEZ ALVAREZ, ANA (Chairman)
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Secretary)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Member)
The crime of rebellion: history and analysis of the offense in the 19th century
Authorship
L.R.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.R.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 10:00
07.16.2025 10:00
Summary
This paper deals with the historical-legal analysis of the crime of rebellion in Spanish legislation during the 19th century. The study begins with the evolution of crimes against the Crown in the pre-codification period, starting from the crimen maiestatis of the Roman Republic, its transformation into the crime of lesa majestad during the Middle Ages, and the influence of Enlightenment ideas which led to a paradigm shift by transforming the penal approach and shifting the protection from the monarch to the State. The concept of political crime is also addressed, whose definition has depended on the social and political circumstances of the time, and the attempts of national and international authors to find a more precise definition based on the protected legal good. Spanish penal codification begins with the promulgation of the Penal Code of 1822, which contains the first definition of the crime of rebellion. A legal analysis is carried out on the normative and doctrinal changes in the mentioned Code and the subsequent ones (1848 and 1870) regarding the elements of the offense and the purposes pursued with its promulgation. Finally, the development of the normative configuration of the dual incrimination system is examined with the introduction of the crime of military rebellion. Through a chronological study, the direct influence that each change of government had on its classification and the coexistence of the two crimes is evidenced.
This paper deals with the historical-legal analysis of the crime of rebellion in Spanish legislation during the 19th century. The study begins with the evolution of crimes against the Crown in the pre-codification period, starting from the crimen maiestatis of the Roman Republic, its transformation into the crime of lesa majestad during the Middle Ages, and the influence of Enlightenment ideas which led to a paradigm shift by transforming the penal approach and shifting the protection from the monarch to the State. The concept of political crime is also addressed, whose definition has depended on the social and political circumstances of the time, and the attempts of national and international authors to find a more precise definition based on the protected legal good. Spanish penal codification begins with the promulgation of the Penal Code of 1822, which contains the first definition of the crime of rebellion. A legal analysis is carried out on the normative and doctrinal changes in the mentioned Code and the subsequent ones (1848 and 1870) regarding the elements of the offense and the purposes pursued with its promulgation. Finally, the development of the normative configuration of the dual incrimination system is examined with the introduction of the crime of military rebellion. Through a chronological study, the direct influence that each change of government had on its classification and the coexistence of the two crimes is evidenced.
Direction
ORTEGO GIL, PEDRO (Tutorships)
ORTEGO GIL, PEDRO (Tutorships)
Court
ORTEGO GIL, PEDRO (Student’s tutor)
ORTEGO GIL, PEDRO (Student’s tutor)
The European Union Artificial Intelligence Act and its impact on disinformation
Authorship
J.R.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
J.R.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 09:30
07.14.2025 09:30
Summary
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively investigate and analyze the legal regime established by the European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) for General-Purpose AI (GPAI) models. The analysis delves into the key aspects of the new regulation, seeking to understand how these systems are legally defined, what specific obligations are imposed on their providers, and what solutions the law offers for the challenges arising in areas such as intellectual property, disinformation, and the protection of fundamental rights. This is based on the understanding that GPAI represents a technological evolution aimed at improving productivity and social welfare, and that the European strategy seeks to build a framework of trust that fosters innovation and the safe adoption of this technology. Therefore, the regulation not only aims to limit risks but also to provide legal certainty for the development of a competitive and reliable market. However, as there is no clear limit to the scope and emergent capabilities of these systems, critical voices question whether the AI Act's risk-based approach will be sufficiently agile and robust to adapt to the pace of technological change. The debate focuses on whether the proposed measures will achieve a real balance between the effective control of threats and the need not to hinder development in a strategic sector.
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively investigate and analyze the legal regime established by the European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) for General-Purpose AI (GPAI) models. The analysis delves into the key aspects of the new regulation, seeking to understand how these systems are legally defined, what specific obligations are imposed on their providers, and what solutions the law offers for the challenges arising in areas such as intellectual property, disinformation, and the protection of fundamental rights. This is based on the understanding that GPAI represents a technological evolution aimed at improving productivity and social welfare, and that the European strategy seeks to build a framework of trust that fosters innovation and the safe adoption of this technology. Therefore, the regulation not only aims to limit risks but also to provide legal certainty for the development of a competitive and reliable market. However, as there is no clear limit to the scope and emergent capabilities of these systems, critical voices question whether the AI Act's risk-based approach will be sufficiently agile and robust to adapt to the pace of technological change. The debate focuses on whether the proposed measures will achieve a real balance between the effective control of threats and the need not to hinder development in a strategic sector.
Direction
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
Artificial Intelligence in Tax Administration and Taxpayers' Rights.
Authorship
R.J.R.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
R.J.R.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 12:00
07.18.2025 12:00
Summary
The use of Artificial Intelligence systems in the tax field has the potential to deliver significant benefits while also posing risks to certain taxpayers' rights. This paper explores the historical and conceptual development of Artificial Intelligence, with the aim of understanding its defining technical and legal characteristics. It also examines the most recent regulatory framework, with particular attention to the European Union Artificial Intelligence Regulation and the Artificial Intelligence Strategy developed by the Spanish Tax Agency. Finally, it analyses several rights that may be affected by the use of these systems in the tax sphere: the right to receive a duly reasoned decision, the right to the protection of personal data, and the right to equality and non-discrimination.
The use of Artificial Intelligence systems in the tax field has the potential to deliver significant benefits while also posing risks to certain taxpayers' rights. This paper explores the historical and conceptual development of Artificial Intelligence, with the aim of understanding its defining technical and legal characteristics. It also examines the most recent regulatory framework, with particular attention to the European Union Artificial Intelligence Regulation and the Artificial Intelligence Strategy developed by the Spanish Tax Agency. Finally, it analyses several rights that may be affected by the use of these systems in the tax sphere: the right to receive a duly reasoned decision, the right to the protection of personal data, and the right to equality and non-discrimination.
Direction
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Tutorships)
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
NIETO MONTERO, JUAN JOSE (Chairman)
IGLESIAS CASAIS, JOSE MANUEL (Secretary)
Villaverde Gómez, María Begoña (Member)
NIETO MONTERO, JUAN JOSE (Chairman)
IGLESIAS CASAIS, JOSE MANUEL (Secretary)
Villaverde Gómez, María Begoña (Member)
The Change of Name and Sex in the Civil Registry for Transsexual Individuals. Evolution and the New Law 4/2023
Authorship
M.B.R.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.B.R.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 14:00
07.16.2025 14:00
Summary
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the change of name and sex in the Civil Registry for transgender individuals, in light of the legal and jurisprudential developments in Spain, with special attention to Law 4/2023, of February 28, on the real and effective equality of trans people and the guarantee of the rights of LGTBI individuals. Starting from a theoretical study of the name as a subjective right and its legal regulation, the paper delves into the right to gender identity as an expression of the free development of personality and human dignity. It addresses the historical evolution of the legal recognition of trans people, from the case law of the Supreme Court prior to Law 3/2007, through this law (which marked a significant advance, albeit limited by its medical and exclusionary approach), to the new paradigm established by Law 4/2023. The paper also examines doctrinal critiques of the new regulation, assessing the achievements in terms of depathologization and accessibility, while also pointing out the risks arising from possible fraudulent use of the procedure or a lack of precision in its practical application. Through this legal and jurisprudential analysis, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive, critical, and up-to-date overview of the legal framework applicable to the rights of trans people within the scope of the Civil Registry.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the change of name and sex in the Civil Registry for transgender individuals, in light of the legal and jurisprudential developments in Spain, with special attention to Law 4/2023, of February 28, on the real and effective equality of trans people and the guarantee of the rights of LGTBI individuals. Starting from a theoretical study of the name as a subjective right and its legal regulation, the paper delves into the right to gender identity as an expression of the free development of personality and human dignity. It addresses the historical evolution of the legal recognition of trans people, from the case law of the Supreme Court prior to Law 3/2007, through this law (which marked a significant advance, albeit limited by its medical and exclusionary approach), to the new paradigm established by Law 4/2023. The paper also examines doctrinal critiques of the new regulation, assessing the achievements in terms of depathologization and accessibility, while also pointing out the risks arising from possible fraudulent use of the procedure or a lack of precision in its practical application. Through this legal and jurisprudential analysis, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive, critical, and up-to-date overview of the legal framework applicable to the rights of trans people within the scope of the Civil Registry.
Direction
Trigo García, María Belén (Tutorships)
Trigo García, María Belén (Tutorships)
Court
Trigo García, María Belén (Student’s tutor)
Trigo García, María Belén (Student’s tutor)
Measures relating to children in family proceedings: the best interests of the child
Authorship
I.S.D.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
I.S.D.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 09:30
07.15.2025 09:30
Summary
This Final Degree Project aims to analyze the principle of the best interests of the minor as a guiding criterion in the resolution of marital crises, within the framework of Family Law. Through a normative, doctrinal and jurisprudential analysis, it examines how this principle guides judicial action in each of these areas, highlighting its transversal nature and its function as a guide and vehicle axis in the resolution of conflicts between parents. The research focuses on the study of four fundamental legal aspects in separation, divorce or nullity procedures with minor children: the attribution of custody and custody, the visitation regime of the non-custodial parent, alimony and the use of the family home. Through a doctrinal, jurisprudential and normative analysis, it examines how the jurisdictional bodies weigh and apply the best interests of the minor, seeking to preserve their physical, emotional and psychological well-being. Although the principle in question enjoys wide recognition, its practical application requires a casuistic assessment that takes into account the particular circumstances of each family, giving priority to stability and continuity in the life of the minor. It also highlights the importance of a dynamic and evolutionary interpretation of the concept, in line with contemporary social and family transformations.
This Final Degree Project aims to analyze the principle of the best interests of the minor as a guiding criterion in the resolution of marital crises, within the framework of Family Law. Through a normative, doctrinal and jurisprudential analysis, it examines how this principle guides judicial action in each of these areas, highlighting its transversal nature and its function as a guide and vehicle axis in the resolution of conflicts between parents. The research focuses on the study of four fundamental legal aspects in separation, divorce or nullity procedures with minor children: the attribution of custody and custody, the visitation regime of the non-custodial parent, alimony and the use of the family home. Through a doctrinal, jurisprudential and normative analysis, it examines how the jurisdictional bodies weigh and apply the best interests of the minor, seeking to preserve their physical, emotional and psychological well-being. Although the principle in question enjoys wide recognition, its practical application requires a casuistic assessment that takes into account the particular circumstances of each family, giving priority to stability and continuity in the life of the minor. It also highlights the importance of a dynamic and evolutionary interpretation of the concept, in line with contemporary social and family transformations.
Direction
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Tutorships)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Tutorships)
Court
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
The threat of disinformation to the rule of law
Authorship
L.S.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.S.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 09:30
07.14.2025 09:30
Summary
Disinformation appears to have become a pervasive feature of present-day society, a society in which information is treated as a commodity and where truth is no longer a central concern for the public. The compression of media ownership in the hands of a limited number of corporations and business conglomerates has resulted in an unavoidable control over information by a specific social sector. This academic work provides both a theoretical and practical analysis of the intensifying threat that disinformation entails to the rule of law. It is structured into four main sections: a theoretical framework that introduces the key concepts relevant to the area of study and traces their historical progression; a normative analysis offering an international and comparative perspective; a practical phase that involves the collection, organization and analysis of objective empirical data that reflect the degree to which the public trusts judicial institutions; and, finally, the conclusions drawn from the study. The findings of this work highlight the need to strengthen and improve legislation and public policies related to information, as well as to enhance media literacy. All of this with the aim of ensuring transparency, veracity, and the protection of the fundamental pillars that uphold the rule of law. Simultaneously, the real impact of disinformation practices is demonstrated in this work through illustrative examples.
Disinformation appears to have become a pervasive feature of present-day society, a society in which information is treated as a commodity and where truth is no longer a central concern for the public. The compression of media ownership in the hands of a limited number of corporations and business conglomerates has resulted in an unavoidable control over information by a specific social sector. This academic work provides both a theoretical and practical analysis of the intensifying threat that disinformation entails to the rule of law. It is structured into four main sections: a theoretical framework that introduces the key concepts relevant to the area of study and traces their historical progression; a normative analysis offering an international and comparative perspective; a practical phase that involves the collection, organization and analysis of objective empirical data that reflect the degree to which the public trusts judicial institutions; and, finally, the conclusions drawn from the study. The findings of this work highlight the need to strengthen and improve legislation and public policies related to information, as well as to enhance media literacy. All of this with the aim of ensuring transparency, veracity, and the protection of the fundamental pillars that uphold the rule of law. Simultaneously, the real impact of disinformation practices is demonstrated in this work through illustrative examples.
Direction
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
The technique of DNA phenotyping applied to the criminal field. Practical application of the procedure through eye color prediction.
Authorship
C.T.D.
Bachelor of Criminology
C.T.D.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 18:00
07.16.2025 18:00
Summary
The technique of DNA phenotyping, applied to the forensic and criminal field, consists of the analysis of the genetic profile of a person, to predict their physical characteristics (currently, above all, there is a good precision in the prediction of eye colour, skin colour and hair colour), their age, as well as their biogeographical ancestry. Its application can be very beneficial for criminal cases, in whose investigations it is not possible to advance because the police do not have any suspect with whom to compare the genetic samples found at the crime scene. In this way, you could know the appearance of that person and focus the search among individuals who share those some traits. In this work, in addition to making a fairly detailed review of what forensic phenotyping is and all that it implies, the analysis of several DNA samples has been put into practice to predict the colour of the eyes, as to exemplify in some way, how these data are obtained from the tools that are dedicated to the estimation of the phenotypic characteristics.
The technique of DNA phenotyping, applied to the forensic and criminal field, consists of the analysis of the genetic profile of a person, to predict their physical characteristics (currently, above all, there is a good precision in the prediction of eye colour, skin colour and hair colour), their age, as well as their biogeographical ancestry. Its application can be very beneficial for criminal cases, in whose investigations it is not possible to advance because the police do not have any suspect with whom to compare the genetic samples found at the crime scene. In this way, you could know the appearance of that person and focus the search among individuals who share those some traits. In this work, in addition to making a fairly detailed review of what forensic phenotyping is and all that it implies, the analysis of several DNA samples has been put into practice to predict the colour of the eyes, as to exemplify in some way, how these data are obtained from the tools that are dedicated to the estimation of the phenotypic characteristics.
Direction
CARRACEDO ALVAREZ, ANGEL MARIA (Tutorships)
CARRACEDO ALVAREZ, ANGEL MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
CARRACEDO ALVAREZ, ANGEL MARIA (Student’s tutor)
CARRACEDO ALVAREZ, ANGEL MARIA (Student’s tutor)
Assessment of testimonial credibility in law enforcement
Authorship
I.T.M.
Bachelor of Criminology
I.T.M.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:30
07.15.2025 11:30
Summary
This study compares the perceived credibility of three types of testimonies related to sexual assault: real statements from victims, deliberately fabricated accounts created by individuals, and narratives generated by artificial intelligence through language models. The main objective is to identify narrative, psychological and linguistic differences among these sources and analyze how they influence human evaluators' perception of truthfulness, especially among law enforcement officers. Specific goals include: examining the criteria used to assess credibility, measuring the ability to distinguish between testimony types, exploring the legal implications of AI use in criminal proceedings, and proposing recommendations to ensure the reliability of testimonial evidence. An experimental study was conducted with 40 participants (20 law enforcement officers and 20 from the general community). Each evaluated three testimonies, one of each type, rating their credibility, origin, level of confidence and reasoning. Objective accuracy, subjective confidence and argumentative justifications were analyzed. Results showed a low accuracy rate: only 2.5 percent correctly identified the three real testimonies, and over 70 percent failed to detect any simulated or AI-generated cases. Despite this, the average level of confidence was high, especially among law enforcement participants, indicating overconfidence. The most cited criteria were content, level of detail and coherence, but none was associated with greater accuracy. The conclusions support the theoretical framework: human judgments about truth are fallible and subject to bias, and traditional analysis methods may be insufficient when facing emerging challenges such as AI. Specific training, automated tools for detecting artificial texts and adapted forensic protocols are recommended to safeguard the integrity of criminal proceedings.
This study compares the perceived credibility of three types of testimonies related to sexual assault: real statements from victims, deliberately fabricated accounts created by individuals, and narratives generated by artificial intelligence through language models. The main objective is to identify narrative, psychological and linguistic differences among these sources and analyze how they influence human evaluators' perception of truthfulness, especially among law enforcement officers. Specific goals include: examining the criteria used to assess credibility, measuring the ability to distinguish between testimony types, exploring the legal implications of AI use in criminal proceedings, and proposing recommendations to ensure the reliability of testimonial evidence. An experimental study was conducted with 40 participants (20 law enforcement officers and 20 from the general community). Each evaluated three testimonies, one of each type, rating their credibility, origin, level of confidence and reasoning. Objective accuracy, subjective confidence and argumentative justifications were analyzed. Results showed a low accuracy rate: only 2.5 percent correctly identified the three real testimonies, and over 70 percent failed to detect any simulated or AI-generated cases. Despite this, the average level of confidence was high, especially among law enforcement participants, indicating overconfidence. The most cited criteria were content, level of detail and coherence, but none was associated with greater accuracy. The conclusions support the theoretical framework: human judgments about truth are fallible and subject to bias, and traditional analysis methods may be insufficient when facing emerging challenges such as AI. Specific training, automated tools for detecting artificial texts and adapted forensic protocols are recommended to safeguard the integrity of criminal proceedings.
Direction
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Tutorships)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Tutorships)
Court
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Student’s tutor)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Student’s tutor)
The increase of the crime computer fraud: analysis from a criminological point of view
Authorship
A.M.T.I.
Bachelor of Criminology
A.M.T.I.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 13:00
07.16.2025 13:00
Summary
Situations in which individuals have been victims of computer fraud have increased exponentially in recent years, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis. This is due to the large number of technological advances in recent decades, and the increasingly extensive and diverse uses of the Internet in people´s daily lives. To carry out his criminal action there are several modalities that are constantly evolving to adapt to these advances. In this paper I intend to make an analysis from a criminological point of view of this crime, talking about its regulation in Spain and the modalities that we can find, the factors that can serve as motivation to carry it out or cause its increase, the profiles of the victim and the victimizer, and the possible forms of prevention that can be applied to this criminal act.
Situations in which individuals have been victims of computer fraud have increased exponentially in recent years, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis. This is due to the large number of technological advances in recent decades, and the increasingly extensive and diverse uses of the Internet in people´s daily lives. To carry out his criminal action there are several modalities that are constantly evolving to adapt to these advances. In this paper I intend to make an analysis from a criminological point of view of this crime, talking about its regulation in Spain and the modalities that we can find, the factors that can serve as motivation to carry it out or cause its increase, the profiles of the victim and the victimizer, and the possible forms of prevention that can be applied to this criminal act.
Direction
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Tutorships)
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Tutorships)
Court
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Student’s tutor)
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Student’s tutor)
Criminalization of ecocide under the Rome Statute
Authorship
D.V.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
D.V.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 12:00
07.15.2025 12:00
Summary
This Bachelor's Thesis examines the feasibility and advisability of including the crime of ecocide as the fifth offence in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Building on international law precedents -from the environmental damage provisions in Additional Protocol I of 1977 to the latest doctrinal proposals- it explores the debates that led to ecocide’s exclusion from the 1998 Statute and its subsequent academic and political resurgence. A comparative study is conducted of the definitions advanced by the International Expert Panel (IEP) and the UCLA Promise Group, as well as Vanuatu’s September 2024 amendment, which adopts the IEP’s formulation. Through a technical-legal analysis of the proposed objective and subjective elements and amendment modalities -phased and preambular approaches- the study assesses technical, political, and legal obstacles to codification. A gradual roadmap is suggested, beginning with expanding the ICC’s material jurisdiction and a preambular phase to pave the way for an autonomous and effective ecocide offence.
This Bachelor's Thesis examines the feasibility and advisability of including the crime of ecocide as the fifth offence in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Building on international law precedents -from the environmental damage provisions in Additional Protocol I of 1977 to the latest doctrinal proposals- it explores the debates that led to ecocide’s exclusion from the 1998 Statute and its subsequent academic and political resurgence. A comparative study is conducted of the definitions advanced by the International Expert Panel (IEP) and the UCLA Promise Group, as well as Vanuatu’s September 2024 amendment, which adopts the IEP’s formulation. Through a technical-legal analysis of the proposed objective and subjective elements and amendment modalities -phased and preambular approaches- the study assesses technical, political, and legal obstacles to codification. A gradual roadmap is suggested, beginning with expanding the ICC’s material jurisdiction and a preambular phase to pave the way for an autonomous and effective ecocide offence.
Direction
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Tutorships)
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Tutorships)
Court
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Student’s tutor)
MONTERO FERRER, CARMEN (Student’s tutor)
The Recognition of States: The Process of Creating a Jewish State in Palestine.
Authorship
A.L.V.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.L.V.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 11:30
07.15.2025 11:30
Summary
The legal and political status of the State of Israel, as well as its actions on the international stage, constitute one of the most important and debated topics in today's global arena. Over time, the actions of this State and the controversies surrounding its existence have sparked intense debates, further fueled by the ongoing conflicts that plague the region. This subject is covered in Lesson 10 of Part IV of the Course Guide for the subject Public International Law (PIL). The formation of Israel was the result of a long and complex process developed over several centuries, culminating in 1948 with the formal proclamation of the Jewish State. Without analyzing the historical background, the generated tensions, and the aspirations of the peoples in the region, it is impossible to understand the magnitude and complexity of a conflict that continues to shape the fate of both Arabs and Jews. Therefore, through this Bachelor's Thesis (TFG), structured in six chapters, the main historical and political milestones that created the conditions for the establishment of Israel will be examined: from the birth of Zionism and the British Mandate over Palestine to its final constitution. Finally, the events that took place after 1948 will be analyzed. All of this will be addressed from the perspective of Public International Law, with the aim of understanding whether the actions taken throughout history are supported by the necessary legal grounds to uphold the existence of Israel as a state entity.
The legal and political status of the State of Israel, as well as its actions on the international stage, constitute one of the most important and debated topics in today's global arena. Over time, the actions of this State and the controversies surrounding its existence have sparked intense debates, further fueled by the ongoing conflicts that plague the region. This subject is covered in Lesson 10 of Part IV of the Course Guide for the subject Public International Law (PIL). The formation of Israel was the result of a long and complex process developed over several centuries, culminating in 1948 with the formal proclamation of the Jewish State. Without analyzing the historical background, the generated tensions, and the aspirations of the peoples in the region, it is impossible to understand the magnitude and complexity of a conflict that continues to shape the fate of both Arabs and Jews. Therefore, through this Bachelor's Thesis (TFG), structured in six chapters, the main historical and political milestones that created the conditions for the establishment of Israel will be examined: from the birth of Zionism and the British Mandate over Palestine to its final constitution. Finally, the events that took place after 1948 will be analyzed. All of this will be addressed from the perspective of Public International Law, with the aim of understanding whether the actions taken throughout history are supported by the necessary legal grounds to uphold the existence of Israel as a state entity.
Direction
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Tutorships)
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Tutorships)
Court
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Student’s tutor)
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Student’s tutor)
The Widow´s Legitime: treatment of the figure in the CC and the LDCG
Authorship
L.Y.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.Y.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 10:15
07.15.2025 10:15
Summary
This project focuses on a comparative analysis between the legal regulation of the legitime (forced share) of the surviving spouse in both the Spanish Civil Code and the Galician Civil Law. It aims to highlight the distinctive characteristics of the surviving spouse’s legitime, emphasizing the similarities between the two legal regimes as well as their divergences. The relevance of this legal institution and its specific regulation, not only within the context of Galician law but also in relation to the other civil law systems of Spain, lies in the unique features it presents compared to the other types. These features intend to protect the surviving spouse and safeguard their economic status after the death of their consort. The Galician succession system offers a more modern regulation of the surviving spouse’s legitime than the offered by the Spanish Civil Code. Consequently, this study will also explore potential future developments and reforms of this legal institution within the broader context of Spanish inheritance law.
This project focuses on a comparative analysis between the legal regulation of the legitime (forced share) of the surviving spouse in both the Spanish Civil Code and the Galician Civil Law. It aims to highlight the distinctive characteristics of the surviving spouse’s legitime, emphasizing the similarities between the two legal regimes as well as their divergences. The relevance of this legal institution and its specific regulation, not only within the context of Galician law but also in relation to the other civil law systems of Spain, lies in the unique features it presents compared to the other types. These features intend to protect the surviving spouse and safeguard their economic status after the death of their consort. The Galician succession system offers a more modern regulation of the surviving spouse’s legitime than the offered by the Spanish Civil Code. Consequently, this study will also explore potential future developments and reforms of this legal institution within the broader context of Spanish inheritance law.
Direction
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Tutorships)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Tutorships)
Court
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Student’s tutor)